基于VS-IRRT算法的采摘机械臂路径规划

针对多自由度机械臂在采摘过程中出现的路径规划速度慢、路径成本高以及因视觉定位误差和机械臂关节位置误差引起的采摘失败问题,提出了结合视觉伺服的改进随机快速搜索树算法(Improved rapidly-exploring random trees with visual servoing, VS-IRRT),具体包括改进RRT算法和基于平移控制器的视觉伺服方法。改进的RRT算法通过使用基于超椭球引力偏置的采样方法和密度减小策略,增加树拓展的目的性,减小了树的采样密度,提高路径规划效率;引入贪心思想和B样条曲线,剔除多余节点,对剩下折线进行平滑处理,优化路径在机械臂上的实施效果;结合基于平移控制器的视觉伺服控制,减小了定位误差对采摘过程的影响。使用Matlab分别对改进RRT算法和基于平移控制器的视觉伺服在二维和三维空间中进行仿真模拟试验,结果表明,改进的RRT算法的采样点数较RRT^*-connect算法减少92.9%,规划时间较RRT^*-connect算法减少86.1%,路径成本较RRT算法也减少35.2%。使用六自由度机械臂进行采摘试验,VS-...     

基于改进RRT*-Connect算法的机械臂多场景运动规划

针对RRT*-Connect算法在机械臂运动规划过程中存在效率低、精度差等问题,本文提出一种基于自适应步长的启发式RRT*-Connect机械臂运动规划算法。引入目标偏向策略进行椭球子集约束采样,使采样点能够更快地收敛到最优值。在扩展节点时,设计一种自适应步长策略以减少算法的迭代次数,并有效缩短规划路径的长度。当搜索树中总节点数大于预设阈值时,通过搜索树优化剪枝方法对搜索树进行剪枝,删除无效的采样点,进一步降低运行时间。为了验证本文算法的优势,在多种规划场景下分别与RRT*、RRT*-Connect、IRRT*算法进行了Matlab仿真对比。仿真结果表明,本文算法在规划过程中收敛速度更快,精度和效率更高。为了验证本文算法的实用性,构造了不同障碍物实验场景,在Sawyer机械臂实验平台进行实验验证。实验结果表明,本文算法在不同障碍环境下具有较强的适应能力。     

水果采摘机械臂避障运动规划优化算法

避障运动规划是水果智能采摘研究中的一个重要方向,其目标是在复杂多变的非结构化果园环境中找到机械臂实时避障的最优路径.本文根据相关优化算法提出的时间先后顺序,介绍了几种避障运动规划的优化算法,包括基于图搜索的A*算法、基于最优化理论的人工势场算法和蚁群算法、快速随机树搜索算法和深度强化学习算法;重点介绍了几种算法的原理及...     

番茄采摘机器人机械臂避障路径规划

以关节型机械臂避开垂直茎秆或撑杆采摘番茄为研究对象,提出了一种基于构形空间的关节型机械臂避障路径规划方法.利用空间映射原理,将关节型机械臂工作空间的三维避障问题转换为平面R-R机械臂避开障碍圆的问题,用临界碰撞关节角建立C-障碍空间的映射计算模型,将工作空间的位置避障转换为构形空间连杆关节角的计算.以能量最优函数优选避障规划的关节终点角度,利用A*算法计算平面R-R机械臂的避障关节角路径,获得一系列表示空间连杆位置的相交竖直面,并在竖直面内进行其余关节角的规划.避障采摘番茄的试验表明,机械臂带动夹持器能成功绕过直线状障碍物,引导夹持器到达果实目标位置,证明对平面R-R机械臂的空间映射建模是正确的,验证了提出的避障路径规划方法是可行的,可以应用于番茄的自动收获.     

