Densities of liquid silicates at high pressures

Densities of molten silicates at high pressures (up to approximately 230 kilobars) have been measured for the first time with shock-wave techniques. For a model basaltic composition (36 mole percent anorthite and 64 mole percent diopside), a bulk modulus K(s), of approximately 230 kilobars and a pressure derivative (dK(s)/dP) of approximately 4 were derived. Some implications of these results are as follows: (i) basic to ultrabasic melts become denser than olivine-and pyroxene-rich host mantle at pressures of 60 to 100 kilobars; (ii) there is a maximum depth from which basaltic melt can rise within terrestrial planetary interiors; (iii) the slopes of silicate solidi [(dT(m)/dP), where T(m) is the temperature] may become less steep at high pressures; and (iv) enriched mantle reservoirs may have developed by downward segregation of melt early in Earth history.     

Revealing the superfluid lambda transition in the universal thermodynamics of a unitary Fermi gas

Fermi gases, collections of fermions such as neutrons and electrons, are found throughout nature, from solids to neutron stars. Interacting Fermi gases can form a superfluid or, for charged fermions, a superconductor. We have observed the superfluid phase transition in a strongly interacting Fermi gas by high-precision measurements of the local compressibility, density, and pressure. Our data completely determine the universal thermodynamics of these gases without any fit or external thermometer. The onset of superfluidity is observed in the compressibility, the chemical potential, the entropy, and the heat capacity, which displays a characteristic lambda-like feature at the critical temperature T(c)/T(F) = 0.167(13). The ground-state energy is 3/5ξN E(F) with ξ = 0.376(4). Our measurements provide a benchmark for many-body theories of strongly interacting fermions.     

Mantle values of thermal conductivity and the geotherm from phonon lifetimes

A model for thermal conductivity kappa, based on phonon lifetimes obtained from infrared reflectivity, replicates experimental data at ambient conditions. The pressure and absolute temperature dependences of transport properties are accurately obtained from the Gruneisen parameter gammaTh, bulk modulus KT, and thermal expansivity alpha: The lattice contribution kappalat equals kappa298(298/T)a exp[-(4gammaTh + 1/3) integral298Talpha(theta)dtheta] with a = 0.33 for silicates (or 0.9 for MgO), and partial differential[ln(kappalat)]/ partial differentialP = (1/3 + 4gammaTh)/KT. The smaller, pressure-independent radiative contribution kapparad equals 0.0175 - 0.0001037T + (2.245T2/10(7)) - (3.407T3/10(11)), in units of watts per meter-kelvin, if Fe2+ is present. The resulting lithospheric geotherm is steep. Consequently, the mantle geotherm is hot if the low-velocity zone is anhydrous, but cold if hydrated.     

水稻田周围几种植物上飞虱着卵株率与密度的关系

1984年晚季水稻及其田边几种植物上飞虱着卵株率与密度调查结果表明,飞虱着卵株率与卵密度呈曲线相关,着卵株率随卵密度的增加而增加,可用方程式P=αe~(bx)表示。当卵密度低时,着卵株率上升较慢,卵密度较高时,着卵株率上升较快。上述理论曲线是以卵的密度来计算着卵株率的。但在实际运用上要求以着卵株率来估计卵密度,这样省工、省时.又能准确估计卵的密度。文中列出了7种植物上飞虱卵密度与着卵株率的关系方程式,可供估算这几种植物上飞虱卵密度时参考。     

反应氮弧熔覆Ti(CN)/Fe复合涂层组织及耐磨性

采用TXⅡ500型TIG焊机,以Ti粉和石墨粉为原料,以工业纯氮为反应气体和保护气体,利用反应氮弧熔覆技术在Q235试件表面制备了Ti(CN)/Fe金属陶瓷复合涂层。利用扫描电镜、XRD射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦试验机分析了涂层组织结构、物相组成、显微硬度及涂层的耐磨性。结果表明:涂层成形良好,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷;涂层主要由原位反应形成的TiC0.51N0.12相、Fe相及少量的TiO2相组成;Ti(CN)/Fe涂层的显微硬度高达1 100HV0.5,约是基体金属的3倍;涂层磨损失重约是基体金属的1/8,涂层具有较好的耐磨性。     

