兴业县冬种马铃薯主要病虫害发生为害调查及防治建议

近几年来,冬种马铃薯在兴业县推广种植面积迅速增长,为农民不断增收起到了积极的推动作用.但在生产中,冬种马铃薯的病虫害发生较重,主要发生的病虫害有病毒病、晚疫病、软腐病、地老虎、螨虫、蚜虫、杂革及鼠害.     

矿物油和维生素B1对马铃薯病毒病的防效研究

多数马铃薯病毒可以借助蚜虫传播, 并通过块茎世代积累, 导致马铃薯种性退化, 严重影响块茎的产量和品质?为了筛选新型?环保的马铃薯病毒病防治药剂, 本研究通过3个季节的田间试验, 对矿物油?维生素B1和杀虫剂吡虫啉在防治马铃薯病毒病中的效果进行了评价?结果表明, 通过马铃薯出苗后间隔10 d连续3次喷施, 矿物油能够控制马铃薯卷叶病(potato leaf-roll virus, PLRV)的发生, 对马铃薯M病毒(potato virus M, PVM)和马铃薯S病毒(potato virus S, PVS)的平均防效也分别达到66.72%和70.40%, 但对马铃薯Y病毒(potato virus Y, PVY)和马铃薯A病毒(potato virus A, PVA)在不同的年份和季节的防效不稳定, 平均防效为27.34%和65.02%?维生素B1对PLRV?PVM和PVS的防效也比较明显, 分别达83.36%?83.33%和73.32%, 而对PVY同样防效不稳定, 对PVA防效不明显?杀虫剂吡虫啉对PLRV?PVS和PVM的防效也不稳定, 且对PVY和PVA的防效均不显著?本研究中马铃薯X病毒(potato virus X, PVX)发生频率极低, 未进行病毒病的防效比较?综上所述, 矿物油和维生素B1对马铃薯主要病毒病的综合防效较吡虫啉好, 同时它们的增产效果更明显, 产投比高于化学药剂, 值得推广?     

江西省马铃薯病虫害发生动态及防治技术初探

本文简述了江西省马铃薯病虫害发生的种类、发生为害动态,对其发生为害原因进行了分析,并提出了简便易行的防治方法。     

Retention of iprodione on salad onion leaves in relation to the control of Botrytis spp.

Using bioassay and fluorescent tracer techniques it was demonstrated that more fungicide was retained on mature leaves of summer salad onion crops if 1 kg/ha iprodione wettable powder (w.p.) formulation plus wetting agent was sprayed at 280 1/ha than at 560 1/ha or 1120 1/ha.
The lowest spray volume (280 1/ha) with four sprays of iprodione w.p. (0.5 kg in October, November, December and January) gave effective control of Botrytis cinerea and significantly increased plant stand and yield. More fungicide was required to obtain equivalent results using a mixed programme of two thiram (4 kg/ha total) and two iprodione w.p. (2 kg a.i./ha total) sprays at the same application volume and intervals. Where the mixed programme was applied at 1 1 20 1/ha, 1 2 kg a.i. (total fungicide) was necessary to achieve equivalent disease control.
At 280 1/ha, retention and persistence of iprodione on onion foliage was greater with the oil-based than with the wettable powder formulation. In summer especially this resulted in improved Botrytis control and greater numbers of marketable onions. In winter onions, oil and w.p. formulations were equally effective and gave equivalent improvements in plant stand and yield.     

生物农药对甘薯主要病虫防治效果

试验结果表明生物农药加收米、益微、安地、苏维土配施在甘薯整个生长期具有良好的控制病虫效果，对细菌性黑腐病、蔓割病防效分别达80％和76％，鲜薯产量比小施药对比增产30．7％，比化学农药配施增产16．9％。表明生物农药组合可以代替化学农药组合，从而降低农药残留，甘薯达到绿色食品标准。     

马铃薯甲虫的识别与防控

为了能够准确识别马铃薯甲虫,对该疫情进行及时防控,本文将马铃薯甲虫与同期发生的马铃薯二十八星瓢虫形态特征进行对比,同时阐述了马铃薯甲虫的生物学特性、寄主范围、传播方式,并根据实践经验,提出了科学有效的防控方法。     

