2000-2020年黄河流域水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调时空演变特征

[目的]探讨黄河流域水—能源—粮食系统的耦合协调时空演化特征，可为定量评估流域高质量发展和区域可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法]通过耦合协调度模型分析水—能源—粮食系统的综合发展水平和耦合协调特征，并利用灰色关联度对各子系统内部指标进行排序，进而判断对水—能源—粮食系统耦合协调度的影响程度。[结果](1)黄河流域水—能源—粮食系统的综合发展指数呈上升趋势，水资源子系统波动幅度最大。(2) 2000—2020年黄河流域水—能源—粮食系统耦合协调度从初级协调向良好协调阶段发展；不同省区间的系统耦合协调发展水平差异较为明显，整体上可表现为上游地区>中下游地区。(3)各子系统与系统耦合协调度的影响程度排名可表示为水资源子系统>粮食子系统>能源子系统，其中水资源子系统内部指标与系统耦合协调度关联度均在85%以上，水资源子系统相对其他子系统的严格管理尤为重要。[结论]水—能源—粮食系统的耦合协调发展水平有待提高，为促进系统协调发展和流域高质量发展应综合考虑各子系统的相互作用关系。     

黄河流域水贫困与经济高质量发展的耦合协调关系

[目的] 对黄河流域水贫困与经济高质量发展的耦合协调性进行探析,以期为黄河流域水资源高效利用与经济高质量协同发展提供参考。[方法] 基于2010—2019年黄河流域9省（区）的面板数据,运用熵权法确定指标权重,利用耦合协调度模型及灰色关联度等方法,分析黄河流域水贫困与经济高质量发展耦合协调度的时空演化特征与相互影响程度。[结果] ①黄河流域各省（区）的水贫困指数普遍提升,经济高质量发展水平普遍较低,区域差异明显。②耦合协调度呈波动上升趋势,在空间分布上大致呈现“东高西低”的态势。③水贫困与经济高质量发展两个系统各指标间的灰色关联度系数都大于0.5,处于较高关联状态。[结论] 黄河流域的水贫困程度和经济高质量发展水平整体上有所改善,耦合协调度水平整体上较低,大部分省份处于轻度失调阶段。     

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的安徽省土地承载力评价及预测

[目的]定量评价和预测土地承载力状况并诊断其障碍因子,为提高安徽省土地承载力提供科学依据,也为区域土地承载力评价研究提供新思路。[方法]基于DPSIR模型构建了安徽省土地承载力评价指标体系,运用TOPSIS方法与障碍度模型评价和诊断了2006—2015年安徽省土地承载力状况和关键障碍因素。基于评价结果,运用GM(1,1)模型预测了未来5a安徽省土地承载力变化趋势。[结果]2006—2015年安徽省土地承载力经历了先下降后上升的变化历程;驱动力、压力、状态子系统承载力均呈先下降后上升的变化态势,影响和响应子系统承载力呈显著波动变化态势;未来5a,压力和状态子系统承载力逐年递减,承载力水平堪忧,需重点关注;研究期内工业废水排放量始终是制约安徽省土地承载力水平提高的首要因素,环境保护投资占GDP比重、工业固体废弃物产生量等是重要制约因素。[结论]虽然安徽省土地承载力水平总体呈上升趋势,但受压力和状态子系统承载力水平低的限制,安徽省土地承载力仍处中级水平。     

