绿洲灌区的水均衡模型及其应用

根据不同灌水方式灌区水分运动不同的特点,对绿洲灌区的农区部分按不同灌水方式进行分区,建立模型;并运用该模型和四水转化理论,分析了引水农区和井灌农区的四水转化关系和引水农区向非农区、井灌农区的水分迁移;讨论了农区水分在不同时期的转化与消耗。结果显示：该绿洲灌区水均衡模型可很好反映灌区的水分运动,它适于研究不同引水方式共存的灌区的水分运动。     

夜间集水池在自流灌区中的应用

在尼日利亚的灌区设计中，夜间集水池（Night Storage Reservoir,简称NSR）作为灌区设计的一部分，已被广泛应用，它解决了灌区范围内不同区域由于种植作物不同，灌溉周期、灌水时间不同对灌区运行所产生的矛盾。对我国的灌区设计具有一定的借鉴意义。以中国地质工程集团公司（CGC）所承接的Hadejia流域灌溉项目为例，就夜间集水池在自流灌区中的应用予以介绍。     

黑龙江省不同规模与水源类型典型样点灌区用水评价

为了研究黑龙江省不同规模灌区的用水情况,实现灌区用水科学管理以及水资源的优化配置.选取黑龙江省不同规模典型样点灌区80个,计算GINI系数,得到不同规模与水源类型灌区灌溉用水量与灌溉面积的匹配度,采用主成分分析法对灌区用水影响因素进行分析.结果表明:各规模灌区灌溉用水量与灌溉面积的匹配度自流引水灌区均优于提水灌区,纯井灌区的匹配度较差.灌溉用水量与灌溉面积的匹配度同时受到人为因素和自然因素的影响,其中管理因素和工程因素对匹配度具有正面影响,自然因素中当年降水量对匹配度具有一定的负面影响.     

河网区不同尺度灌区节水潜力分析

针对河网地区回归水的存在及其重复利用加大了节水潜力的尺度效应,也导致了关于真实节水潜力的诸多争论的问题,采用首尾法对比研究了河网区不同尺度灌区灌溉水利用系数,并对不同尺度灌区灌溉水利用系数提高阈值与真实节水潜力进行了综合评价.结果表明,大中型灌区灌溉水利用系数显著低于小型灌区的,且各小型灌区之间的灌溉水利用系数变异系数大.影响灌溉水利用系数的各因素中,节水灌溉因子所占的比重较大,可通过实施节水灌溉工程以提高灌溉水利用系数.大中型灌区单位面积的真实节水潜力显著低于小型灌区的.但同时,由于试验区灌区大中型灌区面积大,节水潜力主要依赖于大中型灌区,特别是大型灌区,试验区各大型样点灌区的近期真实节水潜力为(0.800~6.372)×10~7m~3;远期真实节水潜力为(1.095~8.201)×10~7m~3.不同尺度灌区应采取不同的相应节水措施,以提高灌溉水利用系数.     

黑龙江省灌溉水利用率分形特征与影响因素分析

黑龙江省不同类型灌区发展不均衡,致使多年来黑龙江省灌溉水利用率普遍低于全国平均水平,为实现黑龙江省灌溉水利用率均衡稳步提升,本文对黑龙江省不同类型灌区灌溉水利用率年度分形特征进行研究,利用位序-规模法对黑龙江省样点灌区灌溉水利用率的分形特征进行分析,并利用主成分分析法对黑龙江省灌溉水利用率的影响因素进行识别。结果表明:2009—2014年黑龙江省灌溉水利用率年度分维值D在5.26~6.25区间内,且呈现出由多分形向单分形逐步过渡的结构特点,表明黑龙江省不同类型灌区的灌溉水利用率有逐渐趋于均衡分布的态势;不同类型灌区灌溉水利用率在均衡发展情况下的最大值分别为:大、中型灌区D_1=4.58时,η1=44.44%,小型灌区D_2=4.79时,η2=53.81%;纯井灌区D_3=6.98时,η3=70.41%;全省灌区D=5.13时,η=57.03%;渠系衬砌率和灌区工程配套率对大、中型灌区灌溉水利用率的影响程度远高于其他因素,小型灌区渠系衬砌率影响程度最大,蒸发蒸腾比影响程度最小;田间渗漏量对纯井灌区的灌溉水利用率影响程度最大。     

不同尺度节水潜力计算方法研究

灌区通过节水改造可以节约灌溉用水量,但节水灌溉存在尺度效应,灌区节水改造措施在田间尺度的节水潜力并不代表其灌区或流域等大尺度上的节水潜力,田间尺度的节水在较大尺度上会产生一定的负面影响.从区域或流域整体的可持续发展角度出发,只有弄清不同尺度的节水潜力,才能做到区域水资源的优化配置和流域水资源的科学合理调度管理.从灌区灌溉水的循环转化过程,分析了节水措施在不同尺度上产生的节水效果,在此基础上提出了目前常用节水措施的田间、灌区、地表水和地下水等不同尺度节水潜力的计算公式,并以青铜峡灌区为例,对不同尺度的节水潜力进行了对比分析.     