DTA-6、SODM及Cc对马铃薯地下主茎生长及同化物代谢生理的影响

大田栽培条件下,以马铃薯荷兰212为材料,叶面喷施植物生长物质2-N,N-二乙氨基乙基己酸酯（Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate,简称DTA-6）、氯化胆碱（Choline chloride, 简称Cc）以及SOD模拟物(简称SOD_M),测定地下主茎鲜重、干重、蔗糖、蔗糖转化酶活性、淀粉、淀粉酶活性变化以及可溶性糖等含量的变化,研究不同植物生长物质对马铃薯地下主茎生长及碳代谢生理指标的影响。结果表明：从喷药后16 d开始,Cc和SOD_M处理均能大幅提高地下主茎蔗糖的含量,其中Cc处理平均比CK增加36.68%,SOD_M处理较CK高出30.36%。同时喷施Cc后40 d和48 d淀粉酶活性提高,平均增幅为35.11%。从喷药后32 d开始,DTA-6和Cc处理对转化酶活性也具有提高的效应,DTA-6处理平均提高了35.75%,Cc处理平均提高了34.79%,但方差分析结果表明差异不显著。另外SOD_M处理能够极显著降低块茎膨大时期地下主茎内淀粉含量,而Cc处理可极显著提高此时期地下主茎的可溶性糖含量。     

Further observations on the enhanced degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in soil

The effects of soil pH on rates of degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin were measured in a silty clay loam soil. Little degradation of either fungicide occurred at pH 4.3 or 5.0, and degradation at pH 5.7 was slower than at pH 6.5. In both of the higher-pH soils, the rate of loss of a second application of either fungicide was faster than that of the first, and a third application degraded even more quickly. In soil with pH 6.5, for example, the times for 50% degradation of iprodione following the first, second and third applications were about 30, 12 and 4 days, and for vinclozolin were 30, 22 and 7 days respectively. Iprodione degraded very rapidly in a sandy loam that had been treated three times previously with this fungicide and also degraded rapidly in the same soil pretreated three times with vinclozolin. Vinclozolin degraded rapidly in the vinclozolin pre-treated soil, but its rate of loss in the iprodione pre-treated soil was only slightly faster than in the previously untreated control. Studies of iprodione degradation in 33 soils from commercial fields demonstrated a clear trend towards faster rates of loss in soils with an extensive history of iprodione use. The time for 90% loss from previously untreated soils varied from 22 to 93 days. It varied from 16 to 28 days in soils treated once previously and from 5.2 to 23 days in soils treated twice previously. In soils that had received three or more previous doses, the time to 90% degradation varied from 3.8 to 15 days.     

Enhanced degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in soil

Residues of iprodione and vinclozolin were measured following repeated application of the fungicides to a sandy loam soil in the laboratory. There was a progressive increase in rates of degradation with successive treatments. With iprodione, for example, the times for 50% loss of the first and second applications were about 23 and 5 days respectively. When treated for the third time, less than 10% of the applied dose remained in the soil after just 2 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin in the same soil, and with both compounds in a second soil. In a third soil, which had relatively low pH, degradation of both compounds occurred only slowly and the rate of degradation of a second application was the same as that of the first. Degradation rates in this soil were increased by addition of 100 g kg^?1 of a soil in which degradation occurred more readily, and they were markedly increased by addition of 100 g kg^?1 of a soil in which enhanced degradation had been previously induced. Residues of both fungicides were also measured following repeated application in the field. When iprodione was applied to previously untreated plots, about 3% of the initial dose remained in the soil after 77 days. When applied to plots treated once before, less than 1% remained after 18 days, and when applied to plots treated twice previously less than 1% remained after 10 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin. Enhanced degradation of subsequent soil treatments was also observed following a sequence of low-dosage sprays in the field.     

马铃薯早疫病研究进展及其综合防治

马铃薯是一种重要的粮食作物、蔬菜和工业原料.近年来,马铃薯早疫病逐渐成为制约我国马铃薯产业发展的重要因素.对马铃薯早疫病的发生为害、病害循环、病原菌种类、病原菌产毒情况及其综合防治等方面进行了介绍.     

