Steady state capillary rise in some soil profiles

Results of calculations of steady state capillary rise are presented for one-layered and multi-layered soil profiles ranging from coarse sand to heavy clay. The effect of the considered hydraulic conductivity function on the calculated height of capillary rise is shown by using four different methods of describing the relation for the same uniform sand profile. The methods include: power and exponential functions; a table of data derived from only the saturated conductivity and the soil moisture retention curve; a modified Brooks and Corey method calculating the coefficients from soil texture and organic matter content, including hysteresis; approximation of the data in the table by three power functions. A practical application of the steady state calculations is computing the groundwater table depth that yields the optimum production for a soil profile covered by grass.     

The use of lysimeter data for the test of two soil–water balance models: A case study

Two soil–water balance models were tested by a comparison of simulated with measured daily rates of actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, groundwater recharge, and capillary rise. These rates were obtained from twelve weighable lysimeters with three different soils and two different lower boundary conditions for the time period from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1998. In that period, grass vegetation was grown on all lysimeters. These lysimeters are located in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany. One model calculated the soil water balance using the Richards equation. The other one used a capacitance approach. Both models used the same modified Penman formula for the estimation of potential evapotranspiration and the same simple empirical vegetation model for the calculation of transpiration, interception, and evaporation. The comparisons of simulated with measured model outputs were analyzed using the modeling‐efficiency index IA and the root mean squared error RMSE. At some lysimeters, the uncalibrated application of both models led to an underestimation of cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, despite a good simulation quality in terms of IA and RMSE. A calibration of soil‐hydraulic and vegetation parameters such as maximum rooting depth resulted in a better fit between simulated and observed cumulative and annual rates of groundwater recharge and capillary rise, but in some cases also decreased the simulation quality of both models in terms of IA and RMSE. The results of this calibration indicated that, in addition to a precise determination of the soil water‐retention functions, vegetation parameters such as rooting depth should also be observed. Without such information, the rooting depth is a calibration parameter. However, in some cases, the uncalibrated application of both models also led to an acceptable fit between measured and simulated model outputs.     

Calculation of Hydraulic Conductivities of Soils from Texture and Organic matter Content

It is demonstrated how the values of the three constants in a convenient formula for the calculation capillary conductivities can be evaluated from texture and organic matter content of a soil. In this way it is possible to calculate the conductivity function of any soil provided that an adequate analysis of granular composition and humus content analysis is available. Particularly for practical purposes the quick availability of the results of this calculation is of great advantage over time consuming direct measurement or calculation with constants evaluated from moisture retention curves. To increase the practical significance of the method the effect of pore size hysteresis on the calculated conductivity functions is accounted for in a pragmatical way. Conductivity functions for a number of single-layered soil types in the Netherlands are given. In a subsequent paper it will be shown how the discussed method is put into practice in a computation of capillary rise from the groundwater table in multi-layered soil profiles.     

基于地下水埋深的江汉平原冬小麦防涝渍排水指标确定

2014—2015年在测坑(筒)分别开展孕穗期、灌浆期冬小麦遭受浅地下水埋深和先涝后渍胁迫试验,研究江汉平原冬小麦关键生育期适宜的地下水埋深。同时,构建不同排水标准计算方法,量化作物相对产量,提出先涝后渍胁迫下的排水指标。结果表明,孕穗期0、20和40 cm地下水位(持续受渍18 d)分别使小麦减产44.78%、17.31%和10.44%,而灌浆期相应减产67.72%、33.70%和10.34%。导致小麦减产的主要原因可能是穗粒数减少和千粒质量降低,建议江汉平原小麦田孕穗期和灌浆期地下水位维持在50 cm左右。先涝后渍过程中涝害使小麦减产幅度大于渍害,可以考虑以受涝历时和降渍历时为控制指标的排水模型、按时间划分涝害和渍害的排水模型,以及涝渍综合水深指标作为江汉平原小麦花后排除涝渍的排水模型。若允许小麦减产15%(即相对产量为85%)作为排水控制标准,建议小麦花后涝渍综合水深指标控制在275.6~283.6 cm·d。     

