丁香油、MS-222和异丙酚对大黄鱼的麻醉效果分析

研究了丁香油、间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(MS-222)和异丙酚对养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)的麻醉效果,以期为下一步活体运输麻醉剂的选择提供参考.首先在(20±0.5)℃ 水温下,对3种麻醉剂的适宜质量浓度进行了探索,初步得出适宜的质量浓度分别为:丁香油10 mg/L、MS-22240 mg/L...     

MS-222对黄颡鱼麻醉效果的研究

为研究MS-222质量浓度和药浴时间对黄颡鱼麻醉效果的影响,采用静水式生物测试法进行了黄颡鱼麻醉效果试验。在水温(10±0. 5)℃下,研究了黄颡鱼在短时间(30 min)麻醉药浴和长时间(24 h)镇静药浴下各麻醉阶段的行为特征、诱导时间和呼吸频率,以及在复苏阶段的行为特征、复苏时间和复苏后存活率等指标。结果显示,在短时间麻醉药浴试验中,MS-222质量浓度为60 mg/L的处理组,黄颡鱼5 min 30 s即可进入麻醉期,在空气中暴露10 min依然保持麻醉状态,放入清水中4 min 5 s即可复苏。这一处理方法适用于黄颡鱼的短时间转运等操作。MS-222质量浓度为20 mg/L的处理组,黄颡鱼可长时间(24 h)处于镇静状态,停止游动,鱼体保持平衡,且触觉丧失,存活率达到100%。这种处理方法适用于黄颡鱼的长时间运输。     

MS-222对长薄鳅的麻醉效果

在水温26±0.5℃下,研究以20~100mg/L之间5个浓度梯度的MS-222(tricaine methane sulfonate)对体质量255.87±30.31g野生长薄鳅Leptobotia elongate的麻醉效果。结果表明:在20mg/L的MS-222下,长薄鳅的活动量明显下降,保持镇静,维持身体平衡和正常体位,麻醉3h后,在清水中几分钟内便可恢复正常游动状态,适合于长途运输;40~80mg/L的MS-222对长薄鳅的麻醉作用较强,适合于短时间实验操作,如外科手术、体外标记、形态学测量等;当MS-222的浓度达到100mg/L时,短时间内长薄鳅便进入深度麻醉甚至休克状态,若不及时进行复苏,鱼易死亡。实验证明,用MS-222麻醉长薄鳅较快、复苏时间短、安全性能高,是较理想的麻醉剂。     

MS-222对鳊鱼麻醉保活运输效果的研究

为研究MS-222对鳊鱼保活运输的影响,分析比较了在不同质量浓度MS-222(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg/L和120 mg/L)、不同水温(2、7、15、20℃)和不同鱼水质量比(2∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶5)下鳊鱼的存活率,从而确定及筛选最佳的保活运输条件,并检测和分析在保活运输试验中水质指标和鱼体生化指标的变化和影响。试验结果显示,当MS-222质量浓度为60 mg/L、水温7℃、鱼水比1∶3时,保活时间最长,鱼体存活率最高;随着保活时间的延长,水体指标中氨氮含量、微生物、pH均呈上升趋势,而溶解氧水平则呈下降趋势;在鱼体指标中,肌肉中糖原、pH下降,乳酸含量上升;在血液指标中乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转氨酶、血糖、尿素和肌酐均显著增加(P<0.05),说明随着保活时间的延长,鱼体肝脏和肾脏组织代谢水平受到一定的影响,但其变化幅度均小于对照组。研究结果表明,在鳊鱼保活过程中可适当使用MS-222麻醉剂以延长存活时间和提高存活率。     

MS-222不同处理方式对史氏鲟和中华鲟麻醉效果的影响

MS-222的药液浸浴和药液鳃部喷洒可作为史氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）和中华鲟（Acipenser sinensis）的麻醉方式。在水温16～18℃的条件下,史氏鲟的浸浴有效浓度为90～110 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超过30 min;中华鲟的浸浴有效浓度为80～100 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超...     

