HSP90抑制剂根赤壳菌素对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

为研究热休克蛋白90(heat shock protein 90,HSP90)在斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎发育中的作用,本实验采用2μmol/L、5μmol/L、10μmol/L的HSP90抑制剂根赤壳菌素(radicicol)对斑马鱼发育期胚胎进行处理,监测斑马鱼胚胎不同发育时期两个HSP90功能抑制标志基因BAG3(BCL2-associated athanogene3)和HSPB1(heat shock protein beta-1)的mRNA的表达水平,并观察不同发育时期的胚胎发育状况。结果如下:(1)实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,BAG3和HSPB1 mRNA水平在根赤壳菌素处理胚胎12 hpf(hours post-fertilization,hpf)或24 hpf后显著增高,Western blot检测到5μmol/L根赤壳菌素处理胚胎24 hpf后HSP70表达上调,证明该实验条件下HSP90功能受到抑制;(2)根赤壳菌素处理后斑马鱼胚胎发育变缓,胚胎成活率统计显示:2μmol/L、5μmol/L、10μmol/L根赤壳菌素处理24 hpf胚胎成活率分别是95%、77%、35%,成活率随根赤壳菌素浓度的增高而降低;(3)5μmol/L根赤壳菌素处理72 hpf可见部分个体色素沉积减少、心包膜增大、肌肉萎缩等发育畸形。研究结果证明HSP90在斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中发挥重要的作用,根赤壳菌素在5μmol/L时已达到较佳抑制效果且成活率较高,而且胚胎发育出现了各种形态学变化,为后期研究HSP90调节斑马鱼胚胎发育奠定了基础。     

Aquatic birnavirus induces apoptosis through activated caspase-8 and -3 in a zebrafish cell line

In this study, the possible influence of temperature on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)-induced apoptosis in a zebrafish liver epithelium (ZLE) cell line was investigated. At a lower temperature (18 degrees C), there was expression of viral proteins VP2 and VP3 at 4 h post-infection (p.i.). At this time no expression was found in the high temperature group at 28 degrees C. The cell survival ratio was 52 and 18% at 24 and 48 h p.i., respectively, during IPNV infection at 18 degrees C. In addition, we assayed for apoptosis in IPNV-infected cells with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated end labelling (TUNEL) of DNA at different dosages of virus. We found a ratio of apoptotic cells of 8 and 25% at 12 and 18 h p.i., respectively, in the multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1 group. The MOI 10 group had 20 and 45% apoptotic cells at 12 and 18 h, respectively. Furthermore, at 18 degrees C IPNV activated the caspase-8 and 3 from 1.5 to 2 times at 12 and 18 h p.i., respectively. Taken together, these findings suggest that successful virus replication occurs at the low temperature (18 degrees C) compared with the non-permissive temperature of 28 degrees C. Thus, IPNV replication is capable of activating caspase-8 and -3 and inducing host apoptosis.     

Detection and partial characterization of a UV-damaged-DNA binding activity highly expressed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

The expression of distorted DNA-binding factors was studied in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) using UV-damaged DNA as the binding target. A strong and high-shifting binding activity was detected in the extracts of zebrafish early embryos (12 h after fertilization), and the expression of this activity dramatically decreased in 60 to 84-h-old zebrafish. The embryonic extracts produced a similar pattern of high-shifting complexes after incubating with a CPD-specific or a 6-4PP-specific probe, while different types of low-shifting complexes were generated by the extracts of 84-h-old larvae. The formation of high-shifting complexes was suppressed in the presence of NaCl at 0.25 M or higher concentrations, yet the production of low-shifting complexes was stimulated by increasing salt concentration. The binding activity expressed in zebrafish embryos was apparently unrelated to NER-associated damage-recognition protein XPA, since two polypeptides recognized by an anti-human XPA antibody were detected only in 84-h-old zebrafish extracts. A competitive binding assay indicated that both CPDs and 6-4PPs were recognized by the same binding activity expressed in 12-h-old zebrafish, and this activity contained at least two protein fractions that were eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column by NaCl at 0.1 M and 0.2 M. UV crosslinking of the two NaCl eluates to a 6-4PP probe produced covalent complexes with the same electrophoretic mobility except one 34-kDa complex generated by the 0.1 M NaCl eluate, suggesting the existence of two multisubunit damage-recognition protein complexes in zebrafish embryos. UV-binding factors found in 12-h-old zebrafish embryos may be involved in processing developmental stage-specific DNA structures similar to UV-damaged DNA. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

