不同土壤水分状况下遮蔽对棉花叶片气体交换的影响

An incubation experiment was carried out in laboratory to study the effect of temperature,moisture,phosphorus,organic matter,cropping and previous elemental sulfur application on elemental sulfur oxidation in four selected soils,fluvo-aquic soil,black soil,yellow-brown soil and red soil,In all the soils tested,sulfur oxidation rate was influenced by temperature and the temperature coefficient(Q10) values at the range from 10 to 30℃ were 4.41,,6.19 and 3.71 for the four soils,respectively.The rate of sulfur oxidation was parabolically related to soil water content.The optimum moisture content for the maximum oxiation rate was different among soils,Phosphorus increased the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur by 57.7%,33.1%,21.7% and 26.4% for the above four soils,respectively,compared with the control (no phosphorus applied).Organic material of corn straw which was gound and passed through a 0.5-mm sieve also increased th oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in the four soils by 59.8%,7.8%,39.2% and 540.4%,respectively.Elemental sulfur which was applied previously to soils significantly enhanced the oxidation of elemental sulfur subsequently added and increased sulfur-oxidizing populations such as autotrophic elemental sulfur oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,autotrophic thiosufate oxidizers with pH optimum 6.8,heterotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers and heterotrophic sulfate producers.Cropping had little effect on elemental sulfur-oxidizing potentiality of soils.     

我国主要植烟土壤氮素矿化潜力研究

为研究我国植烟土壤潜在供氮能力及其分布状况,从18个烤烟主产省的317个县采集了500多个土壤样品,采用Stanford的间歇淋洗好气培养法,测定了土壤氮素矿化势和矿化速率常数。结果表明,植烟土壤氮素矿化速率常数（k）平均为0.017/d,土壤氮素矿化势（No）平均为130.6 mg/kg,变幅为5.5～372.0 mg/kg,0—30 cm土壤累积潜在供氮量达到了470.2 kg/hm2。不同植烟区土壤矿化势差异显著,黄淮烟区、北部西部烟区、东北烟区、南部烟区、长江中上游烟区、长江中下游烟区、西南烟区土壤矿化势的分别为:64.1、78.8、99.0、119.9、127.8、135.0 和160.5 mg/kg。其中南方烟区（南部烟区、长江中上游烟区、长江中下游烟区、西南烟区）的矿化势显著高于北方烟区（北部西部烟区和东北烟区）和黄淮烟区。不同类型土壤矿化势存在显著差异,即使是同一类型土壤,其矿化势变异仍很大。因此应从宏观上把握全国植烟土壤的供氮潜力,对于土壤供氮潜力过高的区域,在植烟土壤区划中应考虑进行调整,而对较高的区域,可以考虑采用农艺措施进行调控,减少烟株生育后期氮素供应;而对于土壤供氮适量的区域,应作为优先发展烤烟生产的区域。     

土壤水分和氮添加对3种质地紫色土氮矿化及土壤pH的影响

为正确认识土壤水分、质地和外源氮添加对紫色土氮矿化作用和土壤pH的影响,以西南地区典型的紫色土为研究对象,通过90d的室内恒温(25℃)好气培养,研究了3种质地(粘土、粉粘壤土和砂土)紫色土在不同含水量(55%,65%和75%田间持水量)和尿素氮添加水平(0mg/kg土和250mg/kg土.)条件下,土壤氮矿化作用和pH的变化。结果表明:前30d的累积矿化氮量可占培养期间(90d)的78.48%~91.55%,且各处理的土壤累积矿化氮量和净矿化速率均随着培养时间的延长而快速增加;第30~90d,土壤累积矿化氮量增长缓慢,净矿化速率迅速下降并趋于稳定。土壤累积矿化氮量和净矿化速率在各培养阶段均随土壤水分含量的增加而逐渐增大,其中75%WHC(75%田间持水量)和75%WHC+U(75%田间持水量+尿素)处理的矿化作用最强。土壤质地从一定程度上对土壤的矿化产生影响,但其影响并不显著。外源氮添加能促进土壤氮矿化,其净氮矿化量和净矿化速率在各培养阶段均极显著(p0.01)高于未加氮处理,分别为未施氮处理的1.68~4.56倍,0.60~6.47倍。外源氮添加使土壤pH显著下降,55%WHC+U、65%WHC+U和75%WHC+U处理分别下降了0.57,0.66,0.72个pH单位,土壤有酸化趋势。土壤pH值与土壤氮素净矿化速率呈极显著线性相关,净矿化速率对pH变化贡献巨大。总之,土壤含水量增加和外源氮添加均促进了土壤氮矿化,增加了土壤矿质氮含量,同时外源氮添加也加速了土壤pH下降,土壤有酸化趋势。     

