杉木人工林土壤养分变化规律

该文从不同立地条件、不同发育阶段、不同密度管理和不同轮伐期4个方面具体阐述了杉木人工林土壤养分变化规律。指出:立地不同土壤肥力不同,立地条件越好,土壤养分含量越高;林分发育阶段不同土壤养分含量不同,幼龄林阶段,养分含量越高,中龄林时最低,成熟林时又有所回升;杉木林通过合理间伐,适当降低林分密度,可保持和提高土壤肥力;适当延长轮伐期有利于杉木林的养分归还。在对各种研究结果与结论作简要概括的同时,对当前研究工作存在的问题及今后研究的重点进行了讨论。旨在为今后的研究提供阶梯,以有助于各项研究工作的展开。     

天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林对土壤微生物量的影响

在我国南方,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林是一种常见的管理措施。为研究森林利用方式转变对土壤微生物量的影响,我们在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站比较了天然次生阔叶林、第一代和第二代杉木人工林土壤理化性质和微生物量。杉木人工林土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和微生物量碳氮含量明显低于天然次生阔叶林。第一代、二代杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳仅为天然次生阔叶林的53%和46%,微生物氮为97%和79%。杉木人工林土壤微生物量碳占有机碳的比例也低于天然次生阔叶林土壤,但微生物量氮则相反,为杉木人工林高于天然次生阔叶林。因此可以得出,天然次生阔叶林转变为杉木人工林以及杉木林连栽引起了土壤生物学特性和土壤质量降低。图2表3参36。     

福建省将乐县杉木人工林林地土壤养分状况

在福建省将乐国有林场,选取典型杉木人工林样地18块,对其土壤化学性状进行测定分析。结果表明:将乐杉木人工林地土壤呈酸性;土壤全氮和碱解氮含量随土层深度增加而显著递减;全磷和有效磷垂直变化不明显,且有效磷含量都小于5 mg·kg~(-1),缺磷比较严重;土壤全钾明显低于土壤速效钾的变异程度,钾素能够满足树种生长的需求。在杉木林经营过程中,合理适量的施用氮磷肥有利于林地地力的维持,特别是磷肥。     

杉木人工林的土壤性质变化

系统研究和分析了不同代、不同发育阶段杉木林的土壤物理性质、化学性质和生物特性的变化过程,揭示了杉木人工林随着栽植代数增加(2～3代),土壤物理性质变劣,pH值下降,养分含量降低,速效P和水解N的下降尤为明显,微生物区系及酶活性也朝着生物活性下降的方向变化,也反映出杉木人工林不同发育阶段土壤肥力的差别。一般从幼龄林到中龄林土壤肥力呈下降趋势,到了成熟林阶段土壤肥力稍有上升,但不能恢复到原来的状态。在现行栽培制度下,杉木人工林连作能导致土壤功能衰退,这是杉木人工林不能保持长期生产力的主要原因之一。     

杉木林和阔叶林土壤酚含量及其变化的研究

用成对样本T检验法对相邻生长的杉木林和阔叶林以及若干不同世代的杉木林土壤酚含量进行了比较研究。结果表明：1，杉木林和阔叶林土壤挥发性酚含量都很低，远低于可使植物产生中毒的浓度；2．挥发性酚含量随季节的变化而变化且会自行消解，在常温下经过一个月后，其平均含量下降了62．10％，含酚量越高的土壤降低的程度越大；3．阔叶林土壤水溶性酚和复合态酚的平均含量高于杉木林土壤，但未达显著水平，而两种林分的挥发性酚含量近乎相等；4．没有发现不同世代杉木林土壤水溶性酚和复合酚含量有显著差异。上述结果表明，酚在土壤中积累而成为中毒因素的可能性很小。     