湖北甘薯病毒病的检测与鉴定

2013—2015年采集了湖北黄冈、鄂州、武汉、荆州以及宜昌等5个地区的甘薯病毒病样品,通过双生病毒通用引物PCR扩增、ds RNA技术和序列分析等方法,鉴定了这5个地区甘薯病毒病的病原。结果显示,甘薯羽状斑驳病毒(Sweet potato feathery mottle virus,SPFMV)、甘薯褪绿矮化病毒(Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus,SPCSV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)和甘薯卷叶病毒(Sweet potato leaf curl Georgia virus,SPLCGV)等4种病毒被检出。其中,SPFMV SPLCGV这两种病毒在湖北皆为首次报道。     

Verticillium wilt of potato: Importance and control

The importance of Verticillium wilt of potato and its control are discussed. Among the factors considered in controlling the disease are the role of seed tubers in disseminating the pathogen, the interaction of nematodes and fungus, chemical eradication, the use of tolerant or resistant cultivars, and integrated control measures.     

马铃薯黑痣病生防菌的筛选及防治效果

由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的马铃薯黑痣病由于常年连作和马铃薯种植规模扩大,病害发生越来越严重[1,2].目前马铃薯黑痣病的防治主要依靠农药的施用[3,4],但化学药剂的频繁使用会导致抗药性的产生、同时带来农药残留和环境污染等问题[5].从棉花根际土壤分离得到的多粘类芽胞杆菌Sx3可产生杀镰...     

Heat treatment of seed tubers for control of potato blackleg (Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica) and other diseases

The thermal death points of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and subsp. carotovora were determined in relation to duration of heat treatment, age of culture and culture medium. No isolates cultured in liquid media survived heating at 53°C for 5 min while those on solid media were killed by heating at 54°C for 10 min. After immersing naturally contaminated potato tubers for 10 min in water at 55°C, Erwinia could not be detected. The same treatment of naturally or artificially contaminated seed tubers gave complete absence of blackleg infection in the field and decreased the amounts of powdery scah(Spongospora subterranea) and black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) on progeny tubers.     

双垄全膜马铃薯套种豌豆对马铃薯生育期及病害的影响

在双垄全膜马铃薯套种针叶豌豆的栽培模式下,研究了其对马铃薯的生育期及病害的影响。结果表明,马铃薯在双垄全膜栽培条件下出苗、现蕾、开花及成熟都较露地有所提前。在病害方面,覆膜使马铃薯早疫病的发生加重,但对晚疫病的发生有很好的抑制作用。     

柑橘链格孢褐斑病病菌对异菌脲和嘧菌环胺敏感性评价

柑橘链格孢褐斑病(Alternaria brown spot,ABS)是新近在我国局部地区新发现的病害。本研究以来自我国各褐斑病发生区的54个代表菌株为群体,应用刃天青(RZ)显色法测定病菌群体对异菌脲和嘧菌环胺的敏感性。结果表明,该病菌种群孢子萌发对2种药剂均表现敏感,尚未发现抗药性菌株,平均EC50分别为0.616 6μg/m L和0.030 4μg/m L。对于异菌脲,广西和浙江菌株较不敏感;对于嘧菌环胺,所有菌株均非常敏感,且敏感性与菌株的地理来源无关。     

The determination of imazalil on potatoes and its use in controlling potato storage diseases

Methods are described for the extraction and analysis by gas-liquid and high-pressure liquid chromatography of the fungicide imazalil, 1-(β-allyloxy-2, 4-dishlorophenethyl) imidazole, on potatoes. Before storage, over 80% was recovered from potatoes treated with 0.01–3.0 mg imazalil kg^?1, with a detection limit of 2 μg kg^?1. Imazalil applied to potatoes at 10 g t^?1 before storage decreased the incidence of gangrene (Phoma exigua), silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani), skin spot (Polyscytalum pustulans) and black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani), and was at least as effective as thiabendazole applied at 40 g t^?1. At 1 g t^?1 it also decreased skin spot and silver scurf. Incidence of black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) was unaffected by these fungicide treatments.     

马铃薯主产区病毒病发生情况调查分析

在我国马铃薯主产区黑龙江、内蒙古、甘肃、贵州采集了752份具有典型病毒病症状的样品和疑似样品,应用DAS ELISA方法进行检测。主要筛查6种病毒：PVX、PVY、PVS、PLRV、PVM、PVA。结果显示: 270份样品检测到病毒,总体上,PVY的检出率最高,PVS次之,33份样品是由多种病毒混合侵染造成的,田间PVY+PLRV混合侵染率最高,PVS+PVY次之。试管苗PVS病毒发生较多,原原种和大田种薯PVY病毒发生比例最高。