长期不同施肥对水稻土有机氮素矿化特性影响的研究

通过定位试验研究了长期不同施肥措施对水稻土氮素矿化特性的影响。结果表明,长期不同施肥措施显著影响水稻土氮矿化势及矿化速率。与不施氮肥相比,单施氮肥使水稻土氮矿化势下降,矿化速率加快;氮肥与有机肥配施可极显著增加水稻土氮矿化势,降低矿化速率。在氮肥与有机肥配施的基础上,水稻插秧后接种“Azolla”固氮菌体可降低氮矿化势,提高矿化速率。     

氮肥、土壤湿度和温度对稻田土壤甲烷氧化的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer,soil mosture and temperature and temperature on methane oxidation in paddy soil were investigated under laboratory conditions.Addition of 0.05 g N kg^-1 soil as NH4Cl strongly inhibited methane oxidation and addition of the same rate of KCl also inhibited the oxidation but with more slight effect,suggesting that the inhibitory effect was partly caused by increase in osmotic potential in microorganism cell,Not only NH4^ but also NO3^- greatly affected methane oxidation.Urea did not affect methane oxidation in paddy soil in the first two days of incubation,but strong inhibitory effect was observed afterwards.Methane was oxidized in the treated soil with an optimum moisture of 280 g kg^-1 ,and air-drying inhibited methane oxidation entirely.The optimum temperature of methane oxidation was about 30℃ in paddy soil.while no methane oxidation was observed at 5℃or 50℃。     

Relationship between mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen influenced by various conditions of submerged soils

The relationship between mineralization of soil nitrogen and immobilization of added nitrogen in submerged soils were studied under various soil conditions in a laboratory experiment. Selected factors which constituted soil conditions were content of soil organic nitrogen, quantity of nitrogen addition, temperature, soil drying, puddling, and period of incubation. Each factor contained some treatments in it.

The ratio of mineralization to immobilization, M/I, was relatively constant under various soil conditions. The values of M/I were around 2 except the soil drying treatments, indicating that the amount equivalent to about half of mineralized nitrogen is immobilized simultaneously under nitrogen added condition. Even so, if considered in detail, treatments that stimulate the microbial activities were observed to have increasing effect on M/I.

The ratio of additional mineralization caused by nitrogen addition to immobilization, ΔM/I, is considered to be an index to know the influence of nitrogen addition on the quantitative change of soil nitrogen level. This value was around 1 in the soil without any application of organic matters, and around 0.6 in the soil receiving straw compost for 10 years. Factors that have close relations with the value of ΔM/I were soil organic nitrogen level, temperature, soil drying, and period of incubation.     

不同培肥措施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤氮素矿化的影响

为揭示不同培肥措施对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤氮素矿化特征,采用间歇淋洗好气培养法,研究了不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥配施有机肥(MCF)和化肥配施生物有机肥(MCFB)5种培肥措施对复垦4年和8年土壤矿质态氮和可溶性有机氮变化及氮素矿化特征的影响。结果表明:间歇淋洗好气培养过程中,复垦8年土壤累积NO_3~-—N产生量较4年增加2.63%~26.83%,NH_4~+—N累积产生量增加12.50%~32.14%,可溶性有机氮(SON)累积产生量在CF和M处理下减少31.59%~62.50%,其他处理增加3.44%~34.69%。同一复垦年限下NO_3~-—N、NH_4~+—N和SON累积产生量均以MCFB最高。从矿化参数来看,5种培肥措施土壤矿化势(N_0)均表现为复垦8年高于复垦4年土壤,增加幅度为MCFB(26.9%)CK(15.9%)CF(15.0%)M(12.7%)MCF(4.8%);CK和CF处理下潜在可矿化有机氮(N_0/N)随复垦年限增加而减少,减少率分别为9.4%和13.8%,其余3种培肥措施N_0/N呈增加趋势,增加率表现为MCF(13.2%)MCFB(7.5%)M(2.8%);MCF处理下矿化率(N_t/N)随复垦年限增加而增加,增加率为13.2%,其余4种培肥措施的矿化率(N_t/N)均表现为复垦8年低于复垦4年土壤,减少幅度为CF(12.1%)CK(9.4%)MCFB(7.5%)M(2.7%)。不同处理间N_0、N_0/N和N_t/N值则均以8年复垦土壤的MCFB处理最高。综合来看,经过连续8年复垦,化肥配施生物有机肥较其他培肥措施更大程度上提高了各项矿化参数值,但随着复垦年限的增加,以化肥配施有机肥处理的N_0、N_0/N的增加幅度最大,以化肥配施生物有机肥处理的N_t/N减少率最低,长期单施化肥有降低潜在可矿化有机氮量(N_0/N)的趋势。     