Salt-Water Dynamics in Soils: Ⅰ. Salt-Water Dynamics in Unsaturated Soils Under Stable Evaporation Condition

A long term simulation test on salt-water dynamics in unsaturated soils with different groundwater depths and soil texture profiles under stable evaporation condition was conducted.Salinity sensors and tensiometers were used to monitor salt and water variation in soils.The experiment revealed that in the process of fresh groundwater moving upwards by capillary rise in the column,the salts in subsoil were brought upwards and accumulated in the surface soil,and consequently the salinization of surface soil took place.The rate of salt accumulation is determined mainly by the volume of capillary water flow and the conditions of salts contained in the soil profile.Water flux in soils decreased obviously when groundwater depths fell below 1.5m.When there was an interbedded clay layer 30cm in thickness in the silty loam soil profile or a clay layer 100cm in thickness at the top layer,the water flux was 3-5 times less than in the soil profile of homogeneous silty loam soil.Therefore,the rate of salt accumulation was decreased and the effect of variation of groundwater depth on the water flux in soils was weakened comparatively.If there was precipitation or irrigation supplying water to the soil,the groundwater could rarely take a direct part in the process of salt accumulation in surface soil,especially,in soil profiles with an interbedded stratum or a clayey surface soil layer.     

Simulation of hydrology following various volumes of irrigation to soil with different depths to the water table

Vertical water fluxes at the water table and in the subsoil need to be quantified because of their significance for the supply of water to crops and the control of soil salinization in areas with shallow groundwater. A soil–water–atmosphere–plant (SWAP) model was calibrated using measured values of soil water content and the water fluxes at the water table. The measurements were taken in a field experiment where the depth to groundwater and the volume of irrigation water applied were controlled. The calibrated SWAP model was then used to simulate the soil water content and fluxes at the water table and in the subsoil under different irrigation and groundwater conditions. The predicted values provided a quantitative insight into specific terms in the water balance equation together with soil water fluxes in the subsoil that cannot be measured directly by field instruments. Crops utilized significant amounts of water from deeper soil layers and directly from groundwater, when the volume of irrigation decreased and the depth to the water table was <3.0 m. Depth to the water table significantly influenced water fluxes occurring in the soil profile over the period when evaporation dominated the hydrological cycle. Shallow groundwater is a very significant water resource for meeting the water requirement of crops. In practice, the frequency and quantity of irrigation need to be varied according to groundwater conditions.     

考虑地下水位影响的现浇混凝土梯形渠道冻胀破坏力学分析

地下水的补给与迁移是高地下水位渠道的冻胀破坏的主要影响因素。该文提出了一种考虑地下水位影响的梯形渠道衬砌冻胀力分布计算方法,推导出地下水位影响的渠道基土冻胀强度和冻结深度分布的计算公式,并得到现浇混凝土衬砌的截面最大弯矩和最易破坏截面位置的解析表达式。从整体与局部2个方面定量分析梯形渠道衬砌冻胀力分布的不均匀性,为渠道的抗冻性能评价和断面优化提供了定量指标,结果表明:渠深越浅,坡板倾角越小,冻胀力分布越均匀,越不易发生破坏,揭示了宽浅式梯形渠道抗冻性能良好的原因。以塔里木灌区某梯形渠道为原型,对不同地下水埋深的渠道冻胀特征和受力进行了分析,并与观测资料进行了对比,其中基土冻深的计算值与观测值之间的最大相对误差为3.5%,估算最大弯矩所在截面的位置为距离坡顶63.9%坡板长处,与灌区实地调查结果基本相符,表明了方法的实用性和合理性。最后,对高地下水位梯形渠道的冻害机理进行了分析,该研究可为高地下水位现浇混凝土梯形渠道衬砌的抗冻设计和相关研究提供参考。     

The effect of temperature‐induced soil water repellency on transient capillary pressure–water content relations during capillary rise