喹乙醇诱导鲤肝细胞凋亡的研究

细胞凋亡(apoptosis)是受基因控制的细胞自主的有序死亡。凋亡细胞的形态特征主要表现为细胞核的染色质浓缩,边移,聚集在核膜下,进而核发生裂解,核碎片与细胞碎片有单层膜包裹形成凋亡小体(apoptosisbody)[1]。目前已发现某些物理因素(辐射、高温等)、细胞因子、病毒感染和     

dusp1敲降对低温诱导斑马鱼ZF4细胞凋亡的作用

为了研究双特异性磷酸酶(dual-specificity phosphatase 1,dusp1)基因与鱼类低温诱导的细胞凋亡之间的关系,本研究经Eco RI和Age1酶切构建plko.1-dusp1-sh RNA1,plko.1-dusp1-shRNA2,plko.1-negative control(nc),plko.1-EGFP的重组质粒,并分别与慢病毒包装质粒pCMV-DR8.9.1、pCMV-VSVG共同转染至293T细胞中,经293T细胞包装的病毒,感染斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎成纤维样细胞(zebrafish embryos fibroblast like cell line,ZF4),RT-PCR检测表明dusp1成功被敲降。经嘌呤霉素筛选获得稳定表达细胞系,将细胞于28℃培养(正常对照组)或经10℃低温处理10 d,使用annexin V-FITC/Propidium lodide(PI)双色标记流式细胞术检测ZF4细胞凋亡情况。结果显示:低温胁迫下dusp1敲降的细胞凋亡(dusp1-shRNA1敲降,dusp1-kd1;dusp1-shRNA2敲降,dusp1-kd2)比例较nc组显著上调,其中早期凋亡和晚期凋亡细胞比例dusp1-kd1显著高于nc组,并且dusp1-kd1活细胞数显著低于nc组(P0.05),进一步证明dusp1参与鱼类冷应激过程,并在低温情况下保护细胞。该研究为后期对斑马鱼细胞低温胁迫实验奠定了基础,其中dusp1基因沉默型斑马鱼细胞在10℃低温处理10 d凋亡数显著大于对照组,证明dusp1在细胞凋亡信号通路中起到重要调控作用,为低温下研究斑马鱼基因的分子机制提供新的思路。     

环境污染物对斑马鱼早期胚胎转座子转录活性的影响

转座子在生物基因组中占据重要的组成部分,是基因组中可移动和扩展的重要元件,其转座活性受外界环境因子调控。为了探讨环境应激对基因组转座子表达活性的影响,用环境污染物二噁英(TCDD)和重金属Cu~(2+)或Cd~(2+)处理斑马鱼早期胚胎,通过荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)比较处理前后9种结构完整的转座子转录活性变化,这9种转座子分别是DNA转座子Tc1家族的Tc-a、Tc-b、Tc-c、Tc-d、Tc-e,反转录转座子病毒家族ZB-ERV-1、ZB-ERV-2、反转录转座子LINE家族L1-323和L1-21。结果发现,TCDD使8个转座子转录活性明显下调,1个转座子显著上调;Cu~(2+)导致7个转座子上调,2个显著下调;Cd~(2+)导致6个转座子上调,3个显著下调。研究表明,斑马鱼转座子转录活性受环境因素影响显著,环境胁迫可能是转座子活性变化的原因之一。本研究对了解和评估环境因子对鱼类转座子活性的影响作用具有重要的意义,为进一步研究生物基因组的进化机制提供参考。     

Molecular cloning and expression of caspase-3 in the protandrous cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus, during sex change

The caspase-3 appears to be a key protease in the apoptotic pathway. We identified caspase-3 complementary DNAs from the ovaries of the protandrous cinnamon clownfish (Amphiprion melanopus), and investigated its mRNA and proteins, and activity levels during the sex change (I, mature male; II, male at 90 days after removing of the female; and III, mature female). The nucleotide sequence of the caspase-3 cDNA was 969 base pairs in length with open reading frames encoding peptides of 282 amino acids. The caspase-3 mRNA and protein, and activity levels in stages of the mature gonad are higher than those of the development gonad stage. To understand the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on gonad apoptosis, we examined expression of genes caspase-3 mRNA and activity level in immature cinnamon clownfish gonads after GnRH analogue (GnRHa). The findings support the hypothesis that caspase-3 expression is associated with both testicular and ovarian development, and suggests that it may play a role in the control of ovarian development in cinnamon clownfish. Also, we demonstrate that GnRH agonists stimulate caspase-3 production which can in turn stimulate apoptosis. The present study provides a framework for better understanding of the role of caspase-3 during sex change processes in fish.     