宁夏海原地区苜蓿产量与土壤水分的动态变化规律研究

连续3 a对宁夏海原地区苜蓿产量及土壤水分的动态变化进行研究。结果表明:(1)在0-100 cm深度内,平地苜蓿地土壤水分含量随土层的加深先减小后增大,在40-60 cm层次数值最小,苜蓿产量的高峰期是第6年。(2)坡地苜蓿产量和土壤水分随海拔的增加而减小,北坡产量和土壤水分高于南坡。(3)土壤水分平均值的比较结果是:苜蓿>马铃薯>小麦>胡麻>豌豆。     

京郊地区苜蓿草地土壤水分状况与产草量的研究

对京郊地区种植的苜蓿进行试验研究表明：伏秋降水对冬前土壤水分有明显补偿作用,根据这一特征,应适时将有限的自然降水拦蓄到土壤中,提高水分利用效率。通过对10种苜蓿一年的干草产量比较,发现中苜一号和根选苜蓿这两个品种表现较优秀,获得的干草产量较高,可望在京郊地区继续试验,以进一步推广种植。     

京郊地区苜蓿草地土壤水分状况与产草量的研究

对京郊地区种植的苜蓿进行试验研究表明:伏秋降水对冬前土壤水分有明显补偿作用,根据这一特征,应适时将有限的自然降水拦蓄到土壤中,提高水分利用效率。通过对10种苜蓿一年的干草产量比较,发现中苜一号和根选苜蓿这两个品种表现较优秀,获得的干草产量较高,可望在京郊地区继续试验,以进一步推广种植。     

长期有机培肥模式下黑土碳与氮变化及氮素矿化特征

土壤氮的矿化是土壤氮素肥力的重要指标,是影响作物产量至关重要的因素。本研究依托黑土长期定位试验,通过取样分析研究了32 a不同培肥模式下黑土碳、 氮及主要活性组分的变化,采用淹水培养法研究了不同施肥模式下黑土氮素的矿化特征。结果表明,施肥显著提高黑土可溶性碳（DOC）、 氮（DON）的含量及其比例。在氮、 磷、 钾化肥的基础上配施有机肥,显著降低了土壤微生物量氮（SMBN）占土壤总氮的比例,提高了土壤微生物量的C/N比值（SMBC/SMBN）,促进了土壤氮的生物固持。施肥32 a后,单施常量和高量有机肥处理的土壤氮的矿化量（Nt）显著提高,分别相当于不施肥的8.2倍和10.2倍,而单施氮或氮磷钾化肥对黑土氮素矿化量无明显影响。施用有机肥显著提高了土壤氮素的矿化率（Nt/TN）,但有机肥配施化肥（氮或氮磷钾）的处理与单施有机肥相比,黑土氮的矿化率显著降低,降低幅度分别为23.5%~32.1% 和14.1%~17.8%。土壤氮素矿化量与土壤有机质、 全氮储量、 活性碳、 氮组分均呈极显著线性相关,但氮素的矿化率随着有机质和全氮含量的提高而提高至0.4% 后基本稳定。表明尽管土壤氮的矿化与有机质的含量直接相关,但土壤有机质的品质同样决定着土壤氮素的矿化能力。施有机氮是提高土壤供氮能力的重要途径。     

Nationally Coordinated Evaluation of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization Rate using a Standardized Aerobic Incubation Protocol

