大蒜精油等五种植物精油对绿豆象熏蒸效果研究

研究了大蒜精油、桉叶精油、山苍子精油、丁香精油、芫荽精油以及精油复配使用对绿豆象卵及成虫的熏蒸效果,研究表明:大蒜精油、丁香精油、山苍子精油对卵的熏杀效果较好,大蒜精油、桉叶精油对成虫的熏杀效果较好,其中大蒜精油对卵及成虫熏蒸的LC_(50)分别为0.34μL/L、7.73μL/L。复配精油对绿豆象卵及成虫的熏蒸试验结果表明:大蒜精油与丁香精油以7∶1复配时对绿豆象卵及成虫熏蒸效果最好;其次,丁香精油与山苍子精油复配、桉叶精油与丁香精油复配分别对卵及成虫有较好的熏蒸效果。     

黄荆挥发油对玉米象的生物活性及种群控制作用

采用三角瓶熏蒸法、滤纸药膜法、选择饲料法和药剂拌粮法,分别测定了黄荆挥发油对玉米象成虫的熏蒸、触杀、驱避和种群控制作用。研究结果表明:黄荆挥发油在50μL.L-1、100μL.L-1浓度下熏蒸处理72 h的校正死亡率分别达92.1%和100%;处理后72 h的触杀毒力LC50为0.3377 mg.L-1;以0.2%剂量处理小麦,处理后48 h和72 h对玉米象成虫的驱避率分别达84.9%和69.2%;在4 g/kg处理剂量下,处理小麦后72 h和168 h,对玉米象成虫的校正死亡率均达100%,处理后55天,对F1代成虫的种群抑制率也达100%,持续控制效果十分理想。黄荆挥发油作为储粮保护剂具有很大开发潜力。     

柑桔属植物精油对仓库害虫的毒性试验

用二十五种柑桔属植物精油对杂拟谷盗、玉米象成虫进行了熏杀试验。在100ppm(v/v)剂量下,冷榨红桔油等十八种精油四十八小时内对杂拟谷盗成虫的致死率达100％;在50ppm(v/v)剂量下蒸馏红桔油四十八小时内对玉米象成虫的致死率达100％。试验结果表明:供试柑桔精油中红桔油对试虫的毒性最高,且价格低,来源广,极有开发前景。     

香茅精油对两种主要储粮害虫的控制作用

研究了香茅精油对玉米象、赤拟谷盗的控制作用.结果表明,香茅精油对玉米象和赤拟谷盗都有很强的驱避性,对赤拟谷盗的驱避性随着时间的延长有增强的趋势.对玉米象和赤拟谷盗的成虫都保持了较强的的熏蒸活性.对玉米象有较强的触杀活性,而对赤拟谷盗的触杀活性较弱.剂量为0.15%(v/w)的香茅精油的丙酮稀释液对玉米象成虫的种群抑制率在第6天达到100%,剂量为0.1%(v/w)的香茅精油的丙酮稀释液对赤拟谷盗成虫的种群抑制率在第6天也达到了100%.研究表明香茅精油具有作为储粮保护剂的开发潜力.     

桉树SSR-PCR体系优化及引物筛选应用

以尾叶桉、细叶桉、粗皮桉为材料,采用L16(45)正交设计对SSR-PCR反应体系中的引物浓度、DNA浓度、Mg2+浓度、d NTP浓度和Taq酶含量5种因素的4个水平进行优化实验,确立了适合细叶桉、粗皮桉、尾叶桉SSR-PCR最佳反应体系,最终优化的SSR-PCR反应体系为:0.25μmol/L引物、5 ng模板DNA、3.75 mmol/L Mg2+、0.4 mmol/L d NTP、1.5 U Taq酶、1 m L 10×PCR Buffer,双蒸水补齐10μL;并利用优化的体系从74对SSR引物中筛选出12对多态性较高的引物,12对引物在3种桉树中均能扩增出条带,在尾叶桉、细叶桉、粗皮桉中的多态率分别为100%、92.86%、64.29%,为尾叶桉、细叶桉、粗皮桉的遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定、亲缘关系分析等提供了分子技术基础。     

三种植物精油对玉米象成虫的控制作用

以无水乙醇为溶剂提取苍耳、枫杨和苦楝三种植物精油,研究其对玉米象成虫的控制作用.结果表明:苍耳、枫杨和苦楝精油对玉米象成虫均具有较强的驱避、熏蒸和触杀作用.其中苦楝和枫杨精油的驱避效果较好,处理120 h后,对玉米象的驱避率达到Ⅳ级;苦楝的熏蒸作用最好,处理72 h后,熏蒸校正死亡率达到91.1%;枫杨精油的触杀效果最好,处理96 h后,触杀的校正死亡率达到100%.研究表明:枫杨、苦楝和苍耳精油具有作为储粮防护剂的开发潜力.     