Effect of temperature decrease on hemocyte apoptosis of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study investigated the effect of continuous temperature decrease on hemocyte apoptosis of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In the stress group, water temperature decreased from 26 to 17 °C at a rate of 1 °C/h. Shrimp kept at 26 ± 0.5 °C were used as control group. Total hemocyte count (THC), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytoplasmic free-Ca²⁺ (CF-Ca²⁺) concentration, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptotic cell ratio, and caspase-3 activity of L. vannamei hemocytes were determined when water temperature decreased to 23, 20, and 17 °C, respectively. Increased ROS production in hemocytes was observed when water temperature decreased to 20 and 17 °C. Decreased THC and cellular MMP, increased CF-Ca²⁺ concentration, apoptotic cell ratio, and caspase-3 activity were shown when water temperature decreased to 17 °C. These results indicate that water temperature decrease can induce oxidative stress on shrimp hemocytes and then cause mitochondria and caspase-3 mediated hemocyte apoptosis and THC reduction, when water temperature decreased to an unconformable level.     

Characterization of apoptosis induced by grouper iridovirus in two newly established cell lines from barramundi,Lates calcarifer (Bloch)

Two new cell lines have been established from the muscle and swim bladder tissues of barramundi, Lates calcarifer, and designated as BM (barramundi muscle) and BSB (barramundi swimbladder), respectively. The cells multiplied well at 28 °C in Leibovitz’s L‐15 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, and have been continuously subcultured more than 100 times to date. Morphologically, BM cells were mostly fibroblastic, whereas BSB were mostly epithelial. Both cell lines were susceptible to grouper iridovirus (GIV) and displayed characteristics of apoptosis after viral infection. The induction of apoptosis was further assayed in GIV‐infected BM and BSB cells by various methods. The inhibition of cell growth by GIV was demonstrated by MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Morphological observations revealed typical apoptotic features in the infected cells, including cell shrinkage and rounding, chromosome condensation and formation of apoptotic body‐like vesicles. Chromosome fragmentation was detected by DNA laddering and TUNEL assays. Finally, the appearance of phosphotidylserine on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cell membranes was confirmed by annexin V staining. This is the first report of apoptosis induced by GIV in fish cells.     

纳米氧化锌对斑马鱼肠组织的氧化损伤

为探讨纳米氧化锌颗粒(ZnO-NPs)对斑马鱼肠组织的损伤及损伤机理,研究了ZnO-NPs对肠组织结构、抗氧化酶活性及相关凋亡基因表达的影响。将斑马鱼分别暴露于浓度为0、0.05、0.1、5、10、25和50 mg/L的ZnO-NPs水体中,在4、24和96 h时,用比色法测定了肠组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)活性;用实时荧光定量法测定了Bcl-2、Bax、p53和MDM2 mRNA表达水平的变化;在第7、15和30天时用H.E染色技术观察了肠组织解剖结构变化。与对照组相比,实验组结果显示:斑马鱼肠中的MDA含量均高于对照组;随着时间的延长,组织中GSH-PX和GST活性呈先升高后下降的趋势;肠组织中Bax/Bcl-2和p53的mRNA的表达量均升高,而MDM2的mRNA表达量则随着时间的延长和浓度的增加表现为先降低后升高;H.E染色观察到肠组织结构发生变化,表现为杯状细胞增多,肿胀变形,部分细胞质空泡化,肠中淋巴细胞增多,肠绒毛侵蚀变形,且有时间和浓度依赖性。结果表明:ZnO-NPs能诱导斑马鱼肠组织产生氧化应激作用,使组织中抗氧化酶活性发生变化,诱导肠中细胞凋亡相关基因的表达,并且能对肠组织结构造成损伤。     