饲料糖含量对南方鲇幼鱼日常代谢率的影响

笔者设计了系列试验，观测南方鲇在不同糖营养水平下生长、代谢、代谢酶活性等变化，旨在了解南方鲇的糖代谢状况及其在高糖营养条件下的适应性代谢对策，还探讨了糖和体重对日常代谢率的交互作用。     

新疆巴里坤县春小麦测土配方施肥土壤养分校正系数研究

利用“3414”试验数据,对新疆巴里坤县4个乡镇的土壤养分校正系数进行研究.结果表明,巴里坤县土壤养分校正系数（y）随土壤养分含量（x）的增加而降低,二者之间存在y＝a＋bln（x）的函数关系.土壤氮素、磷素和钾素养分校正系数与土壤碱解氮、速效磷（P2 O5）和速效钾（K2 O）的函数方程分别为：y ＝1．7836-0．2571ln（x）,y ＝4．3733-0．9731ln（x）和y＝2．0865-0．3030ln（x）,根据函数方程,计算出巴里坤县不同肥力土壤所对应的土壤养分校正系数.     

中性温度层结时森林郁闭度与林冠上风速廓线的关系

该文利用风洞实验及野外实测资料，用逼近方法求出中性温度层结时不同郁闭度林分林冠以上风速廓线特征．结果表明，风速廓线参数（零平面位移ｄ、林冠表面粗糙度Ｚ０、动力速度Ｕ）随郁闭度Ｃ的变化而改变，ｄ随Ｃ的增大而增大，二者关系可由对数函数表示：ｄ＝（Ｈ／ａ）ｌｎ（Ｃ／Ｃ０）．Ｚ０和Ｕ的变化特征比较相似，在Ｃ＝０２附近有最大值，Ｃ再增大或减小，Ｚ０和Ｕ值均逐渐减小     

粤北山区柰李测土配方施肥技术指标体系研究

在不同地点、不同肥力的果园,设置柰李肥料试验,对施肥量、土壤有效养分含量(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾)和柰李相对产量等试验数据进行相关统计分析,并求取相应的回归方程,建立合适的数学模型,以此初步建立粤北山区柰李土壤有效养分丰缺指标和不同肥力土壤的推荐施肥量指标。结果表明:柰李的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾丰缺指标的数学模型分别为:y(相对产量)=37.334 ln(x)-89.905(R2=0.549 2,n=15)、y(相对产量)=11.149 ln(x)+37.141(R2=0.915 7,n=15)、y(相对产量)=32.779 ln(x)-65.621(R2=0.902,n=15)。柰李的推荐施氮、磷、钾肥总量数学模型分别为:y=-18.763 ln(x)+98.391(R2=0.669 9,n=15)、y=-2.611 2 ln(x)+16.07(R2=0.767 1,n=15)、y=-15.601 ln(x)+83.701(R2=0.750 9,n=15)。并根据推荐施肥量数学模型计算出粤北山区柰李不同土壤有效养分含量的推荐施肥总量。当土壤碱解氮含量分别为:<42.41、42.41~82.84、82.84~114.56、>114.56 mg/kg时,推荐的总施氮量分别为:>28.08、15.52~28.08、9.43~15.52、<9.43 kg/667 m2;当土壤有效磷含量为:<3.17、3.17~29.84、29.84~179.40、>179.40 mg/kg时,推荐的总施磷量分别为:>13.06、7.21~13.06、2.52~7.21、<2.52 kg/667 m2;当土壤速效钾含量分别为:<34.03、34.03~72.96、72.96~134.30、>134.30 mg/kg时,推荐的总施钾量分别为:>28.67、16.77~28.67、7.25~16.77、<7.25 kg/667 m2。     

Very large capacitance enhancement in a two-dimensional electron system

Increases in the gate capacitance of field-effect transistor structures allow the production of lower-power devices that are compatible with higher clock rates, driving the race for developing high-κ dielectrics. However, many-body effects in an electronic system can also enhance capacitance. Onto the electron system that forms at the LaAlO(3)/SrTiO(3) interface, we fabricated top-gate electrodes that can fully deplete the interface of all mobile electrons. Near depletion, we found a greater than 40% enhancement of the gate capacitance. Using an electric-field penetration measurement method, we show that this capacitance originates from a negative compressibility of the interface electron system. Capacitance enhancement exists at room temperature and arises at low electron densities, in which disorder is strong and the in-plane conductance is much smaller than the quantum conductance.     

