果蔬采后酶促褐变机理及控制方法研究进展

酶促褐变是导致果蔬贮藏、加工过程中外观品质、营养价值降低和货架期缩短的重要原因之一。该研究综述了果蔬采后酶促褐变机理、酶促褐变的物质条件以及控制酶促褐变的化学和物理方法,以期为果蔬采后贮藏保鲜提供参考依据。     

果蔬植物中的多酚氧化酶

果蔬食品在加工及贮藏过程中的褐变反应是生产上存在的重要问题之一,而褐变的原因有非酶性的和酶性的,多酚氧化酶是引起食品酶促褐变的主要酶类,因此研究多酚氧化酶的特性对制定食品的加工与保藏工艺有非常重要的意义.     

果蔬酶促褐变的防止方法

许多果蔬在加工过程中及加工制品贮藏期间,会产生各种变色现象。如苹果、香蕉和马铃薯去皮后表面的褐变,果汁、果酒的褐变等等。变色的主要原因是多酚氧化酶催化多酚类底物所引起的氧化反应,由这类反应所引起的变色现象称之为酶促褐变。果蔬变色后,不仅影响加工制品的外观品质,而且影响其风味和营养价值的发挥。所以抑制变色在果蔬贮藏和加工上具有重要意义。     

基于主成分分析和隶属函数法对不同马铃薯酶促褐变评价

褐变是影响马铃薯加工业快速发展的一个限制因素,褐变评价对抗褐变马铃薯品种选育及马铃薯鲜切加工发展具有重要意义。以45个马铃薯品种作为试验材料,对10个酶促褐变相关指标进行测定,再结合相关性分析、主成分分析、隶属函数和聚类分析进行综合评价。结果表明,可以通过鲜薯切片0 h和6 h亮度值、褐变强度（BD）初始值和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性4个指标进行马铃薯酶促褐变的鉴定评价;根据抗酶促褐变能力将45个马铃薯品种分为5种类型,其中高抗酶促褐变材料5份、抗酶促褐变材料9份、中度酶促褐变材料18份、易酶促褐变材料9份和极易酶促褐变材料4份。     

乙醇对鲜切果蔬抗氧化活性及品质变化影响的研究进展

鲜切果蔬由于受到人为鲜切加工造成的机械损伤,诱导果蔬组织发生加速代谢、酶促褐变以及品质劣变等变化。乙醇作为一种安全绿色保鲜剂(GRAS),可调控采后果蔬生理生化反应与代谢过程,在采后果蔬保鲜中广泛应用,如延缓果蔬成熟、降低果蔬褐变程度等。研究表明,乙醇处理能够调控鲜切果蔬组织中的苯丙烷代谢、抗坏血酸代谢以及谷胱甘肽代谢等生理过程,进而诱导酚类物质、抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽等具有抗氧化活性的代谢产物的生产,从而提高鲜切果蔬的抗氧化活性,保持良好的生理品质,有效延长鲜切果蔬的贮藏期。综述了乙醇处理对鲜切果蔬抗氧化活性及品质变化影响的研究进展,为鲜切果蔬的加工与保鲜研究提供理论参考。     

采后桃果实酶促褐变机理的研究进展

桃是典型的呼吸跃变型果实,成熟于高温盛夏季节且采收后后熟迅速,一般采后5～7d就开始出现果肉褐变的现象,严重降低了果实的品质和经济价值。国内外对果实酶促褐变机理进行了广泛的研究,果实褐变现象主要是由多酚氧化酶(PPO)作用于天然底物酚类物质所导致的。通过文献分析,理清采后桃果实褐变的研究范畴和热点,本研究主要从采后酶促褐变机理、褐变底物、贮藏期间酚类底物含量的变化及延缓采后桃果实褐变的措施等方面进行了综述;发现采后桃果实褐变底物的化学结构鉴定研究缺乏系统的研究,今后仍需加强有关采后桃果肉酶促褐变底物种类及其化学结构鉴定、贮藏褐变期间酚类底物含量的变化趋势等方面的研究,为完善采后桃果实的酶促褐变机理提供理论依据。     

