稻水蝇危害水稻产量损失研究

采用相关分析和通径分析法研究了稻水蝇危害与水稻产量损失的关系。结果表明:水稻产量(y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头 /m²)、穗损失率 (x₅,% )间0.01水平显著时的关系符合方程:y^=9433.965-6.6637x₁-402.7469x₅;产量损失(Y,kg/hm²)与田间虫口密度(x,头/m²)间关系符合下列方程 :Y^=-13.4989+6.0043x(r=0.9647^**)。通径分析显示 ,穗损失率和虫口密度对产量建成直接效应最大 ,分别为-0.9218和-0.1422     

夏玉米苗期二点委夜蛾防治指标

为有效防治夏玉米苗期二点委夜蛾的为害,通过人工接虫方法研究了其幼虫虫口密度(x)与玉米缺苗率(y)的关系,采用人工去苗模拟为害方法研究了玉米缺苗率(y)与产量损失(z)的关系,并提出了夏玉米苗期二点委夜蛾的防治指标。结果显示,虫口密度为1、3头/株时,无缺苗现象,虫口密度为5、10、20和30头/株时,缺苗率分别为19.4%、22.8%、44.4%和49.6%。玉米缺苗率随着虫口密度增大而升高,二者呈显著二次线性相关:y=-0.0609x2+3.636x-4.5306,R2为9564;玉米缺苗率对单株穗重、穗长、穗粗和秃尖长等均无显著影响;玉米缺苗率(y)与产量损失(z)也呈二次线性相关:z=0.0036y2+0.3077y-0.3553,R2为0.9691。根据防治的直接收益和成本,提出夏玉米苗期二点委夜蛾幼虫的防治指标为3头/株,此时玉米缺苗率为6%~7%。     

七星瓢虫对苜蓿斑蚜捕食作用的研究

七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)捕食苜蓿斑蚜(Therioaphis trifolii)的数量与苜蓿斑蚜密度呈负加速曲线关系,功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ型模型,为N_a=1.024 2N/(1+0.003 3N),捕食苜蓿斑蚜的数量随斑蚜密度增加而增大,但寻找效应随之而降低,日最大捕食量为313头。在10～25℃下,七星瓢虫捕食率y与温度x的关系为y=2.4 1x+3 0.0 7 5,在2 5～3 5℃间的捕食率y与温度x的关系为y=1 2 0-1.2x,2 5℃下七星瓢虫捕食率最高,捕食率达9 0.5%。在种内干扰条件下,其捕食作用率E随天敌密度P的增加而减少,干扰反应数学模型为E=0.4 1 9 3P^{-0.5 0 1 8}。随着叶片数量增多,七星瓢虫和斑蚜之间的距离相对增大,造成捕食率的下降。     

新型含吡唑杂环邻氨基苯甲酰胺类化合物的合成与杀螨活性

以氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈的结构为基础,通过活性亚结构拼接的方法,设计合成了24个新型含吡唑杂环邻氨基苯甲酰胺类化合物,其结构经1H NM R、IR及APCI-M S表征。初步生物活性测试结果表明:化合物5-溴-N-[4-氯-2-甲基-6-(甲氨基甲酰基)苯基]-1-1-[2,6-二氯-4-(三氟甲基)苯基]-4-三氟甲基亚磺酰基-1H-吡唑-3-甲酰胺(5k)和5-溴-N-[4-溴-2-甲基-6-(甲氨基甲酰基)苯基]-1-[2,6-二氯-4-(三氟甲基)苯基]-4-三氟甲基亚磺酰基-1H-吡唑-3-甲酰胺(5l)在500 mg/L下对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus的致死率为100%,但在100 mg/L下其致死率则分别降至30%和50%。所得结果可为邻氨基苯甲酰胺类化合物构效关系研究提供参考。     

Estimation of the seedbank of Striga spp. (Scrophulariaceae) in Malian fields and the implications for a model of biocontrol of Striga hermonthica

Striga seeds were extracted from soils collecled in Mali and the viahility of these seeds was estimated. Striga seeds were found in 45 of 46 samples taken from 23 fields. Siriga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. growmg on the host crop millet, was present at all 46 sites sampled. The a size uf the Striga seedbaiik measured lo a depth of 15 cm was estimated to be 38 800 m ^-2 of surface area (geometnc mean 11 500). The average number of S. hermonthica plants observed per millei hill was 8.83 (geometric mean 3.89) or 13.98 m^-2 (gcometrie mean 5.69 m^-2). Higher crop hill densities tended to result in higher densities of emerged S. hermonthica per hill. The relationship between seeds m^-2 and S. her-monhica plants m^-2 was fitied to a reetungular hyperbola and used to reassess an existing model of S. herniouhica control.     