UVB辐射导致斑马鱼早期胚胎发育异常和DNA损伤的初步研究

为研究UVB辐射对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)早期胚胎发育的影响,采用波长302nm,强度分别为120、240、310、420μW/cm2的UVB照射斑马鱼早期发育阶段的胚胎,照射时间分别为1、3、5、10min,用于研究UVB照射对形态学及DNA损伤的影响;将原肠期、体节期胚胎及孵化后2d仔鱼经UVB照射,设立未经UVB照射组为对照组,观察记录UVB照射后胚胎发育情况,统计死亡率、畸形率;应用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术检测不同UVB照射条件对DNA损伤的影响。结果表明:(1)UVB照射对斑马鱼早期胚胎发育形态有明显的影响,能够造成尾部弯曲、围心腔扩大、脊柱扭曲等多种畸形甚至死亡;(2)在检测UVB照射与DNA损伤的关系时,发现UVB照射对胚胎细胞中的DNA能够产生比较明显的损伤,且DNA损伤随照射强度的增加和照射时间的延长而加剧。在所研究的3个发育阶段中,原肠胚受损最为严重,但未发现明显的剂量累积效应。结论认为,UVB照射对斑马鱼早期胚胎发育有明显影响,不同的照射强度和时间造成的影响差异显著;不同发育阶段的斑马鱼胚胎对UVB照射的耐受程度也不同。     

Electric ultrafreezer (− 150 °C) as an alternative for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation and storage

Zebrafish sperm cryopreservation is a fundamental methodology to manage and back-up valuable genetic resources like transgenic and mutant strains. Cryopreservation usually requires liquid nitrogen for storage, which is expensive and hazardous. Our objective was to evaluate if electric ultrafreezers (??150 °C) are a viable alternative for zebrafish sperm storage. Zebrafish sperm was cryopreserved in the same conditions (??20 °C/min), stored either in liquid nitrogen or in an ultrafreezer, and thawed after 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Sperm motility, membrane integrity, and fertilization ability were assessed. There were no significant differences in motility and hatching rate throughout storage time. Additionally, we aimed at understanding if cryopreservation directly in an ultrafreezer (??66 °C/min) could improve post-thaw sperm quality. Freezing at ??20 °C/min was performed as before, and compared to samples cryopreserved with a fast cooling rate by placing directly in an ultrafreezer (??66 °C/min). Sperm quality was assessed according to motility, viability, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis (annexin V). The ??66 °C/min cooling rate showed significantly higher membrane and DNA integrity, and lower number of cells in late apoptosis in comparison to the other treatments. This study showed that zebrafish sperm cryopreservation and storage in an ultrafreezer system is possible and a fast cooling rate directly in ultrafreezer improves post-thaw sperm quality.     

龙须菜多糖对肺癌细胞增殖能力及形态的影响

为了探讨龙须菜多糖（PGL）对肺癌细胞增殖活力的抑制作用及其形态学的影响,将不同浓度的PGL分别作用24、48、72h于肺癌A549细胞,采用CCK-8和台盼兰拒染法检测PGL对细胞增殖活力及生长的抑制作用,计算死亡细胞数及细胞存活率;相差显微镜和DAPI染色观察PGL对肺癌细胞的形态学影响;AnnexinV-FITC/PI双染法和流式细胞术检测PGL对细胞凋亡的作用。结果显示,随PGL作用浓度及时间的增加,细胞增殖能力及存活率逐渐降低,抑制率逐渐增加,以50 g/mL 作用72 h 最为显著（P<0.01）。细胞形态发生不规则改变,接触生长状态减少,数量减少,细胞核受到损伤,细胞发生凋亡,72h后上述改变更为明显。研究表明,PGL能够抑制肺癌细胞增殖能力、降低细胞活力、改变细胞形态、诱导细胞凋亡,且具有时间—浓度的依赖性;龙须菜的抗肿瘤活性是多种机制共同作用的结果。     

斑马鱼BLT1-like基因的克隆和表达分析

利用RACE技术克隆得到了斑马鱼(Danio rerio)白三烯B4受体样(BLT1-like)基因BLT1-like1和BLT1-like2的全长cDNA序列,其分别编码339和356个氨基酸。序列和结构分析发现,其编码的两个蛋白均属于G蛋白偶联受体家族视紫红质蛋白亚族,并具有典型的G蛋白偶联受体的特征,与人的BLT1同源度达31%以上。进一步将两基因与绿色荧光蛋白融合表达,发现其具有较好的细胞膜定位功能;Western印迹检测也证实,重组表达细胞的全细胞蛋白可与人源BLT1的多克隆抗体发生特异性相互作用。此外,荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,在斑马鱼幼鱼发育过程中,BLT1-like1基因在胚胎发育12 h显著上调,mRNA表达量上升至1 h的18倍,而BLT1-like2基因在胚胎发育24 h发生显著上调,表达量上升至1 h的34倍;而在斑马鱼成鱼中两个基因在心脏和肝脏中表达量相对较高,而肠、皮和眼睛中表达量相对较低。本研究的结果说明斑马鱼中可能存在多个BLT1基因,并为鱼类BLT1基因的克隆和功能鉴定提供基础。     