丁香酚和MS-222对松江鲈的麻醉效果

采用静水试验方法,研究了不同质量浓度的两种常用渔用麻醉剂丁香酚(5、10、20、40、80、120 mg·L^-1)和MS-222(40、50、60、75、100、200 mg·L^-1)对体质量为(13.78±3.15) g的松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus)的麻醉效果。结果表明：1)随着两种麻醉剂浓度的升高,松江鲈进入麻醉状态的时间逐渐缩短,复苏时间不断延长;2)丁香酚与MS-222的最适麻醉质量浓度分别为40～80 mg·L^-1和60 mg·L^-1;3)在低浓度麻醉剂处理下,10 mg·L^-1丁香酚组中松江鲈的耗氧率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),表明10 mg·L^-1丁香酚可能是松江鲈的适宜运输浓度;4)对比成活率、进入麻醉状态的时间和复苏时间等指标,丁香酚更适合作为松江鲈的麻醉剂,在实际操作中,建议使用40～80 mg·L^-1丁香酚进行松江鲈的麻醉。     

MS-222不同处理方式对史氏鲟和中华鲟麻醉效果的影响

MS-222的药液浸浴和药液鳃部喷洒可作为史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)和中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)的麻醉方式。在水温16～18℃的条件下,史氏鲟的浸浴有效浓度为90～110 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超过30 min;中华鲟的浸浴有效浓度为80～100 mg/L,浸浴安全时间不超过15 min。史氏鲟药液鳃部喷洒有效浓度为1 500 mg/L,最低有效操作时间为30 s,持续操作时间不超过60 s;药液鳃部喷洒有效浓度为4 000 mg/L,有效操作时间不大于5 s。20～40 mg/L MS-222麻醉液浸浴方式可以作为史氏鲟4 h内的短途运输。史氏鲟在90～150 mg/L的MS-222的药液中超过240 min,试验鱼无法复苏,即生物学死亡。MS-222对中华鲟一般麻醉浓度为80～100 mg/L,其在80 mg/L的MS-222中连续浸浴15 min是安全的。     

MS-222麻醉金鱼模拟运输试验

采用MS-222对金鱼实施麻醉并模拟运输试验,以减少金鱼代谢量,延长运输时间,提高长途运输的成活率,旨在探讨不同品种金鱼对MS-222麻醉的适宜浓度范围。结果表明,MS-222麻醉金鱼的适宜浓度范围为35-85mg／L,其具体使用浓度因金鱼的品种和运输密度不同而有一定的差异。     

鱼安定（MS-222）对黄鳝麻醉效果的影响试验

以人工培育的黄鳝为研究对象,研究了鱼体大小、鱼安定(MS-222)的浓度对黄鳝麻醉效果的影响。结果显示,在23℃～26℃水温条件下,鱼安定(MS-222)对不同大小的黄鳝麻醉效果差异不显著(p>0.05);不同浓度的鱼安定(MS-222)对黄鳝的麻醉效果差异极显著(p<0.01);鱼安定(MS-222)对亲鱼的适宜麻醉浓度范围是300mg/L～500mg/L,最适浓度为350mg/L。     

Effects of anaesthesia with MS-222, clove oil and CO2 on feed intake and plasma cortisol in steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

We examined the effects tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), clove oil and CO₂ on feed intake and cortisol response in steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Even though a body of literature exists about the effects of different anaesthetics on fish, no comparative information seems to be available about their effects on feed intake after anaesthesia, which would be important to know especially in aquaculture research. We anaesthetised juvenile steelhead trout with these three anaesthetics, and then sampled them 4, 24 and 48 h later. Fish in all groups ate relatively well already 4 h after anaesthesia. However, feed intake in fish treated with clove oil or MS-222 was lower than in the controls. There were no differences in feed intake among anaesthetised groups. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated 48 h after anaesthetisation, but the treatment means were equal throughout the experiment. Our results support previous findings that clove oil is a reasonable alternative to MS-222.     

Effects of clove oil and MS-222 on blood hormone profiles in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum

Clove oil has been demonstrated to be an effective, inexpensive anaesthetic and euthanizing agent for a number of fish species, including rainbow trout, used in aquaculture and fisheries research. However, the potential for clove oil to cause perturbations in important plasma hormone concentrations has not been investigated. The effect of anaesthesia and euthanasia in trout with eugenol (the active ingredient in clove oil) on plasma cortisol, glucose, growth hormone (GH) and two thyroid hormones [tri‐iodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄)] was compared with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222) anaesthesia, and stunning by cranial concussion in two experiments. Effects on blood chemistry were different when comparing the particular anaesthetic method being used. Stunning fish significantly increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels (both P<0.05), while euthanizing fish using either clove oil or MS‐222 had no effect on these hormone levels. In contrast, the levels of GH, T₃ and T₄ hormones were unaffected regardless of whether fish were euthanized by stunning, MS‐222 or clove oil. Variation in effects between hormones were observed using clove oil eugenol. In fish sampled 10 min after anaesthetizing with 150 mg L^?1 of eugenol, cortisol levels were significantly decreased (P<0.03), while there were no differences in either glucose or GH levels. Tri‐iodothyronine and T₄ also showed significantly elevated levels (P<0.05) after 10‐min exposure to eugenol. These results highlight the importance of investigating the potential effects of any new anaesthetic or euthanizing compounds on blood plasma parameters, prior to using them in a research setting, or when comparing results to other studies which have utilized alternative anaesthetic compounds.     

Olfactory nerve response of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss Walbaum) to clove oil and MS-222

Two anaesthetics, clove oil and methane sulphonate (MS-222), were examined for their effects on the olfactory nerve response of masu salmon ( Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort) and rainbow trout ( O. mykiss Walbaum). Exposing both species to clove oil for 3 min at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg L⁻¹, or for 10 min at 50 mg L⁻¹, did not significantly reduce their olfactory response. Directly applying clove oil anaesthesia to the olfactory epithelium significantly reduced olfactory response though after 20 min, olfactory response recovered to 70% and 52% of pre-treatment levels in masu salmon and rainbow trout respectively. Compared with the post-anaesthetic recovery of responses after clove oil (50 mg L⁻¹), buffered MS-222 (100 mg L⁻¹) with NaHCO₃ (100 mg L⁻¹), and unbuffered MS-222 (100 mg L⁻¹) treatment for 3 min, the response after MS-222 treatment declined gradually and significantly, but not after clove oil and MS-222+NaHCO₃ treatments. Clove oil appears to be an effective and relatively safe anaesthetic for salmonids with little long-term impact on their olfactory response, which plays a crucial role in their life history.     

The ability of clove oil and MS-222 to minimize handling stress in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

The effects of 60‐mg L^?1 clove oil and 60‐mg L^?1 tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) on the blood chemistry of rainbow trout were compared after exposure to handling stress via caudal puncture blood sampling. Fish sampled by caudal puncture and subsequently exposed to anaesthetics showed a typical handling stress response over a 48‐h period. There were no significant differences between the responses of fish exposed to equal concentrations of clove oil and MS‐222, with the following exceptions: the blood glucose at full anaesthesia, and lactate at full recovery increased significantly in the clove oil‐exposed fish. In a subsequent experiment, the stress response observed in fish sampled by caudal puncture and exposed to clove oil and MS‐222 was compared with a non‐anaesthetized control group. The increases in plasma cortisol levels were significantly lower at recovery in fish treated with either anaesthetic compared with the control fish. Fish exposed to MS‐222 had significantly higher cortisol levels at 1 h. These findings show that few differences exist between the anaesthetic effects of clove oil and MS‐222 on the physiological response of fish to stress. However, clove oil is more effective at reducing the short‐term stress response induced by handling and blood sampling, and is recommended as an alternative fish anaesthetic.     

MS-222、丁香酚对多鳞四指马（鲅）幼鱼麻醉效果的研究

本文研究了MS-222和丁香酚两种麻醉剂在不同浓度下对多鳞四指马（鲅）幼鱼的麻醉效果,观测了其不同麻醉阶段的表现,探讨了麻醉时间和温度对其入麻和复苏的影响.结果表明 MS-222、丁香酚分别在55 mg/L、10 mg/L以上才对幼鱼有麻醉效果,最适麻醉剂浓度分别为20±5 mg/L和80±10 mg/L;随着浓度的上升,入麻时间缩短,复苏时间增加.随着温度的上升,入麻时间缩短,复苏时间增加.     