(4-亚甲基-5-羰基-3-四氢呋喃基)-苯甲酸甲酯衍生物的合成及其杀菌活性

为了探索天然产物Cedarmycins衍生物的结构与活性关系,以α-亚甲基-β-羟甲基-γ-丁内酯为起始原料,经过与不同取代的羧酸缩合,合成了19个新的(4-亚甲基-5-羰基-3-四氢呋喃基)-苯甲酸甲酯衍生物。杀菌活性测定结果表明,该类衍生物具有广谱的杀菌活性,尤其对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani和辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici显示出很强的杀菌活性,其中化合物2e(R=2,4-2Cl)对这2种病菌的EC50值约为1.6 mg/L。     

Synthesis and fungicidal activity against Pyricularia oryzae of 6-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) chromone and -1-thiochromone derivatives

A series of novel 6-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) chromone and -1-thiochromone (benzo[b]thiazin-4-one) derivatives was obtained by cyclisation via thiosemicarbazides which were prepared by reaction of hydrazines and the corresponding isothiocyanates. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Of this series, 2,5,8-trimethyl-6-(1-propyl-5-thioxo-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) chromone, 6-(1-butyl-5-thioxo-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2,5,8-trimethylchromone, 6-(1-hexyl-3-methyl-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2,5,8-trimethylchromone and 6-(1-allyl-5-thioxo-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)-2,5,8-trimethylchromone were highly active (pEC₅₀>6·0). Structure–activity relationship studies using the capacity factor k′ as a hydrophobicity index suggested that the log k′ optimum for 2,5,8-trimethyl-chromone and -1-thiochromone derivatives was around 1·0, equivalent to a log P_ow value of c. 4·4. © 1998 SCI     

Pi34-AVRPi34: a new gene-for-gene interaction for partial resistance in rice to blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea

The japonica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar Chubu 32 has a high level of partial resistance to blast, which is mainly controlled by a dominant resistance gene located on chromosome 11. The partial resistance to the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) in Chubu 32 has isolate specificity; isolate IBOS8-1-1 is more aggressive on Chubu 32 than are other isolates. We hypothesized that the gene-for-gene relationship fits this case of a partial resistance gene in Chubu 32 against the avirulence gene in the pathogen. The partial resistance gene in Chubu 32 was mapped between DNA markers C1172 (and three other co-segregated markers) and E2021 and was designated Pi34. In the 32 F₃ lines from the cross between a chromosome segment substitution line (Pi34⁻) from Koshihikari/Kasalath and Chubu 32, the lines with high levels of partial resistance to the M. grisea isolate Y93-245c-2 corresponded to the presence of Pi34 estimated by graphic genotyping. This indicated that Pi34 has partial resistance to isolate Y93-245c-2 in compatible interactions. The 69 blast isolates from the F₁ progeny produced by the cross between Y93-245c-2 and IBOS8-1-1 were tested for aggressiveness on Chubu 32 and rice cultivar Koshihikari (Pi34⁻). The progeny segregated at a 1 : 1 ratio for strong to weak aggressiveness on Chubu 32. The results suggested that Y93-245c-2 has one gene encoding avirulence to Pi34 (AVRPi34), and IBOS8-1-1 is extremely aggressive on Chubu 32 because of the absence of AVRPi34. This is the first report of a gene-for-gene relationship between a fungal disease resistance gene associated with severity of disease and pathogen aggressiveness.     

Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Miticidal 4,5-Dihydropyrazole-5-thiones

A series of novel 4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thiones (DHPs) was synthesised by treating the corresponding dihydropyrazolones with ‘Lawesson’s reagent and evaluated for miticidal activity against two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Of these, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-4-methyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione-4-spirocyclopentane and 4,4-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazole-5-thione were highly active (pEC₅₀>4·0) and were more effective than the miticide dicofol (pEC₅₀=3·879), which has traditionally been used for the control of phytophagous mites. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies were performed on each position of the pyrazole ring of DHPs. The results indicated that the unsubstituted phenyl, 4-substituted phenyl and thioxo groups on the 1-, 3- and 5-positions of DHPs respectively were required for activity. Quantitative SAR studies using physicochemical parameters of substituents and the capacity factor k′ as a hydrophobicity index suggested that: (a) the activities of all types of DHPs examined were mainly dominated by hydrophobicity, (b) the bulkiness of 4-substituents of the 3-phenyl ring favoured the activity and (c) the log k′ optimum for all DHPs was 1·675, equivalent to a log P_ow value of c. 5·0.     