Long‐term capillary rise experiments (0 to about 89 000 hour) were performed at 19°C on homogenized and heat‐treated podsolic forest top‐ and subsoil samples. These were packed into columns, the bases of which were then partially immersed, at constant depth, in water reservoirs to simulate a constant water table. Selected columns were equipped with tensiometer and TDR probes. Other columns were removed at prescribed times and divided into 2‐cm horizontal segments whose volumetric water contents were determined. The degree of saturation was then estimated by comparison with the capillary rise in duplicate arrangements of samples immersed in ethanol. It was found that the heat treatments conferred increased water repellency (WR) on the soil, which increased with temperature (significantly so at greater than 60°C). This had a profound effect on the capillary rise characteristics and development of water content in the soil behind the wetting front, indicating an effective, albeit slow, reduction in effective WR. This has implications for hydraulic modelling of soils with significant WR and demonstrates that sub‐surface WR exerts a significant influence on capillary rise from a water table and suggests that commonly used indicators of surface WR using droplet tests may not be useful for such modelling purposes.     

地下水埋深对膜下滴灌棉田水盐动态影响及土壤盐分累积特征

为了探究不同地下水埋深条件下膜下滴灌农田的水盐运移规律,于2012—2016年在新疆库尔勒绿洲,对采用膜下滴灌结合冬春灌压盐的棉田开展定位观测,在不同位置处150 cm深土壤剖面进行水盐监测,探究不同生育阶段地下水埋深与土壤水盐含量的关系。结果表明,膜下滴灌农田土壤水分呈反"S"型分布,土壤盐分呈"酒杯"状表聚型分布;试验期内地下水埋深从2~3 m增加到5~6 m,相应地苗期和非生育期返盐程度显著降低,收获期盐分含量下降;5a来土壤含盐量从6.5 g/kg下降到1 g/kg,土壤累积含盐量与地下水埋深呈负的指数关系;深层水分交换量表明土壤水和地下水间的联系明显减弱。建议将类似地区的地下水埋深控制在3.5 m左右,膜下滴灌结合冬春灌淋洗可有效抑制土壤层盐分累积,并可保证自然植被的生态需水。     

地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移数值模拟研究述评

地下水浅埋条件下包气带水和溶质运移规律是解决土壤盐渍化、地下水污染等环境与生态问题的基本理论基础,基于多孔介质水和溶质运移基本方程的数值模型是研究包气带物质运移的重要手段。通过深入分析土壤水和地下水之间的相互关系,强调在地下水埋深小于其极限埋深的情况下应把地下水作用耦合到包气带水和溶质运移模型中。该文概括总结了现有研究把地下水作用与土壤水模型相耦合的方法,并分析了各种方法的优缺点。在回顾现有土壤水分运动参数和溶质运移参数确定方法的基础上,归纳了包气带水和溶质运移模型从“点”尺度向“田块”尺度扩展的途径,随机方法仍将是今后的研究热点,并有望应用于实践。     

干旱区重度和轻度盐碱地包气带水分运移规律

为揭示干旱区不同灌溉模式下的包气带水分运移规律,该研究综合使用原位观测、同位素示踪和数值模拟等方法,对跨流域调水背景下,克拉玛依农业开发区重度和轻度盐碱地棉田的土壤水势、土壤含水率和土壤水同位素组成特征,包气带水量平衡以及水分运移规律进行了研究。研究表明,土壤基质势调控的滴灌模式下,重度和轻度盐碱地的灌溉入渗主要影响深度是地表以下0~150 cm,土壤含水率和土壤水势对灌溉和蒸散发动态变化的响应明显,具有前期土壤水和观测期内灌溉入渗水的混合特征。深层(重度盐碱地150~260 cm;轻度盐碱地250~350 cm)受地下水毛细作用影响,土壤水势和土壤含水率对地下水埋深动态变化的响应明显,具有前期土壤水与地下水的混合特征。轻度盐碱地中间层(150~250 cm),几乎不受灌溉入渗和地下水毛细作用的影响,土壤水势和土壤含水率处于动态平衡,主要为前期土壤水的特征。HYDRUS-1D数值模拟结果表明,深层土壤水与地下水之间存在双向交换,地下水对土壤水以补给作用为主,重度和轻度盐碱地地下水补给占包气带水分来源的比例分别为7.9%和15.0%。该灌溉模式对农业开发区地下水补给有一定的抑制作用,但观测期内区域地下水位抬升幅度在50~60 cm之间,说明存在一定的土壤次生盐渍化和地下水咸化的潜在风险。     