MS-222对牙鲆麻醉效果

以MS-222为麻醉剂,在13～14℃水温条件下,用浸浴麻醉方法测试了不同麻醉剂浓度和不同麻醉时间对牙鲆复苏时间、复苏率和24h存活率及长时间麻醉对复苏率的影响以及超有效浓度麻醉剂（60mg/L）麻醉后的抗露干能力。预备实验证明,本试验条件下麻醉剂的有效浓度为50mg/L。实验表明,将麻醉剂浓度从50mg/L提高到200mg/L,供试鱼被麻醉的时间由288s缩短至50s,复苏时间由94s延长至106s;用60、100和200mg/L的麻醉液持续麻醉后,可获得100%复苏率的最长麻醉时间分别为64、32和32min,牙鲆经MS-222麻醉后抗露干时间延长。牙鲆麻醉后复苏过程中存在较大的个体差异,但一旦复苏,牙鲆24h内的存活率可达100%。实验表明,MS-222的合理麻醉浓度为60mg/L,此浓度下最长麻醉时间为64min,麻醉露干时间应低于60min。     

MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果研究

通过测定不同质量浓度MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果,检测麻醉时鱼的呼吸频率以及空气暴露时长对鱼体复苏的影响,探究两种鱼类在渔业生产和科研实验中的最适麻醉剂浓度。结果显示：当MS-222质量浓度为80、100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长最短(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为80 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长显著大于40、60和80 mg/L浓度组,而显著小于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。比较MS-222对两种鱼的麻醉效果,美洲红点鲑对MS-222更为敏感。两种鱼的呼吸频率总体上都随着麻醉程度的加深而下降,当空气暴露时长少于5 min时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长先减少后增加,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长则呈逐渐减少趋势。     

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes in yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi larvae

The development of digestive enzymes was examined in laboratory-reared yellowtail kingfish larvae from hatching to 36 days after hatching (DAH). The specific activities of amylase, lipase, and alkaline phosphatase showed three distinct phases: a sharp increase in enzyme activity from hatching to the onset of exogenous feeding on 3 DAH, followed by a fluctuation and a general decline toward 18 DAH, and then a period of low activity from 18 to 36 DAH. The total activities of these three enzymes showed a gradual increase from hatching to 18 DAH, followed by a sharp increase toward 36 DAH. In contrast to other enzymes, the specific and total activities of trypsin reached the maximum on 15 DAH and 24 DAH, respectively, and then both activities declined to low levels toward 36 DAH. The dynamics of digestive enzymes corresponded to the anatomical development of the digestive system. The enzyme activities tend to be stable after the formation of gastric glands in the stomach on 15 DAH. The composition of digestive enzymes indicates that yellowtail kingfish is able to digest protein, lipid and carbohydrates at an early stage. However, due to the low level of amylase specific activity after 18 DAH, the carbohydrate component should remain at a low level in formulated diets for fish larvae.     

MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟的麻醉试验

以20~100 mg/L的MS-222(Tricaine M ethanesu lphonate)在水温15~25℃条件下对中华鲟(Acipensersinensis)和施氏鲟(A.schrenckii)的麻醉效果进行试验,中华鲟或施氏鲟分别达到不同程度的麻醉状态甚至出现死亡。30~40 mg/L的MS-222具有较好的麻醉效果,鱼的活动量明显下降,可保持镇静并维持身体平衡和正常体位,麻醉48 h后,在清水中数分钟内可恢复正常游动状态,适合于长途运输。50~100 mg/L的MS-222对中华鲟和施氏鲟具有较强的麻醉作用,适合于进行短时间的操作,如捉拿、称重、测量、外科手术、体外标记等。中华鲟和施氏鲟在高剂量MS-222的作用下,在进入生物学死亡阶段前,存在一个临床死亡阶段,这个阶段长达1h左右,在这个阶段,对它们进行“人工呼吸”是行之有效的。     

Karyotype analysis of the yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi lalandi (Perciformes: Carangidae) from South Australia

The karyotype and chromosomal characteristics of the yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi lalandi were investigated by examining metaphase spreads from kidney cells of 4-month-old fish artificially bred using wild-captured broodstock from the coast of South Australia. A total of 80 mitotic metaphases from 10 individual fish were analysed, with 52 spreads having a mode of 2 n =48 chromosomes, representing 65% of the metaphases observed. The diploid consisted of two metacentric, two submetacentric, six subtelocentric and 38 telocentric chromosomes, with the fundamental number of chromosome arms being 52. The total haploid chromosome length was approximately 44.412 μm. This study shows that the karyotype of S. lalandi lalandi differs from those reported previously for other Seriola species in having one pair of metacentric chromosomes.