亚热带杉木、马尾松人工林水文功能的研究

1984-1990年,在江西省分宜县山下林场,对22年生杉木,马尾松人工林中的主要水文要素:降雨、林冠截留、树干茎流、土壤水分含量、径流及各种水的养分含量进行了测定,结果表明:人工林林冠的截留率为10.20-17.56％,茎流率为0.98-1.40％。土壤层较薄,含水率低,水文物理性质较差,土壤蓄渗性能较弱。林地径流量较小,且多为表层流。降雨输入林地的养分量大于径流的输出量。林内雨和树干茎流淋溶的养分量占养分还原总量的48-53％。其淋溶的K、Mg、N的养分量超过凋落物归还量。     

中国亚热带杉木人工林生态系统的小气候及其形成机制(英文)

该文通过位于湖南西部的森林生态系统研究站的长期定位观测 ,研究了杉木人工林成熟林、间伐林和幼林的小气候特征 ,在分析人工林生态系统环境能量的基础上 ,探讨其小气候的形成机制 ,揭示了人工林生态系统在生态恢复后的小气候变化规律 .多年的小气候观测表明 ,与杉木幼林比较 ,杉木成熟林生态系统可将年平均降低 0 4℃ ,月平均气温最大可降低 2 3℃ ;可降低年平均地表温度1 2℃ ,月地表平均温度最大可降低 2 3℃ ;可增加年蒸发散 10 0mm以上 .人工林生态系统环境能量数据分析表明 ,主要通过林冠层调节环境能量数值和分布来改善系统的小气候条件 ,即通过影响潜热、乱流交换热、位能、动能等能量要素 ,降低系统的温度及其变幅     

杉木人工林水土流失及养分损耗研究

１９８４～１９９６年在江西分宜县中国林科院亚热带林业实验中心的３个林场,分别对杉木人工林幼龄林、中龄林及近熟林进行了８组水土保持及养分循环方面多点的试验观测,对杉木人工林水土流失及养分损耗作了研究。结果表明,杉木人工林水土流失以幼林阶段为最大,其次中龄林阶段,最小是近熟林阶段。幼龄林地表迳流量为５４６．０ｍ＾３．ｈｍ＾－２,土壤侵蚀总量为１０５０．０ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,土壤侵蚀量尤为明显;中龄林地表迳流量为５０６．９８ｍ＾３．ｈｍ＾－２;而近熟林地表迳流量为４７７．２５ｍ＾３．ｈｍ＾－２,土壤侵蚀量可略而不计。幼龄林流失有机质５０．０４９ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,养分为３１．５０８ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２;中龄林流失有机质为６．０８０ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,养分流失量为２．０９６ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,而近熟林养分流失量为１０．７８４ｋｇ．     

广西里骆林区杉木人工林土壤微生物及生化活性的研究

我们于1984—1986年对广西龙胜县里骆林区不同立地杉木人工林土壤微生物及生化活性进行了研究,探讨不同立地杉木人工林土壤微生物及生化活性变化与土壤肥力和杉木生产力的关系,为林区营造杉木人工林提供科学依据。现将研究结果报告如下。一、样地生态环境龙胜县里骆林区位于北纬25°51′—25°58′,东经110°02′—110°07′之间,属我国东部(湿润)中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带南部三江流域山地栲类荷木林区。年平均温度18.1℃,1月均温8℃,7月均温26.7℃,极端最低温度-4.5℃,极端最高温度39.15℃,≥10℃的     

C and N stocks under three plantation forest ecosystems of Chinese fir, Michelia macclurei and their mixture

Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a type of subtropical fast-growing conifer tree, is widely distributed in South China. Its plantation area covers more than 7 × 10⁶ hm², accounting for 24% of the total area of plantation forests in the country. In recent decades, the system of successive plantation of Chinese fir has been widely used in southern China due to anticipated high economic return. However, recent studies have documented that the practice of this system has led to dramatic decreases in soil fertility and forest environment as well as in productivity. Some forest ecologists and managers recognize the ecological role performed by broadleaf trees growing in mixtures with conifers, and a great deal of studies on mixture effects have been conducted, particularly on mixture species of temperate and boreal forests, but these research results were not completely consistent. Possibilities include dependence of the mixture effects in large part to specific site conditions, the interactions among species in mixtures and biological characteristics of species. Although some researchers also studied the effects of mixtures of Chinese fir and broadleaf tree species on soil fertility, forest environment and tree growth status, little information is available about the effects of Chinese fir and its mixtures with broadleaves on carbon and nitrogen stocks. The experimental site is situated at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Province (26°40′–27°09′ N, 109°26′–110°08′ E). It is located at the transition zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the low mountains and hills of the southern bank of the Yangtze River at an altitude of 300–1,100 m above mean sea level. At the same time, the site is also a member of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN), sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This region has a humid mid-subtropical monsoon climate with a mean annual precipitation of 1,200–1,400 mm, most of the rain falling between April and August, and a mean temperature of 16.5°C with a mean minimum of 4.9°C in January and a mean maximum of 26.6°C in July. The experimental field has red-yellow soil. After a clear-cutting of the first generation Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation forest in 1982, three different plantation forest ecosystems, viz. mixture of Michelia macclurei and Chinese fir (MCM), pure Michelia macclurei stand (PMS) and pure Chinese fir stand (PCS), were established in the spring of 1983. A comparative study on C and N stocks under these three plantation forest ecosystems was conducted in 2004. Results showed that carbon stocks were greater under the mixtures than under the pure Chinese fir forest and the pure broad-leaved forest, and the broadleaves and the mixtures showed higher values in nitrogen stocks compared with the pure Chinese fir forest. The spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen stocks was basically consistent, the value being greater in soil layer, followed by tree layer, roots, understory and litter layer. The carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil layer were both highly correlated with the biomass in understory and litter layer, indicating that understory and forest litterfall exerted a profound effect on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks under plantation ecosystems. However, correlations among soil carbon, nitrogen stocks and below ground biomass of stand have not been observed in this study. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(12): 3,146–3,154 [译自: 生态学报]     

Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.     

温度对杉木林土壤呼吸的影响(英文)

Soil samples collected from the surface soil (0(10 cm) in an 88-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest in Nanping, Fujian, China were incubated for 90 days at the temperatures of 15°C, 25°C and 35°C in laboratory. The soil CO2 evolution rates were measured at the incubation time of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 days. The results showed that CO2 evolution rates of soil samples varied significantly with incubation time and temperature during the incubation period. Mean CO2 evolution rate and cumulative amount of CO2 evolution from soil were highest at 35°C, followed by those at 25°C, and 15°C. Substantial differences in CO2 evolution rate were found in Q10 values calculated for the 2nd and 90th day of incubation. The Q10 value for the average CO2 evolution rate was 2.0 at the temperature range of 15-25°C, but it decreased to 1.2 at 25- 35°C. Soil CO2 evolution rates decreased with the incubation time. The cumulative mineralized C at the end of incubation period (on the 90th day) was less than 10% of the initial C amounts prior to incubation.     

杉木火力楠混交林与杉木纯林土壤碳氮库研究

通过实地调查取样和室内C、N元素分析仪的测定,比较了杉木纯林与杉木火力楠混交林的土壤碳库及垂直分布差异,结果显示:混交林的土壤有机碳含量比纯林高,其有机碳贮量比杉木纯林大17.57%,主要差异在枯枝落叶层,分别为3.620 t.hm-2和12.610 t.hm-2。有机碳富集指数20~40 cm差异最大,混交林富集指数是纯林的1.18倍。混交林土壤有机碳贮量(79.460 t.hm-2)大于杉木纯林(67.583 t.hm-2),且均以表层(0~20 cm)碳贮量为主。混交林的全氮含量高于纯林,C/N则低于纯林。这些差异主要是由不同林分凋落物数量和性质上的差异引起的。杉木和火力楠混交林比杉木纯林更有利于碳的贮存,人工造林应多发展混交林。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林结构、树种多样性和土壤特性的研究(英文)

