猪蹄甲制备氨基酸螯合微肥及其对小白菜生长的影响

研究以废弃猪蹄甲为原料,通过微波水解工艺,制取复合氨基酸,添加微量元素制得氨基酸螯合微肥,通过叶面喷施于小白菜(B.Chinensis L.),对其肥效和喷施浓度进行研究.田间试验表明,该肥能有效促进小白菜的生长发育,提高产量,并得出该肥适宜喷施浓度为稀释1000倍.     

氨基酸螯合中微量元素肥料对新高梨品质的影响

在南京市傅家边农业科技园的梨园研究套袋与不套袋的情况下,氨基酸螫合中微量元素肥料对新高梨品质的影响.结果表明:套袋与不套袋条件下,与对照及有机肥处理相比,施用氨基酸螯合中微肥均能显著增加果实的单果重,显著降低果实中的可滴定酸含量:套袋结合施用氨基酸螯合中微肥,新高梨的果形指数显著大于对照及有机肥处理:施用低水平的氨基酸螯合中微肥能显著提高套袋果和未套袋果果实的Vc含量,施用量增加一倍时,Vc含量则有所降低:氨基酸螫合中微肥处理对果实可溶性固形物含量的影响不显著.总的来说,施用低水平的氨基酸螫合中微肥对新高梨品质的改善效果尤佳.     

水稻专用叶面营养液对水稻生长及其主要生理特性的影响

通过田间小区试验及大田示范的对比,研究了专用叶面营养液的适宜喷期及其对水稻的生理特性;根系活力,养分吸收,叶片叶绿素含量,光合速率等和产量的影响。研究结果表明：适宜喷期在植后７－１０天,并喷施１次,效果最好,专用叶面营养液使水稻根系活力在分蘖盛期,灌浆期明显提高;显著提高分蘖盛期叶片及灌浆期剑叶的叶绿素含量,促进剑叶提高光合速度及水稻对Ｎ,Ｐ,Ｋ营养的吸收;     

旱作条件下水稻的生物效应及表层覆盖的影响

在田间研究了水稻旱作条件下不同覆盖物和常规淹水种植水稻 (简称水作 )条件下水稻生育期间土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N的动态变化 ;水作与旱作条件下水稻各部位的含氮量 ,水稻对氮素养分的吸收、积累的动态变化 ;产量及其构成因素以及灌溉水的利用效率。结果表明 ,旱作条件下土壤有效氮以硝态氮为主 ,旱作水稻的氮营养以硝态氮为主 ;水稻各部位的含氮量均大于水作。旱作水稻的氮素吸收、累积主要在拔节期以后 ,而水作水稻从移栽后就大量吸收氮素 ,灌浆期后很少吸收氮素 ;旱作水稻的产量以半腐解覆盖处理的最高。所有旱作处理的水稻产量均低于水作 ,但耗水量只占水作耗水量的 71.4% ,水分利用效率是水作的 12倍以上。     

不同覆盖旱作水稻对后茬大麦生长和土壤氮素的影响

通过田间试验研究水稻不同覆盖旱作栽培方式对后茬大麦生长及土壤氮素动态变化的影响。结果表明，盖草处理后茬大麦表层土壤硝态氮含量最高，而土壤铵态氮含量由高到低依次为：水作〉盖草〉覆膜〉裸露，且硝态氮、铵态氮从表层（0～20cm）到底层（60～80cm）依次降低。具有明显的层次性。各处理都表现出0～40cm土层氮素表观盈余，水作、盖草和裸露处理后茬分别比覆膜处理后茬高40．5％，39．5％和36．1％。大麦籽粒产量以盖草处理后茬摄高，分别比水作后茬和裸露后茬增加837kg／hm^2和251kg／hm^2。后茬大麦各生育阶段对氮素的累积吸收量均以前茬盖草早作处理最高。覆膜、盖草和裸露旱作水稻后茬大麦的氮肥利用率分别比水作稻后茬大麦高16．1％，17．5％和13．8％。土壤氮素转化和大麦产量均表明，半腐解秸秆覆盖旱作水稻-大麦轮作是一种较合理的种植模式。     

旱作水稻内源激素变化及其与水稻形态和生理特性的关系

以杂交稻籼优 63(Sy63) ,常规稻武育粳 (Wyj) ,旱稻 85 - 1 5 ( 85 - 1 5 )为材料 ,分别研究了旱作处理与水作处理的水稻体内脱落酸 (ABA) ,生长素 (IAA) ,赤霉素 (GAs)和细胞分裂素 (CTKs)在全生育期内的变化规律 ,初步探究了激素变化与旱作水稻形态及生理适应性的关系。旱作条件下水稻根叶的ABA都显著增加且各品种均呈现一定的规律性 ;旱作水稻的根叶中GAs规律与其ABA的变化规律相似。旱作水稻叶中IAA苗期增加而根先减少后增加 ,后期IAA逐步减低 ;苗期旱作水稻叶中CTKs增加而根减少 ,后期差异不大。实验结果表明旱作条件下的气孔行为可能由ABA和IAA共同调控 ;旱作的侧根发达可能是因为根系中IAA增加及CTKs降低导致的     