不同植物精油对草莓灰霉病菌的体外抑菌效果研究

为筛选出对草莓灰霉病菌具有显著抑菌作用的植物精油,采用熏蒸法,研究茶树精油、牛至精油等6 种植物单方精油及其复配精油对草莓灰霉病菌的体外抑菌效果。结果表明：牛至精油的抑菌效果最佳,其次为1-辛烯-3-醇和茶树精油,其抑菌效果明显优于肉桂精油、桉叶精油和茉莉酸甲酯;茶树精油、1-辛烯-3-醇和牛至精油的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）分别为200、100、100 mg/L;茶树精油与牛至精油复配具有协同增效作用,且二者以质量比1∶4 进行熏蒸时,对草莓灰霉病菌的抑制作用最强。综上,牛至精油、1-辛烯-3-醇、茶树精油及茶树精油与牛至精油复配（质量比1∶4）对草莓灰霉病菌的抑菌效果较优。该研究结果可为新型草莓保鲜剂的开发利用提供新的研究思路。     

香茅精油不同接触方式对体外白假丝酵母菌抑制效果的研究

采用漳州地区种植的柠檬香茅草,提取其精油分别用不同物态定量抑制白假丝酵母菌,以此筛选出该精油抑制该菌种的最佳物态及最低浓度;采用固态直接接触法、气态熏蒸法和液态混合药剂法筛选出柠檬香茅精油对供试菌种的最佳抑制物态,并在此基础上筛选出该精油抑制供试菌种的最低浓度。结果表明用固态直接接触法的抑菌效果最佳,气态熏蒸法次之,液态混合药剂法的抑菌效果最差,但仍显著优于5%氟康唑阳性对照(P0.01),柠檬香茅精油固态直接接触法抑制白假丝酵母菌的最低浓度为0.15μL/m L。实验结果可证明柠檬香茅精油在3种物态下都有良好的抑菌效果。     

5种植物精油抗菌性能研究及特征成分分析

精油富含多种抗菌成分,在天然抗菌剂的开发方面具有较好潜力。采用二倍稀释法研究丁香、薰衣草、桉叶、香茅、肉豆蔻5种精油的体外抑菌活性,通过悬浮培养定量测定各精油对革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,并应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析了5种植物精油的组成成分及相对含量。结果显示：丁香精油、薰衣草精油、桉叶精油、香茅精油、肉豆蔻精油对大肠杆菌的MIC分别为1.25、5.00、10.00、10.00、5.00μg/mL,对枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC分别为0.63、1.25、2.50、1.25、0.31μg/mL。GC-MS结果显示：丁香精油主要组分为丁香酚（84.90%）和石竹烯（13.27%）;薰衣草精油主要组分为乙酸芳樟酯（34.05%）和芳樟醇（28.40%）;桉叶精油主要组分为桉树醇（34.29%）和柠檬烯（18.29%）;香茅精油主要为香茅醛（16.22%）和花侧柏烯（16.04%）;肉豆蔻精油主要为柠檬烯（32.68%）和蒎烯（23.96%）。5种精油具有良好的抑菌活性,可为更好地开发抗生素替代品提供理论依据。     

番石榴叶精油的提取、成分鉴定及对红火蚁的生物活性分析

为评价番石榴叶精油(EO)对红火蚁的熏蒸活性，采用熏蒸法和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)等技术测定精油对红火蚁的生物活性。EO含有31种化合物，caryophyllene(37.86%)为主要化合物。生测结果表明，20 µL/管的EO熏蒸红火蚁48 h，死亡率达90%以上；熏蒸红火蚁9 h，聚集率下降了78%，攀爬率下降了45%，抓附率下降了34%，行走率下降了30%。10 µL/管的EO熏蒸红火蚁48 h，体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)酶活力分别降低了56.62%和58.57%，红火蚁毒腺分泌哌啶化合物的组分降低了50%。番石榴叶精油对红火蚁具备良好的熏蒸活性，并抑制其行为能力、体内酶活力及生物碱的分泌。本研究可为番石榴的深度开发及红火蚁的生物防控提供理论依据。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.