基于组合权重-TOPSIS法的灌区节水评价

【目的】探究灌区节水水平评价方法,查找山东省不同灌区类型节水短板。【方法】围绕管理节水、工程节水、农业节水3个方面构建灌区节水评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵权法确定组合权重,基于组合权重和TOPSIS法分别对山东省14处代表灌区节水水平进行综合评价与排序。【结果】采用主、客观赋权的组合权重为管理节水0.370 1,工程节水0.489 8,农艺节水0.140 1;采用组合权重和TOPSIS法的评价排序基本一致,节水水平均表现为引黄灌区>引河灌区>水库灌区。【结论】灌区灌溉效益能否充分发挥是影响不同类型灌区的核心问题,其中工程节水仍是当前灌区节水水平的主要影响因素;山东省灌区在节水考核制度建设落实、执行水价合理性、灌区测墒灌溉普及率方面普遍存在节水短板;基于组合权重等比例换算为百分制应用于灌区节水自评价是可行的。     

区域农田灌溉用水量测算方法研究分析

农田灌溉用水是农业用水重要组成部分,区域灌溉水量数据是国家开展农田水利基本建设和用水调度管理的基础。灌区是农田灌溉的基础单元,因此需以灌区来开展区域农田灌溉用水统计。针对区域灌区数量多、受益范围大、水源众多等特点,对不同规模灌区分别提出了用水量计算方法及典型灌区选取要求,并根据灌区特点提出渠首计量点的设置思路。以浙江省为例,采用点面转化方法,基于不同规模的典型灌区测算全省灌溉用水量,为最严格水资源管理制度和水资源公报编制提供依据。     

影响灌区流量测验精度因素的探讨

影响灌区流量测验精度因素的探讨蒋远顺（山东省聊城地区灌溉处聊城市２５２０５４）［关键词］灌区，流量，精度影响灌区测站流量测验精度的因素很多，由于灌区工程状况、断面的性质及人员素质的不同，使不同断面的精度有差异。在当今黄河水源日趋紧张，水的商品属性逐渐...     

不同尺度节水潜力研究初探

灌区通过节水改造可以节约灌溉用水量,但节水灌溉存在尺度效应,灌区节水改造措施在田间尺度的节水潜力并不代表其灌区或流域等大尺度上的节水潜力,田间尺度的节水在较大尺度上会产生一定的负面影响。从区域或流域整体的可持续发展角度出发,只有弄清不同尺度的节水潜力,才能做到区域水资源的优化配置和流域水资源的科学合理调度管理。从灌区灌溉水的循环转化过程,分析了节水措施在不同尺度上产生的节水效果,在此基础上提出了目前常用节水措施的田间、灌区、地表水和地下水等不同尺度节水潜力的计算公式,并以青铜峡灌区为例,对不同尺度的节水潜力进行了对比分析。     

水资源水质水量优化配置分析

本研究旨在实现水资源水质水量的优化配置,通过对水资源水质水量优化配置的生态经济学理论进行分析,指出水资源水质水量优化配置的概念,在内涵分析基础上确定了水资源水质水量优化配置的具体阈值原理和模型体系框架.同时对青海水资源水质水量的优化配置进行分析,指出不同区域的水资源水质水量需要进行针对性的优化配置.     

水源更换对自来水厂进水泵房给水泵的影响

以杭州市清泰水厂进水泵房给水泵为对象,通过对千岛湖作为第二供应水源后水质变化进行理论分析和试验研究,以及水源变化后水泵实际流量扬程等性能进行分析研究,提出在千岛湖、钱塘江等多水源下给水泵的选型设计.通过给水泵叶轮切削的方式,使给水泵新的工况点处于高效区域内,确保给水泵安全顺利生产运行,提高进水泵房给水泵的效率,满足日供...     

浅析传统水利向环境水利及生态水利的转变

农田水利建设一直是我国农业发展的重中之重,最初的农田一般仅依靠自然河水和雨水进行灌溉,而后由兴修的水利工程进行灌溉,农水建设发展到今天开始重视环境水生态.传统农田水利向环境水生态转变是一种必然的发展趋势.这种形式的转变能够最大限度地满足农业经济发展中的用水需求,而且不会对生态环境带来危害.本文主要分析农田水利发展对环境的影响,并概述了传统农业水利向环境水生态转变的过程.     

A simulation of water allocation policies in times of water shortage

The use of a simulation package to study the consequences of various water allocation policies during time of water shortage is described. The study shows that simulation can be a valuable aid to irrigation scheme managers in their decision making.     