叶片光合生理参数变化特征与小麦受旱状态的关系

以小麦为供试作物布设干旱过程试验,研究干旱过程中小麦叶片光合生理参数(包括净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(g_(ssat))、胞间CO_2与空气CO_2浓度比(Ci/Ca)、最大羧化速率(Vc_(max))以及最大电子传递速率(J_(max)))的变化特征,并探讨干旱不同阶段Pn与g_(ssat)的关系及其对气孔导度模型斜率的影响。结果表明:土壤有效含水量(ASWC)较大时(0.5),即水分供给充足条件下,小麦叶片光合生理参数随着ASWC的减少保持相对稳定;而当ASWC降至0.5时,g_(ssat)、Ci/Ca以及Pn减小,在ASWC0.3时,Pn与g_(ssat)及Ci/Ca的关系保持相对稳定;当ASWC0.3时,g_(ssat)随ASWC减小呈显著降低趋势,Vc_(max)和J_(max)也在此阶段随ASWC减小而线性降低,而Pn随g_(ssat)的减小降幅明显增大,拟合所获得的气孔导度模型斜率也随之发生改变;当ASWC0.1时,Ci/Ca随ASWC减小呈增大趋势,而Pn随ASWC减小而减小,在该阶段,Ci/Ca与Pn呈相反的变化趋势。根据叶片光合生理参数的变化特征,可将小麦受旱过程划分为4个阶段,即无干旱胁迫或干旱胁迫较轻的阶段、只有气孔因素影响光合生理过程的阶段、非气孔因素和气孔因素同时影响光合生理过程的阶段以及光合器官遭受损坏的阶段。     

7-(1-酰基哌嗪-4-基)甲基喜树碱衍生物的合成及杀虫活性

以(20S)-喜树碱(CPT)为原料,根据类同合成法和亚结构连接法原理,对CPT的7-C位进行修饰,得到了系列新型7-(1-酰基哌嗪-4-基)甲基喜树碱衍生物(4a~4m),所有衍生物的结构均通过核磁共振氢谱(1H NM R)和液-质联用(LC-M S)等方法确证;并初步测定了其对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和松材线虫Bursaphelenchu xylophilus的室内杀虫活性。结果表明:与喜树碱相比,各衍生物均表现出不同程度的杀虫活性,其中化合物7-[1-(4-甲氧基苯酰基)哌嗪-4-基]-甲基喜树碱(4g)和7-(1-环戊酰基哌嗪-4-基)-甲基喜树碱(4j)对朱砂叶螨24 h的半数致死浓度(LC50值)分别为8.10和9.05 mg/L,对松材线虫的LC50值分别为6.34和6.68 mg/L。研究结果可为喜树碱衍生物杀虫活性构效关系研究奠定基础。     

Synthesis and insecticidal activities of unsymmetrical bis-arylalkyl ketones. A new structural concept in pyrethroids

Seventeen unsymmetrical bis-arylalkyl ketones were synthesised and their insecticidal activities against Musca domestica, Locusta migratoria, Drosophila melanogaster, Dysdercus cingulatus, Aedes aegypti and Tetranychus urticae were tested. The synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on the activities of some of the new ketopyrethroids against Musca domestica was also determined. Several structural variations, including substituent exchange in the aryl moieties, the position of the ketone function and increase or decrease of the length of the carbon chain connecting the two aryl moieties, were made in order to examine the structure-activity relationship. All biological activities were compared with the activity of the ether pyrethroid 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl 3-phenoxybenzyl ether (MTI-500).     

甘肃玉米穗腐病样品中轮枝镰孢菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性

 为了明确甘肃玉米穗腐病的病原种类, 于2009年9月在甘肃省四大生态区采集玉米穗腐病样品, 以组织分离法进行病原物的分离培养, 对分离得到的镰孢菌菌落进行纯化和单孢分离后, 以形态学为基础, 参照Leisle分类系统进行鉴定。结果表明:共分离到271株镰孢菌菌株, 其中以轮枝镰孢菌(Fusarium verticillioides)和黄色镰孢菌(F. culmorum)出现频率高, 属优势种。按照柯赫氏法则对沈单16和金穗96832进行致病性测定, 证实了轮枝镰孢菌对玉米果穗的致病性。选取2株轮枝镰孢菌菌株进行EF-1α(tef) 基因序列分析, 将PCR产物回收测序后在GenBank上比对, 菌株GSLT4-3-2与GenBank中登记的轮枝镰孢菌FN179339、FN179345和FN179338;GSTS24-2-1与轮枝镰孢菌FN179343、FN179346、FN179340、FN179344和 FN252384亲缘关系最近, 序列同源性达100%。轮枝镰孢菌GSYC17-2-1的生长温度范围为15～35℃, 最适温度为28℃, pH 值为8;菌落在pH值为4～10的培养基上能够迅速扩展, pH值为7时产孢量最大;碳源对轮枝镰孢菌菌丝生长影响相对稳定, 而氮源对其营养生长影响的变幅较大;完全黑暗条件下, 菌丝扩展最快, 12 h光暗交替对产孢量有明显的促进作用;病原菌菌丝致死温度为70℃, 10 min。     