夹砂层土体构型毛管水上升的实验研究

针对西北地区土壤剖面多呈层状和春季强烈返盐季节土壤多处于裸露状态的特点，通过室内土柱实验，研究了有地下水位条件下夹砂层剖面的土壤蒸发问题。结果表明，砂层会影响毛管水上升的高度和速度，毛管水到达土表的时间随砂层厚度的增加、层位的升高以及级配的变差而延长，但砂层级配对于水分的阻滞作用最大。砂层影响各层土壤含水量的分布，在水分达到平衡状态时，砂层以下土壤含水量大于均质土，而砂层以上土壤含水量则小于或近似于均质土。砂层能明显降低地下水的蒸发量，但夹砂层土柱的蒸发量随砂层厚度的增加而降低，而表砂层土柱的蒸发量则随砂层厚度的增加而增强。在蒸发阶段，砂层层位的作用表现更为显著。     

Wasserhaushalt und Dickenwachstum von Kiefern in Abhängigkeit des Grundwasserflurabstandes

Water budget and annual ring growth of pines for different groundwater depth conditions Relation between annual ring width and water supply was examined for different groundwater depth in an old pine stand on a sandy soil. The quotient Ereal/Epot is a suitable parameter to quantify water stress. Multiple regression analyses were used to describe the dependence between annual ring width and water stress. Mean growth of basal area can be expressed by Ereal/Epot of the actual and previous year. This site specific function was used to quantify growth reduction affected by ground-water lowering for various soil conditions.     

SOIL GENESIS IN RELATION TO GROUNDWATER AND SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES NEAR VEGREVILLE,ALBERTA1

The study was designed to obtain information on flow and salinity of the groundwater, and on moisture regimes above the water table at selected sites near Vegreville, Alberta, and to relate this information to features of soil genesis revealed by soil mapping and analysis. All soils on the lower slopes, unlike those at upper elevations, contained accumulations of salts and gypsum, but the depth of salt accumulation and therefore the kind of soil appeared to be related only partly to current groundwater flow directions and the depth of the water table. The sodium content of the discharging groundwater and past flow conditions also appeared to be important. Lateral flow above the water table is suggested as being of possible importance in desalinization of surface horizons.     

层状土中毛管水上升的实验研究

土壤盐渍化的重要机制是地下水中可溶盐在蒸发作用下不断向表土聚集;次生盐渍土的形成则可能是由于人为抬高地下水位,土壤毛管水重新分配土中盐分所致.不管怎样,防止土壤盐渍化的积极而彻底的方法是消除地下水位抬高的因素.但是,全面而根本的措施,往往限于客观条件不易做到,因此大多数都采取治标措施.例如,利用耕耘增加毛管水上升的困难,以及洪淤压碱等等.     

多因素影响下土壤上升毛管水运动特性HYDRUS模拟及验证

基于饱和—非饱和土壤水分运动理论,通过HYDRUS-1D软件对多因素作用下的土壤上升毛管水运动进行模拟,研究土壤容重、黏粒含量、初始含水率、地下水埋深和时间5个因素对上升毛管水运动特性的影响。分别建立上升毛管水补给量和毛管水上升高度与各影响因素之间经验模型,其均方根误差均为0.003 cm,相关系数均大于0.99,决定系数均大于0.98(P0.01),计算值与实测值相对误差均小于11.25%。各影响因素对上升毛管水补给量的影响程度由大到小依次为时间、土壤容重、初始含水率、黏粒含量、地下水埋深,对毛管水上升高度的影响程度由大到小依次为时间、初始含水率、黏粒含量、土壤容重、地下水埋深。采用截距为0的线性函数对毛管水上升高度与上升毛管水补给量之间的关系曲线进行拟合,其决定系数均在0.96以上,表明其两者之间呈显著线性关系。该研究成果可为制定灌溉和排水以及盐碱地改良等措施提供理论依据。     

