棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因的克隆、原核表达及其表达谱

为明确转录因子广泛锌指复合物（broad complex,BR-C）在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育过程中的作用,基于转录组序列从棉铃虫幼虫中肠克隆获得BR-C Z2的cDNA序列并对其氨基酸序列和蛋白结构进行生物信息学分析,利用原核表达系统表达其融合蛋白;用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR）技术分析BR-C Z2基因在棉铃虫体内的表达规律,以及2-十三烷酮（2-tridecanone,2-TD）处理后其在棉铃虫6龄幼虫中肠内的变化规律。结果显示,棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因的开放阅读框为1 257 bp,编码418个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白的分子量和理论等电点分别为46.63 kD和6.94,主要定位于细胞核中。系统进化树结果显示棉铃虫BR-C Z2与家蚕Bombyx mori的BR-C Z2亲缘关系最近。成功表达His-HaBR-C Z2融合蛋白。BR-C Z2基因在棉铃虫蛹期和6龄幼虫中肠组织中相对表达量最高;不同浓度2-TD处理后,棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量变化趋势不同,其中15 mg/g浓度处理12 h后棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量达到峰值,是对照的2.5倍,而20 mg/g浓度处理20 h后棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量降到最低,为对照的45.13%。表明BR-C Z2基因可能参与棉铃虫的生长发育,并响应2-TD的胁迫。     

Metabolism of four resmethrin isomers by liver microsomes

Microsomal esterases of mouse and rat liver readily cleave the trans- but not the cis-isomers of resmethrin (5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl chrysanthemate). The ester linkage also appears to undergo oxidative cleavage when esterase attack is minimal, i.e., with (+)-cis- and particularly (?)-cis-resmethrin in microsome-NADPH systems and with any of the isomers when NADPH is added to microsomes pretreated with TEPP. Metabolites retaining the ester linkage are detected in significant amounts only with (+)-cis-resmethrin in which case they are formed by oxidation at either the trans(E)- or cis(Z)-methyl group of the isobutenyl moiety with or without oxidation of the benzylfurylmethyl group. Metabolites of each acid moiety include chrysanthemic acid and up to six derivatives of this acid formed by oxidation at the trans(E)- or cis(Z)-methyl group yielding the corresponding alcohol, aldehyde, or acid, with chrysanthemate isomer and enzyme source variations in the preferred site of oxidation. The major identified metabolite of the alcohol moiety is either benzylfurylmethanol or the corresponding carboxylic acid depending on the enzyme system used. In the course of microsomal oxidation, a fragment from the alcohol but not the acid moiety of (+)-trans- and (+)-cis-resmethrin is strongly bound to microsomal components. These findings confirm in vivo studies on the isomeric variations in metabolism of the resmethrin components.     

Synthesis and pesticidal activity of some quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives

A number of quinazolin-4(3H)-one carbothioamides, pyrazoles, pyrazolones and tetrazole derivatives have been synthesised by the reaction of 2-hydrazino-3-(4-substituted phenyl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones with the appropriate aryl isothiocyanate, acetyl acetone, ethylacetoacetate and nitrous acid. All the compounds were tested in vitro for antibacterial, insecticidal and antifungal activity and found to have some activity.     

福建省稻瘟病菌对主要抗瘟基因及主栽品种的致病性分析

为明确福建省各稻区的主要抗瘟基因及主栽品种的利用价值,2012—2014年采用喷雾法测定了丽江新团黑谷上的193个菌株对30个水稻抗瘟基因及93个主栽水稻品种的致病性。结果表明,供试稻瘟病菌对30个抗瘟基因表现为强致病力和较强致病力的出现频率分别为13.47%和52.85%,对93个主栽品种表现为强致病力和较强致病力的出现频率分别为1.55%和11.40%;供试稻瘟病菌对抗瘟基因Pi-k~m、Pi-7(t)、Pi-k~p和Pi-9(t)的毒力频率均低于20%;供试稻瘟病菌对谷优2329、谷优5138、昌优964等37个品种的毒力频率均低于20%,对谷优系列、全优系列、深优系列、泰丰优系列及天优系列水稻品种的毒力频率均低于20%。研究表明,在福建地区抗瘟基因Pik~m、Pi-7(t)、Pi-k~p和Pi-9(t)可作为抗源使用,且谷丰A、全丰A、深97A、泰丰A和天丰A仍是抗瘟性较好的育种亲本材料。     

Fungitoxicity of 6H-pyrazolo[3,4-c][l,2,5]thiadiazine-2,2-dioxides

A base-promoted cyclisation of 4-nitroso-5-benzylsulphonamidopyrazoles (VII) afforded 6 H -pyrazolo[3,4-c][1,2,5]thiadiazine-2,2-dioxides (VIII). They were tested in vitro for antifungal activity against a series of phytopathogenic fungi of different taxonomic classes. Five of the compounds had noteworthy activity; in particular 6H-3-phenyl-5-methyl-7–(3,4-dichlorophenyl) pyrazolo[3,4-c][1,2,5]thiadiazine-2,2-dioxide (VIIIc) at the concentration of 200 mg litre^?1 completely inhibited the growth of Pythium ultimum, Corticium solani and Sclerotinia minor.     