氨基酸增值尿素对水稻苗期生长及根际微生物菌群的影响

[目的]研究氨基酸增值尿素(AU)对不同稻作水稻生长、根际养分与微生物群落的影响机制,以期为水稻早期水氮合理调控及氨基酸增值尿素合理施用提供依据.[方法]以'两优华6'水稻和氨基酸增值尿素(AU)为试材,开展了水作/旱作盆栽试验.试验共设旱作不施尿素(GCK)、旱作施普通尿素(GU)、旱作施氨基酸增值尿素(GAU)、水...     

水稻秸秆与地膜二元覆盖旱作栽培效应研究

我国覆膜稻栽培研究始于１９９６年,但迄今都为地膜单元覆盖,水稻秸秆＋地膜二元覆盖旱作栽培效应的研究结果表明,秸秆＋地膜二元覆盖旱作稻田土壤变温幅度降低,水分散失减少,结构改善,养分积累增加;水稻无效分蘖减少,生育转变提前,灌浆结实期延长,穗大粒多,千粒重高,增产效果显著,稻谷产量较地膜覆盖,秸秆覆盖,露地旱作栽培分别增产１０．３％,８．９％,２３．２％。     

氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料在小麦和后作水稻上的效果

氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料是一种新型微肥,经过连续盆栽小麦和水稻(收麦后)试验,结果表明,氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料的肥效及有效性明显优于无机微肥,不仅能改善小麦相关生物性状,而且能改善其营养品质,提高小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量和淀粉含量以及稻粒的淀粉含量。氨基酸螯合微量元素肥料用量少,成本低,肥效显著,宜在生产中推广。     

Preparation and Optimization of Amino Acid Chelated Micronutrient Fertilizer by Hydrolyzation of Chicken Waste Feathers and the Effects on Growth of Rice

For the preparation of amino acid chelated fertilizer, chicken feathers were hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄; 6M) and potassium hydroxide (KOH; 6M) separately in the presence of different catalysts. Under acidic conditions, the catalyst zinc sulfate, gave minimum ammonium but a maximum conversion rate of organic nitrogen (N) into amino acids (19% higher than control). Under alkaline conditions, sodium sulfide showed maximum amino acid-N and conversion rate (37% higher than control). The catalyst doses showed a continuous increase in the conversion rate and were highest at 12%. The ratio of 1:3 feathers: hydrolytic agent showed maximum conversion rate. Hydrolytic time had a nonsignificant effect under acidic conditions, but under alkaline conditions a hydrolytic time of 14 h gave the maximum conversion rate. The chelation experiment results showed that the ratios (2:1, 2.5:1, and 3:1) showed almost equal chelation rates, except the 1:1 ratio of hydrolysis product to salt. Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) showed maximum chelation rates under acidic pH, while zinc (Zn) showed maximum chelation rate at an alkaline pH. Temperature and chelation time had a nonsignificant effect on chelation rate. Comparative study results of amino acid chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers, and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) and iron sulfate (FeSO₄) fertilizer foliar application to upland rice showed that a 1/100 dilution of amino acid chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers increased growth parameters from 22–73%, while EDTA chelated Zn and Fe fertilizers caused an increase of 15–63%, and ZnSO₄ and FeSO₄ increased growth parameters from 11–35% over the control. After fertilizer application, increase in chlorophyll contents was 11–17%, 3–6%, and 8–12%, respectively, over control. Therefore, amino acid chelated micronutrient fertilizer is used in small amounts, has a low cost, and high rates of return.     

Soil and Rice Responses to Phosphate Fertilizer in Two Contrasting Seasons on Acid Sulfate Soil

Acid sulfate soils (ASS) are characterized by low pH, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) toxicity and are typically deficient in phosphate (PO₄). The application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer could help reduce the level of exchangeable Al and Fe, thereby improving the rice growth and yield. Five levels of P (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅)/ha) were tested with rice varieties MTL560 in the wet season and MTL480 in the dry season. The optimum rate of P was 60 kg P₂O₅/ha for rice in the dry season and 80 kg P₂O₅/ha in the wet season. Soil testing showed at the start of the season that there was sufficient P in the soil. At the end of the season there was a reduction in soil Al and Fe in plots that had P rates above 40 kg P₂O₅/ha. It is therefore likely that P application reduced Al and Fe toxicity through precipitation and formation of Al-P and Fe-P compounds, which boasted yield, rather amending a soil P deficiency.     