Pyrethroid insecticides derived from 2,2-dimethyl-3-(3-phenoxybenzyloxy)propanal

Fourteen oxime ethers and eleven other unsaturated compounds derived from 2,2-dimethyl-3-(3-phenoxybenzyloxy)propanal were synthesised and their insecticidal activity against Musca domestica, Locusta migratoria, Dysdercus cingulatus, Aedes aegypti, Plutella xylostella, Drosophila melanogaster, Tetranychus urticae and Spodoptera littoralis tested. Structural variations including chain length, branching and unsaturation of the oxime ether O-alkyl group and substituent exchange at the carbon-carbon double bond of the unsaturated compounds were made in order to examine the structure-activity relationship. All biological activities were compared with the activity of the ether pyrethroid MTI-500.     

我国玉米灰斑病菌遗传多样性的ISSR分析

为明确我国发生的玉米灰斑病菌地理差异及遗传结构,利用简单序列重复区间(ISSR)对玉米灰斑病菌遗传多样性进行了分析,并利用尾孢菌特异引物对分离自四川、云南、湖北、贵州等西南地区的16个玉米灰斑病菌菌株进行了分子鉴定。结果显示,通过ISSR标记筛选出10个扩增多态性好且稳定的通用引物,共扩增出81条DNA条带,均为多态性条带,扩增片段大小在200~2 000 bp之间,菌株遗传相似系数为0.19~1.00。在遗传相似系数为0.19时,供试菌株被聚为2大类群,来自西南地区和东北地区的菌株各自聚为一组,在DNA水平上表现出明显差异,认为是2类不同的致病类群。分子鉴定结果显示引起西南各地区玉米灰斑病的主要致病菌均为玉米尾孢菌Cercospora zeina。表明我国玉米灰斑病菌存在丰富的遗传多样性,ISSR标记可揭示出玉米灰斑病菌株间的亲缘关系及遗传差异性,可用于其遗传多样性研究。     

Synthetic pyrethroids containing a C–C triple bond

The three commercial synthetic pyrethroids containing a carbon–carbon triple bond, α-ethynyl-2-methylpent-2-enyl (1R)-trans-chrysanthemate, (S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-propynyl)cyclopent-2-enyl (1R)-trans,cis-chrysanthemate and [2,5-dioxo-3-(2-propynyl)-1-imidazolidinyl]methyl (1R)-trans-chrysanthemate are reviewed with emphasis on their inventive histories. Their chemistry and efficacy are described briefly. The relationship between stereochemistry and the biological activity is also discussed. © 1998 SCI.     

Synthesis,fungicidal activity and structure-activity relationships of a series of 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-substituted-but-3-yn-1-ols

A series of 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-substituted-but-3-yn-1-ols and some related compounds were synthesised and tested for antifungal activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi of different taxonomic classes. High activity was shown in particular against Sphaerotheca fuliginea on Cucumis sativus. The compounds containing aromatic substituents gave the best results, not only in protectant but also in systemic and eradicant tests. The quantitative structure-activity relationship suggests that steric effects play an important role in determining fungicidal activity.     

GA1-2菌株的分离鉴定及其对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌效果

为了从土壤中分离筛选对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌具有良好拮抗作用的放线菌,采用平板稀释涂布法从四川省会理县干热河谷小麦根际土壤中进行放线菌分离,并采用平板对峙法和孢子萌发法进行筛选,通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征以及16S r DNA序列分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,从四川省会理县干热河谷小麦根际土壤筛选获得一株对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌4号生理小种Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense race 4(FOC4)菌丝和孢子萌发都有很强抑制作用的菌株GA1-2,对FOC4菌丝和孢子萌发抑制率分别为36.34%和94.81%。菌株GA1-2与薰衣草灰链轮丝菌Streptoverticillium lavenduligriseum的亲缘关系最近,相似率达99.85%,且其形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征也与薰衣草灰链轮丝菌基本相符,因此将菌株GA1-2初步鉴定为薰衣草灰链轮丝菌。     

小麦白粉病反应型和产孢量的关系

利用小麦的6个品种及小麦白粉菌的3个小种研究了小麦苗期白粉病反应型与产孢量之间的关系。分别用累积单斑产孢量(LBSY)、累积单位面积产孢量(LASY)与反应型组建了反应型-产孢量关系模型:Y_1=exp(1.7178×lnX 0.0256X-2.484)(LBSY法);Y_2=exp(1.5168×lnX 0.052X-2.309)(LASY法)(X为反应型,Y为产孢系数)。通过LBSY方法获得反应型0,1,2,3~-,3,3~ ,4~-,4所对应的产孢系数分别为0,0.09,0.29,0.49,0.60,0.71,0.96,1。