一品红花卉上烟粉虱的序贯抽样技术研究

烟粉虱[Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)]在花卉一品红上的为害十分猖獗,在调查分析的基础上,研究了烟粉虱在一品红上的序贯抽样技术。结果表明:烟粉虱成虫的平均拥挤度*m与平均密度x-回归方程为*m=-9.05+2.26x-,相关性极显著(0.799 1);以Iwao的序贯抽样为基础,结合Kuno的序贯抽样,提出复序贯抽样技术,防治指标上下限为T′₀(n)=7n+2 5.39n,T″₀(n)=7n-2 5.39n,截止线为T(n)=α+1/(D₀²-β-1/n),D₀=0.15。     

Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution. XX. The activity of substituted 1,4-naphthohydroquinone esters and substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones against powdery mildews

Eleven 2-n-alkyl-, ten 2-n-alkyl-3-hydroxy- and ten 2-n-alkyl-2,3-epoxy-3-hydro-1,4-naphthoquinones, together with eighteen 1,4-naphthohydroquinone esters were tested as protectant fungicides against the apple and cucumber powdery mildews (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha and Sphaerotheca fuliginea respectively). In.general the former pathogen was more susceptible to compounds from all four series, the lowest 10⁵ED⁵⁰(M) being 0.7 for 2-n-octyl-2,3-epoxy-3-hydro-1,4 naphthoquinone.     

Synthesis and characterisation of some 4‐keto derivatives of 1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetrione redox mediator herbicides

Derivatives of 2‐ethyl‐1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetrione in which the 4‐keto group has been modified to (Z)‐oxime, (E)‐ and (Z)‐O‐methyl oxime, (Z)‐N,N‐dimethyl hydrazone, cyano‐imine and dicyanomethylene moieties have been prepared and evaluated as redox mediator herbicides. All of the compounds have the free‐radical properties required to function as redox mediators, as determined by cyclic voltammetry, though only the O‐methyl oximes, the N,N‐dimethyl hydrazone and the cyano‐imine have reduction potentials in the range required to stimulate the light‐dependent consumption of oxygen at photosystem I in isolated chloroplasts. The O‐methyl oximes and the cyano‐imine are fast‐acting post‐emergence herbicides, producing symptoms of rapid desiccation; the (E)‐O‐methyl oxime is the most active herbicide, being somewhat more potent than the parent isoquinolinetrione. Hydrolysis studies indicate that it is unlikely that any compound generates the parent isoquinolinetrione in vivo. Attempts to explain differences between in vitro and in vivo activities using hydrolytic stabilities and physical properties were unsuccessful, and it was concluded that these factors probably play a less significant role in moderating the herbicidal activity of isoquinolinetrione derivatives than originally thought. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Independent and joint biological activity of isomeric forms of synthetic pyrethroids

Various isomeric mixtures of pyrethroids were examined in topical application tests against houseflies, Musca domestica. On the basis of the activities of the separate isomers of 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (±)-cis,trans-chrysanthemate, it was shown that when combined in pairs to give the (±)-trans or (±)-cis or (+)-cis,trans mixtures the observed mortalities did not differ from those expected by simple additive action calculated by the harmonic mean. In contrast the (±)-cis,trans mixture showed considerable antagonism with a mortality only 60% of that expected. Similar evaluations using the separate and combined isomers of bioallethrin [(R,S)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl (allethronyl) ( + )-trans-[(1R,3R)-chrysanthemate] and the corresponding (+)-cis-(1R,3S)-chrysanthemate indicate antagonism calculated to be correlated with the content of the (R)-isomer of the alcoholic moiety. Hence the activity of the most active isomer of the “allethrin” series, (S)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl ( + )-trans-(1R,3R)-chrysanthemate, (S)-bioallethrin, is not fully realised unless it is present in pure form and a substantial part of the value of bioresmethrin (5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl ( + )-trans-chrysanthemate] as a killing agent is lost when the racemic form is used. In racemic mixtures there is mutual antagonism between pairs of isomers so that considerable masking of activity occurs.     