Abstract

Aerobic incubation methods have been widely used to assess soil nitrogen (N) mineralization, but standardized protocols are lacking. A single silt loam soil (Catlin silt loam; fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic, Oxyaquic Arguidoll) was subjected to aerobic incubation at six USDA‐ARS locations using a standardized protocol. Incubations were conducted at multiple temperatures, which were combined based on degree days (DD). Soil water was maintained at 60% water‐filled pore space (WFPS; constant) or allowed to fluctuate between 60 and 30% WFPS (cycle). Soil subsamples were removed periodically and extracted in 2 M potassium chloride (KCl); nitrate (NO₃) and ammonium (NH₄) concentrations in extracts were determined colorimetrically. For each location, the rate of soil organic‐matter N (SOMN) mineralization was estimated by regressing soil inorganic N (N_i) concentration on DD, using a linear (zero‐order) model. When all data were included, the mineralization rate from four datasets was not statistically different, with a rate equivalent to 0.5 mg N kg^?1 soil day^?1. Soil incubated at two locations exhibited significantly higher SOMN mineralization rates. To assess whether this may have been due to pre‐incubation conditions, time‐zero data were excluded and regression analysis was conducted again. Using this data subset, SOMN mineralization from five (of six) datasets was not significantly different. Fluctuating soil water reduced N‐mineralization rate at two (of four) locations by an average of 50%; fluctuating soil water content also substantially increased variability. This composite dataset demonstrates that standardization of aerobic incubation methodology is possible.     

不同氮素添加对不同土地利用方式黑土氮素转化特征的影响

以吉林省典型黑土区的玉米、果树、森林、水稻和菜地土壤为研究对象,采用室内培养法研究氮素在不同土地利用方式黑土中的形态转化特征。结果表明:施加氮肥使不同土地利用方式黑土的铵态氮和硝态氮含量均有不同程度的提高,其中铵态氮含量差异不显著,硝态氮含量差异显著。对于施加尿素的处理而言,S2(129.82 mg/kg)和C2(138.01 mg/kg)硝态氮含量显著高于G2(111.89 mg/kg)和D2(105.35 mg/kg),且Y2(126.92 mg/kg)显著高于D2。对于施加磷酸二铵的处理而言,各土壤硝态氮含量由大到小的顺序为C3(160.23 mg/kg)>Y3(150.00 mg/kg)>S3(140.12 mg/kg)>G3(133.45 mg/kg)>D3(126.70 mg/kg),且C3和Y3显著高于G3和D3。土壤净矿化速率和净硝化速率分别与土壤C/N,土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮呈显著负相关。整个培养期间,Y、G、C和D土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S土壤平均NMR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。Y、G和D土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序均为处理2>处理3>CK处理,S和C土壤平均NR由大到小的顺序为处理3>处理2>CK处理。土壤理化性质对黑土氮素转化特征有重要影响。     

黄土高原土壤干层水分恢复与作物产量响应

通过大田试验研究了黄土高原苜蓿草地土壤干层水分恢复状况,及恢复过程中不同作物的产量响应。试验设5个处理,苜蓿→草谷子→春小麦→马铃薯→豌豆（WPPe）;苜蓿→草谷子→玉米→玉米→春小麦（CCW）;苜蓿→草谷子→马铃薯→春小麦→玉米（PWC）;苜蓿→草谷子→休闲→豌豆→马铃薯（FPeP）;常规耕作农田（CS）。结果表明,如用苜蓿翻耕后农田土壤含水量与凋萎湿度时土壤含水量的比值表示土壤干层水分恢复程度,比值在正常降雨情况下增加而在降雨量少时下降,但如用苜蓿翻耕后农田土壤含水量与常规农田土壤含水量的比值表示土壤干层水分恢复程度,比值持续增长不受降雨量的影响。经过4年时间WPPe、CCW、PWC、FPeP的0～5m土层的土壤含水量由2001年4月仅有常规农田的63．66％上升到2004年9月的90．51％、89．83％、92．17％、96．72％。苜蓿翻耕后的农田作物产量与常规农田中的作物产量没有明显差别,而水分利用效率显著高于常规农田中的作物产量。以秋收作物马铃薯和玉米较适合苜蓿一作物轮作。     

陇东黄土高原苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗及水分生态效应（英）

黄土高原地区土壤干化导致林草植被大面积衰退,研究苜蓿草地土壤水分消耗规律对该区农业持续发展及生态环境恢复具有重要的理论意义。该文研究了黄土高原地区不同生长年限苜蓿草地1 000 cm土层土壤水分的变化特征及其对土壤水分生态环境的影响。结果表明：在0～1 000 cm土层,4年、6年生苜蓿草地土壤水分条件最好;12年、18年、26年生苜蓿草地土壤水分条件最差。在黄土高原地区,苜蓿地土壤干层出现的区域及发生的程度不同。4年、6年、8年生苜蓿草地,对土壤水分生态环境不会产生不利影响;12年、18年、26年生苜蓿草地,对土壤水分生态环境产生深刻负面影响。研究表明在陇东黄土高原地区苜蓿生长6 a后,应实施粮草轮作,以恢复土壤水分,持续提高土地生产力水平。