基于强化学习的采摘机器人采摘臂避碰设计

首先介绍了采摘机器人采摘臂避障问题和强化学习理论,并将强化学习方法应用到采摘臂避障问题中,构建了一平面3自由度的采摘机器人采摘臂的多Agent避碰系统。笔者研究目标是通过Agent感知采摘臂连杆与障碍物之间最小距离d和采摘臂姿态偏差角θ两方面信息,然后进行避障规划,在复杂未知环境中使其找到合适路径采摘目标。在NET平台上进行了基于强化学习的采摘臂避障系统平台的开发与仿真,对采摘臂避障系统的避障能力进行了测试分析。仿真实验表明:采摘臂避障避碰系统避障能力比较强,能够在复杂环境中采取避障措施,并准确达到指定位置。     

基于改进蚁群算法的机械臂路径规划

针对机械臂在运动过程中的避障问题,提出基于改进蚁群算法对其路径进行规划。首先引入可选节点周围安全因素对蚁群算法中的转移概率进行改进,得到机械臂末端执行器的路径轨迹;其次根据执行器位置,利用伪逆法进行运动学逆解的求解,获得各关节变量;最后进行仿真及利用实物机械臂进行验证,结果表明,与传统的蚁群算法相比,改进的算法在相同的规划环境下具有较快的收敛速度,获得的路径轨迹较为合理,避障效果明显。     

温室草莓采摘机器人设计与试验

为实现温室草莓采摘机械化和自动化,设计并制作一种应用于日光温室的草莓采摘机器人。该机器人能实现自主路径规划,行走过程中识别成熟草莓并完成采摘。设计以ROS分布式计算系为主控制网络,以激光雷达进行移动机器人的地图构建与定位,双目深度相机实现对成熟草莓的识别和定位,搭载柔性仿生夹爪6自由度机械臂实现目标草莓抓取和放置。设计机器人软件平台,使用改进A*算法实现自主路径规划和导航避障;利用R-FCN目标检测网络和双目视觉技术实现成熟草莓检测及定位。结果表明：该草莓采摘机器人可实现目标检测及定位,检测到的草莓坐标与机器人手爪坐标的误差在4 mm以下,成熟草莓识别率为95%,满足采摘要求。     

基于改进RRT算法的猕猴桃采摘机器人全局路径规划

为提高猕猴桃采摘机器人导航效率,提出一种基于采样状态实时引导随机树扩展的改进方法(Straight-RRT)。首先,针对传统RRT算法盲目搜索的问题,引入评价指数与阈值划分采样状态,根据采样状态决定采样节点的选取方式,实时引导随机树的扩展。其次,为增强算法对不同环境的自适应性及快速避开不规则障碍物,引入动态阈值并优化最近节点选择机制。最后对路径进行优化处理,去除路径冗余点并采用贝塞尔曲线平滑路径减小路径复杂度。基于棚架式猕猴桃果园环境进行路径规划实验,实验结果表明改进后算法在猕猴桃果园环境中具有更好的适应性及规划效率,为提高猕猴桃采摘机器人导航效率提供了解决方法。     

基于改进RRT算法的猕猴桃采摘机器人全局路径规划

为提高猕猴桃采摘机器人导航效率,提出一种基于采样状态实时引导随机树扩展的改进方法（Straight-RRT）。首先,针对传统RRT算法盲目搜索的问题,引入评价指数与阈值划分采样状态,根据采样状态决定采样节点的选取方式,实时引导随机树的扩展。其次,为增强算法对不同环境的自适应性及快速避开不规则障碍物,引入动态阈值并优化最近节点选择机制。最后对路径进行优化处理,去除路径冗余点并采用贝塞尔曲线平滑路径减小路径复杂度。基于棚架式猕猴桃果园环境进行路径规划实验,实验结果表明改进后算法在猕猴桃果园环境中具有更好的适应性及规划效率,为提高猕猴桃采摘机器人导航效率提供了解决方法。     

采摘机械臂路径规划算法研究现状综述

随着农业智能化时代到来,机器人技术在农业、林果业智能采摘领域的应用愈发广泛,路径规划算法作为采摘作业的核心技术,其先进程度对采摘作业的效率和质量起着决定性作用。为此,针对采摘机械臂路径规划算法的特点,将其划分为群优化算法、图搜索算法、概率地图算法(PRM)和快速扩展随机树算法(RRT)四大类,并基于上述分类,介绍近年来国内外学者具有代表性的研究成果,重点分析各类路径规划算法应用在采摘作业时的优缺点,通过对比,系统的总结各类算法的可行性、适用性以及局限性。最后,对采摘机械臂路径规划算法未来发展方向进行展望,提出算法优化的具体意见,为采摘机械臂路径规划研究提供一定的思路。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。