果蔬褐变抑制机理研究进展

食品加工和贮藏过程中尤其是水果和蔬菜加工中的褐变导致的色泽、香味的变化均会降低产品的感官特性,因此,控制褐变对保持果蔬品质是十分必要的.现着重对抑制褐变的物理方法和利用有机酸、络合剂、亚硫酸盐或硫酸盐、己基间苯二酚、巯基化合物、蜂蜜等化学试剂进行的化学方法作以综述,以期为果蔬褐变机理的更深入研究提供有益参考.     

鲜切果蔬物理防褐保鲜的研究进展

综述了鲜切果蔬的褐变机理和11种物理防褐变技术研究现状.从褐变机制的深入研究和多种处理方法协同作用防褐变2个方面进行了展望,以期为鲜切果蔬防褐变的研究和应用提供参考.     

砂梨果肉褐变与酚类物质及相关酶活性的相关分析

【目的】为了探明砂梨褐变的内在机制,为砂梨贮藏与加工过程中品种选择和褐变控制提供理论依据,【方法】以11个砂梨品种的成熟果实为试材,测定总酚与酚类物质组成及含量、GSH含量、PPO、SOD、CAT、PAL、POD酶活性等相关指标。【结果】结果表明,不同品种酶促褐变程度有很大差别,‘新兴’和‘早生黄金’褐变较重,而‘秋黄’和‘丰水’较轻。绿原酸、儿茶素、芦丁和没食子酸是梨果肉中含量较高的酚类物质。总酚含量与果实褐变度相关性最高,绿原酸次之,儿茶素最低。【结论】梨果肉褐变相关酶活性与酚类物质组分及含量对其酶促褐变的影响程度因品种不同而存在差异。梨果肉酶促褐变与总酚和绿原酸含量的相关度高于与酶类的相关度。     

石榴采后果皮褐变影响因子的研究

【目的】针对白皮石榴采后果皮褐变严重的问题,明确其采后果皮褐变的机制。【方法】以‘白花玉石籽’为材料,研究贮藏期间果皮褐变指数及相关生理生化指标的变化。【结果】贮藏过程中,果皮失重率及褐变指数随着贮藏时间的延长而逐渐增加。非酶促褐变指标还原糖和氨基酸态氮与褐变程度有显著相关性。还原糖呈先下降后小幅上升趋势;氨基酸态氮含量呈逐步降低的趋势;而5-HMF含量总体呈上升趋势。酶促褐变指标酚类底物、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性变化与褐变指数呈极显著相关。PPO活性持续下降;总酚含量先下降,然后随着褐变的发生而上升。果皮褐变过程也伴随着细胞渗透物的外渗和组织的衰老。与褐变指数的相关性分析表明,果皮褐变指数分别与失重率及还原糖、总酚、MDA含量呈显著正相关,与氨基酸态氮、PPO活性则呈极显著负相关。【结论】采后石榴果皮褐变既有酶促褐变也有非酶促褐变。     

■生长发育过程中和受机械损伤后PPO基因的表达

从■(Prunus salicina Lindl.var.cordataJ.Y.Zhang et al.)成熟叶片均一化全长cDNA文库中新分离得到了1个PPO基因,命名为PsPPO2,基因登录号为JF681036.1。经NCBI-BLAST分析,其核苷酸序列与蔷薇科果树中的河北鸭梨和富士苹果果实的PPO基因具有很高的同源性,分别为81%和80%;与作者先前分离克隆的PsPPO1和PsPPO3基因同源性分别为55%和56%,说明此克隆是PPO基因家族的新成员。通过RT-PCR分析,PsPPO1、PsPPO2和PsPPO这3个基因在■不同生长发育时期和果实受损伤后的表达模式。在叶片发育过程中,PsPPO2表达量都很高;PsPPO1在嫩芽和幼叶中表达;PsPPO3只在嫩芽中表达;在果实发育的不同时期,PsPPO2和PsPPO3在早期表达,随着果实成熟表达量下降,PsPPO1在褐变果中表达量较高。受机械损伤后,PsPPO1受诱导,而PsPPO2和PsPPO3不受诱导。     