水稻旱作条件下土壤水分对红壤磷素的影响

通过温室盆栽和大田试验研究旱作水稻在施用中量磷肥条件下,土壤水分对红壤中几种磷的含量和动态的影响。研究表明:土壤水分水平和采样时间对红壤全磷、有效磷、有机磷和不同形态的无机磷含量都有极显著的影响,且相互间的交互作用明显。栽种水稻后总体来说,土壤全磷、有机磷和O-P含量均有一定的提高,有效磷和Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量则下降;土壤中不同形态无机磷含量为O-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca-P;大田和盆栽实验相比,在4种形态的无机磷、全磷和有机磷的排列顺序、演变趋势等方面基本一致,但有效磷则出现相反的结果,同时,大田试验土壤中各种磷的含量要比盆栽试验高得多,表明盆栽条件下,由于根系密度大,使土壤磷素消耗更快。     

不同地表覆盖旱作水稻和水作水稻水分利用效率的研究

通过田间试验研究不同地表覆盖旱作水稻和水作水稻全生育期内水分需求特征与水分利用效率。结果表明,水作稻田当季用水总量是旱作稻田的3倍多,旱作盖草处理的灌溉量为434.5m3/hm2,仅相当于水作的24.6%。不同处理的水分利用效率为:盖草>覆膜>裸露>水作,且旱作与水作间差异极显著。水作、覆膜、盖草和裸露的产量分别为:8250,7207,7867,7253kg/hm2,统计分析结果显示,盖草旱作与水作间产量差异不显著,这表明盖草旱作是一项效果最好的技术。     

白浆型水稻土生物硅肥生理效应的研究

采用田间试验以基肥和返青肥两种施肥方式,施生物硅肥量为0、150、300、450、600、750 kg hm-2六个水平,研究了白浆型水稻土不同生物硅肥施用量对水稻生理指标的影响。结果表明,适宜的生物硅肥施用量(450 kg hm-2)对水稻叶片叶绿素含量有显著的影响,可使叶绿素的含量提高9.6%,从而延缓了水稻功能叶片的光合功能期;水稻叶片的保护酶(CAT、POD)在施用生物硅肥后可维持较高的活性或受到抑制程度较低,使所受膜脂过氧化程度(MDA的含量)相对较低,生物硅肥施用量为450 kg hm-2时水稻叶片的CAT、POD活性达最大值,MDA的含量达到最低值,这说明施用生物硅肥促进了膜脂脱氧化作用,延缓功能叶片的衰老;施用生物硅肥后提高了植株干物质的合成与积累,促进了可溶性糖向淀粉的转移和碳水化合物的运输,协调了源、库关系。在本试验中,生物硅肥施用量为450 kg hm-2效果最好,施肥效果各处理表现为:Si3>Si4>Si5>Si2>Si1>Si0,各处理间差异达到极显著,两种施肥方式做基肥的要比返青肥的效果好。     

Long-Term Inorganic Fertilization Effect on the Micronutrient Density in Soil and Rice Grain Cultivated in a South Korean Paddy Field

Soil fertility exerts a direct influence on the essential micronutrient contents of food crops. The focus in this study was on the role that long-term inorganic fertilization (nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K)) plays in increasing the micronutrient output of the paddy cropping system. After more than 45 years of inorganic fertilizer application, the combined application of fertilizers (PK > NP > NK) substantially increased As (arsenic), B (boron), Cd (cadmium), Co (cobalt), Cr (chromium), Cu (copper), Fe (iron), Mn (manganese), Mo (molybdenum), Ni (nickel), Se (selenium), V (vanadium) and Zn (zinc) density in the soil and rice grain. Optimized and continuous application of PK fertilizers increased the overall micronutrient densities in rice milling fractions (grain and bran). Micronutrient concentrations were usually the highest in bran. Both grain and bran were rich in Fe, Mn and Zn. Correlation analysis indicated that soil pH and organic matter exert a significant and direct effect on the micronutrient concentration of rice. Although long-term fertilization enhanced the proportion of micronutrients in rice grain, the levels were still much lower than the recommended dietary intake levels for micronutrients. We therefore suggest high consumption levels of brown rice (with micronutrient-dense bran layer) because they may increase the daily intake level of micronutrients and meet the nutritional requirements that people need for sound health.     

耕作黑土土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸类型研究

以吉林省玉米带耕作黑土为研究对象,以防护林带黑土代表未耕作土壤,依据熊田法提取土壤腐殖质,分析了玉米带耕作黑土和未耕作黑土的腐殖质组成以及胡敏酸类型的差异。结果表明:长期耕作施肥使土壤腐殖质总量降低,其中,土壤游离态胡敏酸、游离态富里酸和结合态富里酸含量均有所减少,结合态胡敏酸含量变化不大。土壤结合态腐殖质的胡富比增加,说明长期耕作施肥使结合态腐殖质的活性降低。长期耕作施肥使结合态腐殖质向腐殖化度高的类型转化,结合态腐殖质质量退化。