Stereochemical and chiral aspects in the synthesis of 3-(2,2- dihalovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids

The synthesis of (1RS)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid by dehydrohalogenation of 4,6,6,6-tetrahalohexanoates has been modified to produce stereo-selectively the cis-isomer. A new stereospecific synthesis of cis-3-(2,2-dihalovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids using a bicyclic lactone and its extension to the preparation of the optically active (1R)-cis acid are described.     

铜绿丽金龟对寄主植物挥发物的触角电生理及行为反应

为深入了解铜绿丽金龟的取食行为,探索开发安全高效的植物源引诱剂,应用昆虫触角电位反应仪和Y型嗅觉仪测试其对不同寄主植物挥发物的趋向行为差异,并根据室内行为结果配制诱剂进行大田试验。结果表明:铜绿丽金龟雄虫对水杨酸甲酯和(1,1’-联环戊基)-2-酮的触角电位反应(electroantennography,EAG)值显著高于其它试剂;石竹烯和水杨酸甲酯能引起雌虫触角较强的电位反应;乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯和石竹烯分别对雄虫和雌虫有较高的嗅觉选择反应率,分别达0.95和0.94。综合EAG和嗅觉试验结果,选择对雌、雄虫均有较好引诱效果的反式-2-己烯醛、乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯、石竹烯、(1,1’-联环戊基)-2-酮和水杨酸甲酯进行田间试验,最终筛选到铜绿丽金龟雄虫的最适引诱剂为每诱芯360 mg乙酸顺式-3-己烯酯,雌虫的最适引诱剂为每诱芯360 mg石竹烯,日诱虫量分别可达33.00±1.53头和29.33±1.45头。     

Synthetic pyrethroids containing a C–C triple bond

The three commercial synthetic pyrethroids containing a carbon–carbon triple bond, α-ethynyl-2-methylpent-2-enyl (1R)-trans-chrysanthemate, (S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-propynyl)cyclopent-2-enyl (1R)-trans,cis-chrysanthemate and [2,5-dioxo-3-(2-propynyl)-1-imidazolidinyl]methyl (1R)-trans-chrysanthemate are reviewed with emphasis on their inventive histories. Their chemistry and efficacy are described briefly. The relationship between stereochemistry and the biological activity is also discussed. © 1998 SCI.     

RU-15525, a new pyrethroid with a very strong knockdown effect

(E)-5-Benzyl-3- furylmethyl (1-R),3-S)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxothien-3-ylidenemethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate or RU-15525 is a new pyrethroid. The action of this compound was tested on Musca domestica and Aedes aegypti and a very strong knockdown effect was observed in comparison with the knockdown effect of allethrin, bioallethrin and (S)-bioallethrin.     

Fourth Conference of West African Cocoa Entomologists,Legon, December 1974

Abstract

Hollow‐fibre, laminate‐flake and microencapsulated formulations of the synthetic sex pheromone (Z,Z) and (Z,E)‐7–11‐hexadecadienyl acetate of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) were applied aerially in large scale trials in the Delta region of Egypt in 1985. 100 ha blocks of cotton were treated at regular intervals throughout the season as the only means of controlling the pest and compared with a 100 ha block of cotton sited in the same locality which was treated aerially with conventional insecticide spray applications. Comparisons of numbers of infested bolls, open boll counts and yields of seed cotton showed that adequate levels of control were achieved with all three pheromone formulations which were at least as effective as the insecticide sprays. The costs of the pheromone formulations and their aerial application also compared favourably with the insecticide programme. Greater numbers of beneficial insects were recorded in the pheromone‐treated areas than in the insecticide treated area.     

Acifluorfen metabolism in soybean: Diphenylether bond cleavage and the formation of homoglutathione, cysteine, and glucose conjugates

Metabolism of the substituted diphenylether herbicide, acifluorfen [sodium 5-(2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate], was studied in excised leaf tissues of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Evans’]. Studies with [chlorophenyl-¹⁴C]- and [nitrophenyl-¹⁴C]acifluorfen showed that the diphenylether bond was rapidly cleaved. From 85 to 95% of the absorbed [¹⁴C]acifluorfen was metabolized in less than 24 hr. Major polar metabolites were isolated and purified by solvent partitioning, adsorption, thin layer, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The major [chlorophenyl-¹⁴C]-labeled metabolite was identified as a malonyl-β- -glucoside (I) of 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethylphenol. Major [nitrophenyl-¹⁴C]-labeled metabolites were identified as a homoglutathione conjugate [S-(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl) γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-β-alanine] (II), and a cysteine conjugate [S-(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)cysteine] (III).     