不同丝瓜品种褐变相关基因的表达分析

以7种不同丝瓜品种为试验材料,对采后丝瓜果实进行褐变鉴定,测定多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及相关基因的表达量。结果表明:"苏丝3号""苏丝6号""苏丝7号"属于抗褐变品种;"苏丝4号""苏丝5号""苏丝10号"属于耐褐变品种;"苏丝8号"属于严重褐变。从褐变酶POD和PPO变化来看,"苏丝8号"POD活性高达456.7 U·mg-1,抗褐变品种"苏丝3号""苏丝6号""苏丝7号"POD活性均在250 U·mg-1。"苏丝8号"PPO活性为68.2 U·mg-1,"苏丝3号"PPO活性最小,低至25.2 U·mg-1。从褐变基因的变化来看,"苏丝8号"在LcPOD家族基因表达中均高于对照"苏丝3号",其中LcPOD3基因表达量高达5.23,是对照的5倍以上,其它的丝瓜品种LcPOD3基因变化不显著。褐变品种"苏丝8号"在LcPPO基因家族中上调显著,表明"苏丝8号"果实褐变时促进LcPPO基因家族的表达,从而转录翻译成PPO加快果实的褐变。与对照相比,丝瓜褐变基因LCWRKY在"苏丝8号"中上调显著,表明其参与了丝瓜果实采后褐变。其它丝瓜品种LCWRKY上调不显著。     

苹果果实酶促褐变底物及多酚氧化酶活性的研究

 以5个苹果品种为试材，研究了果实的褐变度，绿原酸、儿茶素和表儿茶素含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)对不同底物的活性。结果表明，‘富士’果实褐变度最高，其次为‘新红星’，‘金冠’最低。3种酚类物质总量新红星和富士最高，金冠最低。儿茶素仅在‘乔纳金’和金冠果实中检测到少量。富士果实绿原酸含量显著高于表儿茶素，新红星和‘王林’表儿茶素含量显著高于绿原酸。以绿原酸为底物，PPO活性新红星最高，其次是富士和金冠，王林最低。以表儿茶素为底物，富士、乔纳金和王林PP0活性显著高于金冠和新红星。以儿茶素为底物，王林PPO活性最高，其次是富士，新红星最低。     

Polyphenoloxidase activity during ripening and chilling stress in ‘Manila’ mangoes

Summary

‘Manila’ mangoes were stored at 6 or 12°C, while a control lot was ripened at 258C. Polyphenoloxidase activity was measured in pulp and peel of mangoes during normal ripening and chilling-stress conditions. Compositional parameters (textural hardness, pH, acidity, and soluble solids) were monitored during ripening and chilling injury (CI) was assessed by visual inspection. PPO activity increased in refrigerated mangoes but fruit stored at 6°C displayed greater activity than those stored at 12°C. Both temperatures produced a peak in enzyme activity at day 16 of storage. Peel browning and acidity correlated with PPO activity (r.=.0.9073 and 0.9818) at 6°C. After the PPO peak was observed at day 16, refrigerated mangoes showed lower enzyme activities; however external browning became more pronounced.     