东北旱作区农业生态系统协同发展与权衡分析

随着传统农业向现代农业过渡,农业已由单一的生产功能向多功能方向转变,全面评价农业生态系统的协同性对区域可持续发展具有指导意义。本文基于2005—2015年东北旱作区85县市的社会经济数据和土壤属性数据,应用协同模型和统计参数均方根误差(RMSE)分析了不同时段东北旱作区农业生态系统发展的协同性及农业生产、生活和生态功能之间权衡关系的时空演变特征。结果表明:1)2005—2015年,东北旱作区农业生态系统综合协同度下降0.12,整体处于低度协同水平;区域农业生产功能和生态功能协同度分别下降0.03、0.45,而农业生活功能协同度小幅上升。除辽宁省旱作区外,吉林、黑龙江省旱作区农业生态系统协同度均明显下降,表明区域农业生态系统的生产功能、生活功能及生态功能之间的协同性向无序方向演变。2)研究区农业生态系统的各功能之间存在时空权衡关系。2005—2010年,农业生产-生态、农业生活-生态功能之间的权衡关系整体表现为收益于农业生态功能,而2010—2015年则分别收益于农业生产功能和农业生活功能,各功能之间权衡关系变化及收益方向的转变是导致东北旱作区农业生态系统整体协同度出现波动的直接原因。3)应用协同函数和统计均方根误差可以定量化描述区域农业生态系统发展的有序程度及系统内部各功能之间的关系,能够更直接有效地识别引起东北旱作区农业系统变化的因素,结果可为区域农业生态系统可持续发展提供参考。     

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的江苏省生态承载力评价及障碍因素诊断

[目的]以江苏省为研究对象,依据其资源禀赋对2001—2015年的生态承载力进行评价,并对其障碍度进行诊断,为促进该区域生态承载力的提升提供科学依据。[方法]利用DPSIR模型构建评价指标体系,通过熵权法对指标权重进行赋值,采用TOPSIS分析法和障碍度模型进行实证分析。[结果]江苏省生态承载力呈N形的演变态势,综合贴近度处于"差"状态;从分类指标情况看,压力、驱动力和响应子系统评价指数呈不同程度的上升趋势,影响子系统的评价指数呈下降趋势,而状态子系统的评价指数保持稳定;从障碍度诊断结果看,响应子系统是影响江苏省生态承载力的主要障碍因素。[结论]江苏省的社会、经济和生态的耦合协调度较低,应从加大环境财政的投入、完善基础设施建设、加强生态文明制度建设和拓展生态发展空间等方面提出改进策略。     

基于熵权TOPSIS模型的江西省土地利用多功能及其障碍因素动态分析

[目的]分析江西省2004—2017年间土地利用多功能状况,为区域土地持续利用提供支撑。[方法]构建评价指标体系,基于熵值法确定各指标权重,运用TOPSIS模型综合评价了江西省土地利用多功能变化状况,并采用障碍度模型剖析了主要限制因素。[结果] 2004—2017年江西省土地利用综合功能变化动态度为297.90%,经济功能、社会功能和生态功能变化动态度分别为224.37%,207.14%,2 021.61%;生态功能障碍度逐年下降,经济功能障碍度波动上升,2010年之后主要障碍因子有综合恩格尔系数、产业结构、经济密度、人均GDP、废水排放强度、人均水资源和城镇登记失业率等。[结论]江西省土地利用功能总体呈现增长变化趋势,但各项功能变化有所差异,其中土地利用生态功能变化最大;土地利用功能实现从经济社会型向生态社会型转变;不同阶段限制土地利用功能发挥的因素有所差异,目前主要为经济障碍因子。     

基于BP神经网络的工业生态安全动态评价及障碍因子诊断

[目的] 对安徽省工业生态安全进行评价和预测,为安徽省工业生态安全可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 基于压力、状态、响应框架和生态、环境、经济、社会框架构建工业生态安全评价指标体系,采用聚类工具进行安全等级划分,结合熵权法和综合指数法评价2009—2018年安徽省工业生态安全水平,运用BP神经网络模型对2019—2025年工业生态安全水平进行科学预测。[结果] ①从总体上看,2009—2018年安徽省工业生态安全评价指数呈波动上升趋势,安全等级由“临界安全”上升为“较安全”;②从各子系统来看,2009—2018年压力子系统的评价指数呈上升态势,状态和响应子系统的评价指数呈先下降后上升态势;③BP神经网络预测结果显示：2019—2025年安徽省工业生态安全态势总体呈波动上升状态,处于“临界安全”向“较安全”转变态势;④影响安徽省工业生态安全的主要障碍因素包括第二产业从业人员比例、第二产业占GDP的比例、污水集中处理率、森林覆盖率和人口密度,是今后调控的方向。[结论] 研究期间安徽省工业生态安全波动明显,但总体上呈上升趋势,工业生态安全得到明显的改善。     