Light-induced transformations of tribenuron-methyl in aqueous solution

Tribenuron-methyl a sulfonylurea herbicide, readily photodegraded in aqueous solution under sunlight and UV light. The photoproducts identified were N-methyl-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-amine, methyl 2-(aminosulfonyl) benzoate, o-benzoic sulfimide, N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-N-methyl urea and N-(2-carbomethoxyphenyl)-N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5triazin-2-yl)-N′-methyl urea. The rate of photodegradation of tribenuron-methyl in different types of water followed first-order kinetics with significant correlation coefficient, increased with increase in pH and was also dependent upon the dissolved impurities. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

棉铃虫四个丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因的克隆与表达分析

为明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂（serine protease inhibitor,serpin）的种类及其表达特性,利用PCR技术克隆棉铃虫的serpin基因,使用生物信息学软件预测其结构并进行系统进化分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR（real time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）技术比较serpin基因在棉铃虫不同发育阶段和组织中的表达量及取食Cry1Ac后其表达量的变化。结果表明,共获得serpin-a、serpin-b、serpin-c、serpin-e四个棉铃虫serpin基因,全长为1 119~1 254 bp,编码373~418个氨基酸,均包含一段具有反应中心环的保守结构域,且与斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、草地贪夜蛾S.frugiperda等鳞翅目昆虫serpin的同源性较高。serpin-a和serpin-e在棉铃虫4龄幼虫期的表达量最高,serpin-b和serpin-c分别在成虫期和蛹期表达量最高。serpin-a在中肠和围食膜中表达量最高,serpin-b在头、中肠和表皮中表达量最高,serpin-c在头部表达量最高,serpin-e在中肠和血淋巴中的表达量显著高于其他组织。棉铃虫取食低浓度Cry1Ac后,中肠的serpin-b和serpin-e的表达量显著增加。推测不同serpin基因在棉铃虫不同发育时期和组织中可能发挥不同的作用,其中serpin-b和serpin-e可能参与棉铃虫对Cry1Ac的解毒过程。     

二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚在生姜上的残留分析及土壤中的消解动态

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）同时测定二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚在生姜、茎秆和土壤中残留量的分析方法,并采用该方法研究了两种农药在土壤中的消解动态及在土壤和生姜中的最终残留。样品前处理采用QuEChERS法,经乙腈提取,姜块和茎秆提取液分别用N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）和石墨化碳黑（GCB）净化,土壤提取液用弗罗里硅土柱净化,选择离子监测模式（SIM）扫描,外标峰面积法定量。结果表明:当添加水平为0.01~0.5 mg/kg时,二甲戊灵在生姜、茎秆和土壤中的回收率分别为91%~100%、90%~98%和86%~100%,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为3.2%~3.7%、2.7%~4.2%和3.2%~5.1%;乙氧氟草醚在生姜、茎秆和土壤中的回收率分别为90%~95%、86%~91%和85%~95%,RSD分别为2.4%~4.4%、3.9%~5.5%和2.3%~4.9%;样品中二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚的定量限（LOQ）均为0.01 mg/kg。二甲戊灵在土壤中的消解半衰期在12.5~20.5 d之间,乙氧氟草醚在18.8~25.6 d之间。采用33%二甲戊灵乳油和24%乙氧氟草醚乳油混剂分别按推荐剂量（有效成分693 g/hm2和72 g/hm2）和高剂量（有效成分1 039 g/hm2和108 g/hm2）于种植后施药1次,在生姜收获期的姜块中均未检出二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚残留。研究结果可为二甲戊灵和乙氧氟草醚在生姜上的合理使用及其最大允许残留限量（MRL）标准制定提供参考。     

A plastidic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is responsible for hypersensitive response cell death and reactive oxygen species production

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been implicated in the supply of reduced nicotine amide cofactors for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we show participation of the plastidic P2 isoform of G6PDH in plant immunity. A cytosolic isoform (NbG6PDH-Cyto) and two plastidic isoforms (NbG6PDH-P1 and NbG6PDH-P2) cloned from Nicotiana benthamiana were localized in cytosol and chloroplasts, respectively. Hypersensitive response (HR) cell death and NADPH oxidase (RBOH; respiratory burst oxidase homolog)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after recognition of INF1 elicitin, secreted by oomycete Phytophthora infestans, decreased in NbG6PDH-P2-silenced plants, but not in NbG6PDH-Cyto- and NbG6PDH-P1-silenced plants. Silencing of the cytosolic NAD kinase NbNADK1, which phosphorylates NADH to form NADPH, compromised HR cell death and ROS production, and concomitant silencing with NbG6PDH-P2 reduced HR cell death and ROS to levels near those in NbG6PDH-P2-silenced plants. Similarly, silencing NbG6PDH-P2 and NbNADK1 resulted in high susceptibility to P. infestans. These results suggest that NADPH produced by the P2 isoform of G6PDH in chloroplasts is responsible for HR cell death and ROS production mediated by RBOH and that NbNADK1 is involved in this pathway.