基于FVS的秦岭地区栓皮栎天然次生林单木模型构建

栓皮栎是珍贵的经济树种和用材树种,经济价值高、用途广泛,在全国均有分布,其中秦岭至大别山一带是其核心分布区之一。以秦岭南北坡栓皮栎天然次生林为研究对象,在陕西省商洛市山阳县、镇安县、西安市周至县和宝鸡市太白县设置临时样地并进行调查,利用104块样地数据和150株解析木数据构建基于FVS系统的栓皮栎5类单木核心生长模型,包括胸径-树高模型、冠幅模型、胸径生长量模型、树高生长量模型和材积模型。结果如下:确定栓皮栎胸径-树高模型表达式为H=1.082esup>3.245-17.291DBH+1+3.56,冠幅模型表达式为CW=0.257+0.244DBH-0.002DBH2,胸径定期(5年)生长量方程为ln(DDS)=-12.669-0.055A-0.004DBH2+0.117SI-39.181ln(DBH)+43.138ln(DBH+1)+0.013sin(SL),树高生长量模型方程表达式为HTG=6.372+0.025AvgH+0.108DomtH+0.008DBH2-0.254SD +0.168SI+0.038 sin(SL)-3.613 ln(DBH),材积模型方程表达式为V=0.338+11.477DBH-11.582DBH0.997·H0.001+0.002DBH·H。通过拟合与计算,确定树皮调整因子值为1.159 2,树冠竞争因子值上限接近450,林分最大密度指数为923株/hm2。对所建各模型进行t检验和残差分布检验,结果均显示拟合效果较好。所建模型以期为秦岭地区栓皮栎林FVS系统本土化研究奠定基础,为该区域栓皮栎林抚育经营决策提供依据。      

Phase transformations in carbon fullerenes at high shock pressures

C(60) powders were shock-compressed quasi-isentropically and quenched from pressures in the range 10 to 110 GPa (0.1 to 1.1 Mbar). Recovered specimens were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy. C(60) fullerenes are stable into the 13- to 17-GPa pressure range. The onset of a fast ( approximately 0.5 micros) reconstructive transformation to graphite occurs near 17 GPa. The graphite recovered from 27 GPa and about 600 degrees C is relatively well ordered with crystal planar domain size of about 100 A. Above 50 GPa a continuous transformation to an amorphous state is observed in recovered specimens. The fast transformation to graphite is proposed to occur by pi-electron rehybridization which initiates breakup of the ball structure and formation of the graphite structure at high density.     

Pressure Dependence of Elastic Wave Velocity for beta-Mg2SiO4 and the Composition of the Earth's Mantle

The pressure dependence of the elastic wave velocities for hot-pressed, elastically isotropic polycrystals of the beta (modified spinel) phase of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg(2)SiO(4)) has been determined at room temperature to 3 gigapascals (GPa) by ultrasonic pulse interferometry. Pressure derivatives of the bulk (dK/dP = 4.8) and shear (dG/dP = 1.7) moduli derived from the travel times of the compressional (P) and shear (S) waves clearly demonstrate that the velocity contrast between the olivine and beta phases of Mg(2)SiO(4) decreases with increasing pressure. When combined with plausible values for the (as yet unmeasured) temperature derivatives, these new data can be used to calculate the contrast in P and S wave velocities across an olivine-beta phase transformation occuaring at pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to about 400 kilometers depth in the earth. The seismologically observed contrasts DeltaV in both P and S wave velocities constrain the percentage of orthosilicate in a model mantle of uniform chemical composition for appropriate relative magnitudes of the temperature (T) derivatives of the bulk and shear moduli for the beta phase. Allowed combinations of orthosilicate content (percent), dK/dT, and dG/dT (both in gigapascals per Kelvin) for a pair of recent seismological models with DeltaV(p) = DeltaV(s) 4.6% include (65, -0.018, -0.020), (55, -0.015, -0.018), and (45, -0.012, -0.016).     