固原市原州区生态环境与经济系统的耦合协调发展

[目的]构建宁夏回族自治区固原市原州区生态环境系统和社会经济系统之间的耦合度和耦合协调度模型,以期为区域的协调发展调控提供科学依据。[方法]基于固原市原州区2002—2016年生态环境和社会经济的数据,构建原州区区域生态系统指标评价体系,采用熵值赋权法计算各个评价指标的权重以及综合评价指数,通过建立耦合度、耦合协调度模型和灰色预测度模型,得到并预测该区域生态环境系统和社会经济系统的耦合度和耦合协调度发展趋势以及耦合协调类型。[结果] 2002—2016年,固原市原州区社会经济系统评价指数稳定上升,受生态环境压力的影响,生态系统综合评价指数呈现先下降后波动上升的趋势,前者的发展速度快于后者;耦合度和耦合协调度不断上升,耦合协调类型从经济滞后中度失调型发展为生态环境滞后的濒临失调型;通过模型预测,2017—2025年生态环境系统和社会经济系统之间耦合度及耦合协调度将逐渐升高,耦合协调类型会不断向理想状态发展。[结论]固原市原州区由于经济发展水平快于生态环境建设力度,从而制约了该区域整体的协调发展。因此为实现原州区区域生态系统的可持续发展。还需大力加强对生态环境的建设。     

基于DPSIR模型的甘肃省2000-2018年水安全评价

[目的] 对甘肃省水安全状况进行评价,为该区相关部门制定相应的区域水安全措施提供科学依据。[方法] 通过构建DPSIR评价指标体系,运用熵值法和单指标量化—多指标综合—多准则综合的方法对甘肃省2000,2005,2010,2015和2018年水安全进行评价。[结果] 甘肃省水安全健康指标由2000年的不安全上升至2018年的较不安全,总体呈上升趋势,但幅度较小,处于基本安全线以下。对于准则层而言,驱动力上升缓慢,压力依然较大,而响应水平有限,是甘肃省水安全健康指标向更好状态发展的主要限制因素。该省水安全状态和影响虽处于较不安全状态,但逐年稳步上升,是推动甘肃省水安全健康指标向更高水平发展的重要动力。[结论] 甘肃省水安全现状不容乐观,处于不安全状态。需要从水资源、生态环境和社会经济3方面入手改变水安全现状。     

鲁中南山区国家可持续发展实验区的发展状态

[目的]探讨制约鲁中南山区实验区发展的关键问题,为山区实验区的良性演进提供决策参考。[方法]从可持续发展科学的三维解释出发,在对实验区可持续发展度进行概念界定的基础上,从经济、社会、环境、科技4层面选取29个指标,测算鲁中南山区4个实验区(3种类型)2009—2015年各子系统发展度、实验区发展度、协调度、持续度及其可持续发展度。[结果]鲁中南山区实验区总体呈现发展度波动上升,协调度较低,持续度趋稳,可持续发展度较低的弱可持续发展特征,协调度对实验区可持续发展度的影响最为显著;科技子系统引领和支撑作用尚未充分发挥,研究期内实验区可持续发展特征与实验区类型无明显关联,制约地方可持续发展的关键问题尚未从根本上破解。[结论]今后应着力加强区域创新体系建设,探索科技引导实验区协调、持续发展的新路径,因地制宜建立若干山区可持续发展示范模式,促进鲁中南山区实验区的协调有序、可持续发展。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.