Assessment of spermatogenesis and plasma sex steroids in a seasonal breeding teleost: a comparative study in an area of influence of a tributary, downstream from a hydroelectric power dam, Brazil

River damming and building of hydroelectric power plants interrupt the reproductive migration routes and change the major physicochemical parameters of water quality, with drastic consequences for populations of migratory fishes. The goal of this study was to evaluate proliferation and cell death during spermatogenesis and serum profiles of sex steroids in Prochilodus argenteus, from the S?o Francisco River, downstream from the Três Marias Dam. A total of 257 adult males were caught quarterly during a reproductive cycle in two sites: the first 34?km of the river after the dam (site 1) and the second 34–54?km after the dam (site 2), after the confluence with a tributary, the Abaeté River. Seasonal changes in the testicular activity associated with morphometric analyses of germ cells as well as proliferation and testicular apoptosis support a more active spermatogenesis in fish from site 2, where higher levels of sex steroids and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were also found. In site 1, fish presented low serum levels of testosterone, 17β-estradiol and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and a low GSI during gonadal maturation. Spermatogonial proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (TUNEL) were more elevated in fish from site 1, but spermatocytes were mainly labelled in fish from site 2. Overall, these data demonstrate changes in testicular activity and plasma sex steroids in a neotropical teleost fish living downstream from a hydroelectric dam, supplying new data on fish reproduction in regulated rivers. Moreover, morphometric analyses associated with sex steroids profiles provide reliable tools to assess fish spermatogenesis under environmental stress conditions.     

Affinity isolation and mass spectral analysis of 1,10-phenanthroline (OP)-stimulated UV-damaged-DNA binding proteins expressed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Our earlier studies indicated the high expression of a UV-damaged-DNA binding activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at 12?h postfertilization (hpf). Two 30- to 35-kDa polypeptides homologous to the N-terminal lipovitellin 1 (Lv1) domain of the 150-kDa zebrafish vitellogenin 1 (zfVg1) were identified as the damage recognition factors in zebrafish extracts, and the metal-chelating agent 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) was found to inhibit the embryonic UV-damaged-DNA binding activity. This study further explored the DNA damage-sensing components in 12 hpf zebrafish extracts. UV-damaged-DNA binding proteins were enriched from zebrafish extracts by isoelectrofocusing. Both OP-sensitive and OP-stimulated, UV-damaged-DNA binding activities were detected in fractionated zebrafish extracts. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins captured by an immobilized oligonucleotide carrying a UV-induced (6-4)photoproduct (6-4PP) revealed a 25-kDa polypeptide as the major 6-4PP-binding factor in an OP-stimulated fraction. Three 25-kDa factors that bound weakly to 6-4PPs were also isolated. The four polypeptides having pIs between 7.0 and 7.3 were unreactive to an anti-zfVg1 antibody targeting the Lv1 domain. Mass spectral analysis showed the appearance of amino acid sequences LPIIVTTYAK and IPEITMSK in all 25-kDa polypeptides and sequences exactly matching those contained in the four factors exist only in the C-terminal Lv2 domain of zfVg1, reflecting the origination of these factors from enzymatic cleavage of the Lv2 domain at slightly different positions. The OP-stimulated fraction produced a much stronger UV-dependent DNA incision activity in the presence than in the absence of OP, suggesting the association of these factors with DNA damage repair under metal-deficient conditions.     

Molecular and immune response characterizations of a novel Bax inhibitor-1 gene in pufferfish, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Takifugu obscurus</Emphasis>

Apoptosis plays a crucial role in many biological processes, including development, cellular homeostasis, and immune responses. Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) is an anti-apoptotic protein that protects cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. In this study, a BI-1 gene from the pufferfish Takifugu obscurus (Pf-BI-1) was identified and characterized. The full length of Pf-BI-1 cDNA was 1387 bp, including a 5′-UTR of 82 bp, a 3′-UTR of 591 bp containing a poly-(A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 714 bp that encodes a polypeptide of 237 amino acids. Pf-BI-1 was ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression levels in the blood, brain, and gill. The expression of Pf-BI-1 was up-regulated in a time-dependent manner after heat shock stress, ammonia stress, and bacterial challenge. Intracellular localization revealed that Pf-BI-1 was primarily localized in the cell cytoplasm. Furthermore, over-expression of Pf-BI-1 could active NF-кB reporter genes in HeLa cells. These results indicated that Pf-BI-1 may be involved in the apoptosis and immunity process against ambient stressors in pufferfish.