采用样地调查法,对日本冲绳岛北部的亚热带常绿阔叶林的林分结构,树种组成以及土壤特性等进行了调查分析。结果表明,该亚热带林具有林冠低矮、小径木多等特点。林分的平均林冠高度仅10m,平均立木密度达5400株·hm2(≥3.0cmDBH),其中胸径小于10cm的立木占64%。林分胸高断面积为54.4m2·hm-2。30个调查样地共出现树种数(≥3.0cmDBH)达80种,分属31个科。根据树种的重要值,Castanopsis sieboldii和Schima wallichii分别为优势树种和亚优势树种。树种多样性指数(H’)平均达3.63,均衡度指数(J’)为0.71,丰富度指数(S’)为4.72。这些多样性指数都随着优势树种重要值的增加而显著降低。土壤养分测定结果表明,该森林的土壤肥力低,异质性大,并可能存在Al毒害。由相关分析知,林分密度和优势树高均与土壤pH值呈显著正相关关系;多样性指数则与土壤交换性K ,Ca2 以及Ca2 /Al3 比呈显著的正相关,而与土壤有机碳,全氮和磷呈显著的负相关。这些结果说明土壤性质是影响冲绳亚热带常绿阔叶林林分结构和树种组成多样性的重要因素。图3表4参38。     

杉木纯林、混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分的比较研究

本文于2005年5月份,在中国科学院会同森林生态实验站选择了一块15年生的杉木纯林和两块15年生杉阔混交林作为研究对象,调查了林地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、硝态氮、有效磷和土壤微生物碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸以及呼吸熵,比较了纯林和混交林土壤微生物特性和土壤养分.结果表明,杉阔混交林的土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷硝态氮和有效磷含量高于杉木纯林;在混交林中,土壤微生物学特性得到改善.在0(10 cm和10(20 cm两层土壤中,杉阔混交林土壤微生物氮含量分别比杉木纯林高69%和61%.在0(10 cm土层,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳、磷和基础呼吸分别比杉木纯林高11%、14%和4%;在10(20 cm土层,分别高6%、3%和3%.但是,杉阔混交林土壤微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵较杉木纯林低34%和4%.另外,土壤微生物与土壤养分的相关性高于土壤呼吸、微生物碳:氮比和呼吸熵与土壤养分的相关性.由此可知,在针叶纯林中引入阔叶树后,土壤肥力得以改善,并有利于退化森林土壤的恢复.     

烘箱加热法测定森林土壤有机质的研究

采用烘箱加热法测定东北地区地带性土壤暗棕色森林土有机质含量,结果表明:测定最佳加热时间为30 min,最适宜加热温度为150℃,最适宜重铬酸钾浓度为1.2 mol·L~(-1)。烘箱加热法适宜测定有机质含量较高的土壤。     

Active organic carbon pool of coniferous and broad-leaved forest soils in the mountainous areas of Beijing

In order to explore the effects of different forest types on active soil carbon pool, the amounts and density of soil organic carbon (SOC) were studied at different soil horizons under typical coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the mountainous area of Beijing. The results showed that the amount of total SOC, readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons and the amounts at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm in broad-leaved forest was clearly higher than that in coniferous forests. The trend of a decrease in SOC density with increasing depth of the soil horizon was similar to that of the amount of SOC. However, no regular trend was found for SOC density at different depths between coniferous forest and broad-leaved forests. The ratio of readily oxidizable carbon to total amount of SOC ranged from 0.36–0.45 and the ratio of particulate organic carbon to total amount of SOC from 0.28–0.73; the ratios decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons. Active SOC was significantly correlated with total SOC; the relationship between readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon was significant. A broad-leaved forest may produce more SOC than a coniferous forest.     

杉木火力楠混交林和杉木纯林的生物量及分布格局研究

分析比较了16年生杉木火力楠混交林以及杉木纯林生物量及其分布格局。结果表明:杉木火力楠混交林乔木层生物量为189.35 t·hm-2,高出杉木纯林49.3%;其凋落物层生物量则为纯林的3.48倍。混交林中火力楠枝叶生物量分布高度高于杉木,有利于提高光能利用率;火力楠根系分布深度低于杉木,有利于提高土壤养分利用率。因而,杉木和火力楠混交林能形成较好的林分结构,可促进林分生产力的提高和地力改善,是值得推广的杉阔混交林模式。