水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式探讨

在水资源管理中,水量水质联合调控主要是为了协调生态环境.利用运筹学、系统方法论、宏观经济学为计算基础,通过控制流域污染物来达到水质控制的目标.基于此,本文对水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式进行探讨.     

Effect of soil water osmotic potential on growth and water relationships in barley during soil water depletion

Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. Zita) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to –1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later.No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments.During the drying cycle leaf water potential ( _l ) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential ( _s ) with almost constant and similar differences ( _l – _s ) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential () was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle.Close relationships were found between and _l as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached.During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants.In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought.     

Establishing tradable water rights: implementation of the Mexican water law

Mexico passed a new water law in 1992 that shifted from state-managed water policy to a regulated market-oriented policy with tradable water rights. Water trading will initially be closely supervised by government agencies, but the law includes a number of provisions that will allow liberalization of water markets as water users become more involved in operation and management of water and gain experience in water trading. Incentives for the Mexican water policy reforms include the growing economic value of increasingly scarce water; the rising budgetary costs from highly subsidized capital development and operations and maintenance for irrigation and water supply systems; and general liberalization of the Mexican economy, which has raised the cost of maintaining relatively inflexible water allocation systems that cannot respond to changing incentives.     

Sugarcane water use from shallow water tables: implications for improving irrigation water use efficiency

The resource potential of shallow water tables for cropping systems has been investigated using the Australian sugar industry as a case study. Literature concerning shallow water table contributions to sugarcane crops has been summarised, and an assessment of required irrigation for water tables to depths of 2 m investigated using the SWIMv2.1 soil water balance model for three different soils. The study was undertaken because water availability is a major limitation for sugarcane and other crop production systems in Australia and knowledge on how best to incorporate upflow from water tables in irrigation scheduling is limited. Our results showed that for the three soils studied (representing a range of permeabilities as defined by near-saturated hydraulic conductivities), no irrigation would be required for static water tables within 1 m of the soil surface. Irrigation requirements when static water tables exceeded 1 m depth were dependent on the soil type and rooting characteristics (root depth and density). Our results also show that the near-saturated hydraulic conductivities are a better indicator of the ability of water tables below 1 m to supply sufficient upflow as opposed to soil textural classifications. We conclude that there is potential for reductions in irrigation and hence improvements in irrigation water use efficiency in areas where shallow water tables are a low salinity risk: either fresh, or the local hydrology results in net recharge.     

水利工程项目的水闸设计探讨

在水利工程项目建设中,水闸工程项目占据着极其重要的作用.换言之,水闸工程质量的好坏,在很大程度上将直接关乎到整个水利工程项目的整体效果,包括使用寿命、功能发挥等.在工程建设过程中,水闸这一环节一旦出现了问题,对于整个工程及其下游地区,都会造成安全隐患,极大危害着当地居民的财产与生命安全.本文重点针对水利工程项目中的水闸设计环节,选取了春风河水利工程项目实例探讨,着重以该工程的水闸设计为研究对象,加以论述.     

Simulation of putting-green soil water dynamics: Implications for turfgrass water use

Results from a field experiment examining soil water fate within U.S. Golf Association (USGA) putting greens were used to examine the validity of a water flow simulation model. The experiment used six different sandy root zones each with depths of 300 mm overlying a 100 mm thick gravel layer. Data collected over two growing seasons consisted of measured rainfall, irrigation, drainage volume, and soil water contents; and calculated turfgrass evapotranspiration (ET). Turfgrass rooting was measured at the end of each growing season, and water retention curve and saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements were conducted at the end of the study. For each root zone treatment, HYDRUS-2D (H2D) was calibrated using a subset of the experimental data and then validated by comparing observed and predicted water contents at 76, 152 and 229 mm depth and over both growing seasons. Model efficiency (E) ranged from 0.33 to 0.78; Mean Absolute Error (MAE) ranged from 0.012 to 0.024 m³ m⁻³; and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranged from 0.015 to 0.028 m³ m⁻³, for the six treatments and both years. Also, RMSE values were at best slightly larger than and at worst twice as large as the mean standard deviation values of replicate measurements. Thus, H2D simulation performed reasonably well in describing the water content results of the field study. The calibration results provide evidence of hysteresis in water retention where water retention properties from the field appear to follow the sorption or wetting curve as compared with the laboratory measurements following the desorption or drying curve. This suggests that standard laboratory measurements of water release would not precisely predict water retention behavior in the field and over estimate water storage of these capillary barrier soils. The validation results provide evidence for turfgrass use of perched water held within these profiles, even though turfgrass rooting is shallow and water storage principally occurs deep within the root zone. Thus, the perched water of USGA putting greens should serve reasonably well as a water reservoir for subsequent turfgrass use, allowing for water conserving irrigation practices that makes use of this stored water.