基于指示Kriging法的土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深关系研究

在北方干旱、半干旱的地下水浅埋区,土壤盐渍化是土地资源退化的主要原因,防治土壤盐渍化是农业和生态环境可持续发展的重要保障。该文以内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域为例,运用指示Kriging法绘制并比较了不同阈值下地下水位埋深和土壤表层含盐量的概率分布图,从概率空间分布的角度分析研究了土壤盐渍化与地下水位埋深之间的关系,从而将这方面的研究从通常的农田尺度扩大到灌域尺度。结果表明:1)土壤盐分和地下水位埋深空间变异强度均为中等,且具有中等的空间自相关性,球状模型拟合变异函数的效果较好;2)在灌域尺度上,解放闸灌域4月底土壤表层发生中度、轻度盐渍化时地下水位临界埋深分别为2.0、2.5m,西南及中东部地下水位埋深小于临界埋深的概率较大,是土壤返盐的高风险区;3)3月底地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响比4月底更大一些,这表明地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响具有一定滞后效应,只有地下水位埋深小于临界深度的状态维持一段时间,才会造成土壤中度或轻度盐渍化。     

黄河下游冲积平原土壤盐分的时空变异研究——个例研究

Soil salinity and hydrologic datasets were assembled to analyze the spatio-temporal variability of salinization in Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China, in the alluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The saline soil and groundwater depth data of the county in 1981 were obtained to serve as a historical reference. Electrical conductivity (EC) of 293 surface soil samples taken from 2 km × 2 km grids in 2007 and 40 soil profiles acquired in 2008 was analyzed and used for comparative mapping. Ordinary kriging was applied to predict EC at unobserved locations to derive the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns and variation of soil salinity. Groundwater table data from 22 observation wells in 2008 were collected and used as input for regression kriging to predict the maximum groundwater depth of the county in 2008. Changes in the groundwater level of Fengqiu County in 27 years from 1981 to 2008 was calculated. Two quantitative criteria, the mean error or bias (ME) and the mean squared error (MSE), were computed to assess the estimation accuracy of the kriging predictions. The results demonstrated that the soil salinity in the upper soil layers decreased dramatically and the taxonomically defined saline soils were present only in a few micro-landscapes after 27 years. Presently, the soils with relatively elevated salt content were mainly distributed in depressions along the Yellow River bed. The reduction in surface soil salinity corresponded to the locations with deepened maximum groundwater depth. It could be concluded that groundwater table recession allowed water to move deeper into the soil profile, transporting salts with it, and thus played an important role in reducing soil salinity in this region. Accumulation of salts in the soil profiles at various depths below the surface indicated that secondary soil salinization would occur when the groundwater was not controlled at a safe depth.     

新疆喀什地下水浅埋区弃荒地表层土壤积盐与地下水的关系

为了研究新疆喀什地下水浅埋区弃荒地表层土壤积盐与地下水的定量关系,对试验区自然状况下的土壤含水量、表层土壤含盐量、地下水埋深、地下水矿化度和潜水蒸发量进行了原位监测,模拟了潜水蒸发量与地下水埋深的关系,定量分析了弃荒地自然条件下地下水埋深、地下水矿化度对土壤表层盐分的影响,建立了表层土壤含盐量与地下水埋深、地下水矿化度的经验模型。结果表明:在5~50 cm土层,土壤质量含水率随土层深度增加而增大;地下水埋深、地下水矿化度对表层土壤盐分有显著的影响,当地下水埋深为定值时,表层土壤含盐量与地下水矿化度呈线性正相关;当地下水矿化度为定值时,表层土壤含盐量与地下水埋深呈线性负相关;土壤盐分表聚现象明显,不同地下水埋深条件下表层土壤含盐量随累计潜水蒸发量的增加而增大,表层土壤积盐速率随地下水埋深的增大而减小,地下水埋深为25 cm条件下表层土壤积盐速率约是地下水埋深为50 cm的表层土壤积盐速率的2倍多。