甘蔗苗期蔗长蝽若虫的空间分布型及抽样技术

用不同的测定指标研究了甘蔗苗期蔗长蝽若虫的空间分布型和抽样技术。结果表明:①甘蔗苗期蔗长蝽若虫的空间分布均属于聚集分布;②植保上常用的4种抽样法均适用于田间调查;③田间的理论抽样数是随虫密度的增加而减少,同时也随允许误差的增大而减少;④田间蔗苗虫株率和百株虫量存在正相关,可以用 x=e~(1.60671n〔-24.0964ln(1-y)〕方程来估计。     

土壤氧化铁的形态在浙江红壤和黄壤分类中的意义

研究结果表明,红壤和黄壤之间铁矿物形态有明显的差异,黄壤的铁游离度、晶胶比以及赤铁矿系数均小于红壤;而铁活化度、络合态铁占游离态铁的百分比及氧化铁的水合系数都是黄壤高于红壤。黄壤以不含或仅含极少量的赤铁矿而区别于红壤。针铁矿普遍存在于所研究的各土壤中;部分土样还含少量纤铁矿。测定数据的统计分析表明,铁游离度、铁活化度以及赤铁矿系数等可以用来划分红壤、黄红壤和黄壤亚类。     

微电极阻容参数与几何参数关系的研究

本文主要分析了玻璃微电极的阻容参数与几何参数的关系。结果表明：１）微电极电阻可表示为Ｒμ＝２／πθσｄ或Ｒμ＝２ＲＴ／ｄＺ２Ｆ２Ｃπθ（Ｄ＋＋Ｄ－）；２）插入浴槽内介质中的电极尖端部分的分布电容满足△Ｃ／△ｒ＝２πεｏεｒ／ｌｎ（Ｒ２／Ｒ１）。     

饲料糖含量对南方鲇幼鱼日常代谢率的影响

[目的]为了验证肉食性鱼类在摄食糖后由于代谢上的不适应造成血糖含量持续偏高和内环境的紊乱,鱼体随之产生的抗逆适应性调节导致代谢支出增加的假设。[方法]以白鱼粉、玉米油、玉米淀粉分别作为蛋白质、脂肪和糖原料,配制等蛋白质(含量为40%),等脂肪(含量为10%),不同糖梯度的3组饲料,饲料糖水平分别设计为0、15%、30%。以南方鲇(Silurus meridionalisChen)幼鱼(24.3~250.8 g)为试验对象,测定不同糖水平饲料驯养的南方鲇的日常代谢率(Rr)。[结果]结果表明:15%和30%糖饲料组南方鲇日常代谢率显著大于0糖饲料组(P<0.05);3饲料处理组南方鲇日常代谢率和体重(Wt)的双对数直线相关方程分别为:0糖:ln(Rr)=0.986 ln(Wt)+1.419,r2=0.922,n=25,P<0.001;15%糖:ln(Rr)=0.912 ln(Wt)+1.741,r2=0.966,n=21,P<0.001;30%糖:ln(Rr)=0.762 ln(Wt)+2.378,r2=0.958,n=21,P<0.001。[结论]南方鲇幼鱼由于不适应饲料糖而导致日常代谢率的增加,随着鱼体生长,南方鲇对饲料中糖的适应性逐渐提高,糖对日常代谢率的影响逐渐减小。     