霜疫病菌侵染对荔枝果实生理变化的影响

测定了荔枝果实人工接种霜疫病菌后呼吸速率、乙烯释放量的变化和果皮中氧化、过氧化作用以及与酚类氧化有关的几种酶活性的变化。结果表明,接种霜疫病菌的荔枝果实呼吸速率和乙烯释放量显著增高,果皮中活性氧(O2-)产生速率和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化物酶(PPO)活性增高。这是霜疫病加速采收后荔枝果实衰老、褐变、腐烂的重要原因之一。     

不同温度和CO_2体积分数对丰水梨采后生理指标的影响

为明确丰水梨采后适宜的贮藏温度和CO2体积分数,从果实硬度、膜透性、乙醇质量分数、总酚质量分数、PG活性、PPO活性及果心褐变等方面研究了不同温度和CO2体积分数对丰水梨果实的防褐保鲜效果。结果表明,-1.5℃明显降低果实腐烂率,维持较高的果实硬度,但果实发生不同程度冷害;5℃适合短期贮藏(<60d)。与CK相比,3%O2+1%CO2可较好保持果实硬度和风味,明显抑制PPO活性、乙醇产生和果心褐变,延缓酚类物质降解,较好保持细胞膜完整性;2%CO2防褐保鲜效果次之;3%～5%CO2防褐保鲜效果最差。     

红辣椒晾晒过程中褐变的原因

选用龙椒8号和益都红两个品种,从病理学、植物生理生化和植物营养等方面初步探讨了晾晒过程中褐果产生的原因,以期有助于进一步研究褐变的防治方法。试验结果表明,黑龙江省红辣椒晾晒过程中褐变果的主要原因是瓜果腐霉菌和辣椒疫霉菌的侵入以及果肉局部受伤(机械损伤),造成多酚氧化物酶的活性增高,导致醌类物质积累产生褐变。此外,成熟度、机械损伤及PPO和POD的活性等也对褐变率有一定影响。     

Variations in contents of (−)-epicatechin and activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase and polyphenol oxidase of longan fruit during development

Longan fruit has attracted much attention by consumers over the world due to the unique sweet–sour taste. However, the fruit brown rapidly at ambient temperature during storage, due to enzyme-catalyzed reaction of phenolics. Experiments were conducted to understand the variations in the levels of total phenolics and (−)-epicatechin as a major substrate for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in pericarp tissue of longan fruit during development. The activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and PPO, involved in the synthesis and oxidation of (−)-epicatechin, respectively, during longan fruit development were also measured. During fruit development, the content of total phenolics decreased rapidly and then increased while the content of (−)-epicatechin tended to decrease. Both PAL and PPO activities decreased rapidly at the early fruit development and increased later but the increase of the former appeared was 10 days earlier than the latter. Thus, the level of (−)-epicatechin depended largely on PAL activity but it could involve the conversion of (−)-epicatechin into other flavonoids. This study could help develop appropriate preharvest treatments to control pericarp browning of harvested longan fruit by understanding the variation in the level of the major browning substrate during development.     

Variations in contents of browning substrates and activities of some related enzymes during litchi fruit development

Pericarp browning is a major factor to limit storage and transportation of postharvest litchi fruit. Experiments were conducted firstly to determine variations in contents of browning substrate (−)-epicatechin in pericarp tissues of litchi fruit during development. Changes in the activities of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) in association with the synthesis or oxidation of (−)-epicatechin were also examined. (−)-Epicatechin content tended to decrease during fruit development. PAL activity had a high level at the initial stage of fruit development, then decreased rapidly, and finally increased slightly, which was in agreement with the variation in (−)-epicatechin content. The higher contents of total phenolics and (−)-epicatechin of fruit of ‘Nuomici’ than ‘Feizixiao’ were also related to the higher PAL activity. PPO had a similar change to PAL in activity, but POD activity slowly decreased at the early fruit development and then increased markedly. It is suggested that (−)-epicatechin content might be largely regulated by PAL activity. This study could help to understand the variations in the content of the browning substrate and the activities of some substrate-related enzymes of litchi fruit during development and then control better pericarp browning of harvested litchi fruit by the application of appropriate preharvest treatments.