水稻纹枯病的危害及经济阈值的探讨

在田间人工接病菌的条件下探讨了水稻纹枯病的病情指数与产量损失率之间的关系及经济阈值,结果表明：产量损失率与不同调查日期的纹枯病病情指数之间呈指数函数关系．根据病丛率、病情指数与产量损失率之间的关系得到了以孕穗期和抽穗期病丛率为指标的经济阈值的动态模型,即：ＸＥＴ１＝１０．０４９５ｌｎ（１０９．３７３３Ｃ／ＹＰＦ）－３．７８８３;ＸＥＴ２＝１８．１９３２ｌｎ（１０９．３７３３Ｃ／ＹＰＦ）＋２．２６０９．     

西双版纳黄瓜多心室性状的QTL定位

【目的】西双版纳黄瓜是中国特有的黄瓜种质资源,有多心室特性。在探明西双版纳黄瓜多心室性状表现及遗传规律的基础上进行多心室QTL定位,为进一步了解其分子机理和标记辅助育种奠定基础,也为黄瓜果实性状改良提供有益参考和帮助。【方法】对‘北京截头’黄瓜（CC3,3心室）和西双版纳黄瓜（SWCC8,5心室）不同时期的子房进行石蜡切片观察;基于以‘北京截头’黄瓜和西双版纳黄瓜为亲本构建的含124个株系的F₉代RIL群体,利用已完成的遗传图谱,结合两个季节的RIL群体心室数目统计结果进行多心室QTL定位分析。【结果】石蜡切片观察发现,西双版纳黄瓜子房由5个心皮内卷构成多心室的结构,与3心室黄瓜相比,其子房横径大且胎座数量多;QTL定位分析发现5个控制多心室性状的QTL（LOD＞2.5）,分别分布在1、2、6号染色体上,其中位于1号染色体上的QTL ln1.1和ln1.3在2013年秋季、2014年春季这两季统计结果中都稳定存在,ln1.1在两季的LOD值分别为10.96和9.24,贡献率分别为39.24%和20.49%,位于标记SSR16472-SSR12070。ln1.3在两季的LOD值分别为27.31和21.45,贡献率分别为75.90%和47.11%,位于标记UW083751-SSR04278,认为这两个位点是控制多心室的主效QTL,其余位点为微效位点。ln1.1区段的遗传距离为6.3 cM,物理距离为0.97 Mb,包含159个基因。ln1.3区段的遗传距离为4.9 cM,物理距离为2.07 Mb,包含227个基因。在ln1.1和ln1.3区段内分别预测了2个调控多心室性状的基因,包括2个WD40重复蛋白基因（Csa1M071910.1和Csa1M072490.1）和2个Aux/IAA生长素应答基因(Csa1M231530.1和Csa1M207820.1)。【结论】位于1号染色体上的ln1.1和ln1.3是控制多心室性状的主效QTL。预测2个参与植物激素信号转导的基因Csa1M207820.1和Csa1M231530.1,以及2个与WD40重复蛋白相关的基因Csa1M071910.1和Csa1M072490.1为候选基因。     

联苯菊酯等6种农药对柑桔木虱成虫室内毒力测定及田间药效试验

在黄龙病区,柑桔木虱已上升为柑桔上的第一重要害虫,但至今尚未有室内毒力测定的方法和结果的报道。笔者于2008年采用点滴法测定了6种农药对其成虫的室内毒力,活性最高的是丁硫克百威(LC50=4.1mg/kg),其次分别是稻丰散(LC50=44.3mg/kg)、联苯菊酯(LC50=44.4mg/kg)、吡虫啉(LC50=60.1mg/kg)和喹硫磷(LC50=73.5mg/kg),最差的是甲基嘧啶磷(LC50=192.8mg/kg)。田间药效试验结果表明,增效联苯菊酯EC 25.00 mg(a.i)/kg、16.67 mg(a.i)/kg、12.5 0mg(a.i)/kg 药后24h、3d、7d的防效达100％;喹硫磷EC 250mg(a.i)/kg、稻丰散EC 500mg(a.i)/kg、333mg(a.i)/kg、增效丁硫克百威EW 200 mg(a.i)/kg药后24h的防效＞95％;甲基嘧啶磷500mg(a.i)/kg的防效低于80％。增效丁硫克百威EW 200 mg(a.i)/kg的防效高于丁硫克百威EC 250 mg(a.i)/kg的防效。