杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用对猕猴桃橘小实蝇的诱捕效果

研究了2018—2019年贵州猕猴桃上的橘小实蝇发生规律、趋光行为、不同诱集方法包括杀虫灯,引诱剂及杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用对橘小实蝇成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明,7—9月为橘小实蝇的盛发期,其对540 nm的绿色光波有明显趋性。杀虫灯、诱捕器及其组合使用对橘小实蝇均有诱杀效果。其中,杀虫灯平均诱虫量为31头/诱捕器;甲基丁香酚实蝇诱捕剂平均诱虫量为201.67头/诱捕器,与其他引诱剂差异显著;杀虫灯与甲基丁香酚实蝇诱捕剂组合使用的平均诱虫量为509.67头/诱捕器,诱捕效果显著优于其他处理。杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用可显著提高橘小实蝇成虫诱捕总量。     

黄绿色球形诱捕器诱杀柑橘大实蝇技术应用效果

本试验利用球形诱捕器进行柑橘大实蝇成虫诱杀,以食物诱剂为对照,比较诱杀成虫数及虫果率,以评价其防效。结果表明,在成虫发生期,球形诱捕器共诱杀5 991头成虫(雌虫2 884头、雄虫3 107头),食物诱剂诱杀总数为1 859头(雌虫942头、雄虫917头)。两种诱杀方式均能有效诱杀雌雄成虫,雌雄比值分别为0.93和1.03;两种防控措施防治后虫果率分别为2.7%(球形诱捕器)和6.2%(食物诱饵),未采取任何措施的对照组虫果率为28.6%。说明两种防治措施均能显著降低虫果率,且球形诱捕器诱杀效果更好。     

不同诱捕器对蓝莓园斑翅果蝇的诱杀效果

用多功能房屋诱捕器、球形诱捕器、矿泉水瓶诱捕器、黄板喷粘-TT等对蓝莓园斑翅果蝇进行诱杀试验,以应用于生产。试验结果表明,不同诱捕器诱虫量差异极大,多功能房屋诱捕器+果瑞特实蝇诱杀剂对斑翅果蝇的诱虫效果最好,平均每个屋诱虫400.1头;多功能房屋诱捕器+害虫科普惠农饵料诱虫量居第二位,平均每个屋诱虫257.5头;球形诱捕器诱虫量居第三位,平均每个球诱虫量111.3头;瓶制诱捕器+实蝇诱杀剂、瓶制诱捕器+害虫饵料、黄板喷粘-TT诱虫量较少,分别为25头、16.5头和4.5头。多功能房屋诱捕器+果瑞特实蝇诱杀剂诱虫效果好,对环境和蓝霉无污染,且不受多雨天气的影响,可用于蓝莓园斑翅果蝇的绿色防控。     

应用性诱剂诱捕甘薯象的初步研究

应用性诱剂诱捕甘薯象的结果表明,平均每个诱捕器年诱雄成虫４１２４头,最多年诱虫１０６９７头。系统诱捕可展示田间成虫消长情况,诱捕区甘薯蔓生长点受害率降低１０．０％～２９．３％;薯块被害率减少８．５％～１０．１％。方法简便,省工省时,无公害。     

性诱剂诱杀蔬菜甜菜夜蛾试验效果初报

制作不同的诱捕器和使用不同数量的性诱剂诱芯(1、2、3个)诱杀甜菜夜蛾成虫。从中筛选出水盆诱捕器和1个性诱剂诱芯的诱杀甜菜夜蛾成虫效果最好．累计诱蛾量l枚诱芯为1145头、是2枚诱芯(707头)的1．6倍，是3枚诱芯的(460头)2．5倍：性诱区卵块数量明显低于对照区2．75倍。     

桃小食心虫成虫种群动态监测与防治指标

为明确桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura成虫的种群动态变化,2002—2014年在陕西省礼泉县当地具有代表性的苹果园中,采用性诱剂诱捕器对桃小食心虫成虫的种群动态进行系统监测,并于2010年和2011年的7—8月桃小食心虫成虫盛发期,系统调查了成虫发生量与苹果着卵量的关系,建立基于性诱剂监测的桃小食心虫成虫防治指标。结果显示,苹果园桃小食心虫成虫的种群动态、始见期和终见期在年度之间差异很大,每年主要集中在6—8月发生;桃小食心虫成虫每年出现多次无规律的高峰,但第1代成虫高峰期发生的早晚与越冬代成虫高峰期出现的早晚有密切联系,即越冬代成虫高峰期出现早,则第1代成虫高峰期出现也就相对较早,且越冬代成虫发生量明显多于第1代成虫。性诱剂诱捕的成虫与卵果率之间呈极显著的对数关系,当以卵果率1%或2%为防治指标时,性诱剂诱捕器诱蛾量为8.3头/诱捕器·日或30.0头/诱捕器·日。     

悬挂诱捕器对斜纹夜蛾的诱捕效果

将害蛾诱捕器内置放斜纹夜蛾性信息素诱芯,悬挂在芋头、茄子、粉葛、瓜娄(别名天花粉)、西瓜、红薯等作物上,对斜纹夜蛾雄成虫有很好的诱捕效果,不同作物上诱捕到的成虫数量有较大差别,统计50d诱捕成虫量,在芋头上诱捕的成虫最多,共捕1128头(其中雌成虫22头),15d后对处理区幼虫的防效为78.06%;在茄子上诱捕到成虫828头(其中雌成虫18头),25d后对处理区幼虫的防效为76.76%;在粉葛上诱捕到成虫645头;在瓜娄上诱捕到成虫374头;在西瓜上诱捕到成虫301头;在红薯上诱捕到成虫188头,是生产无公害农产品的新技术.     

利用性诱预测甘蔗二点螟虫情

甘蔗二点螟Chilo infuscatellus(Sne-llen)成虫趋光性弱,用灯诱法预测虫情效果不大,我们于1975年开始试用性外激素粗提物作虫情测报,指导大田防治的研究,结果如下: 雌娥性外激素活性:用水盆式诱捕器,每个诱捕器放未交配活雌蛾一头,于晚上进行田间诱捕,共77次,593盆,总诱雄量2040头,平均诱捕率52.5％,诱雄量3.4头/     

一种简便式棉铃虫性诱捕器在北疆棉区的应用效果

2016—2017年,在新疆乌苏市推广应用棉铃虫成虫诱捕器,比较QS-1湿式诱捕器和干式诱捕器综合效果。结果表明,单个QS-1湿式诱捕器的诱蛾量是干式诱捕器的1.2倍,应用QS-1湿式诱捕器的试验区棉铃虫百株卵量较化学防治对照区低38.09%,干式诱捕器试验区百株卵量较化学防治对照区低22.58%。应用QS-1湿式诱捕器可减少化学防控3次,成本低廉,生态效益和社会效益明显。     

两种绿色防控技术对亚洲玉米螟的田间防效测定

通过田间投放赤眼蜂蜂卡和性诱利试验,对玉米螟卯寄生率、成虫诱捕数量和防治效果等进行了测定与评价,以确定适合四川省生产实际的玉米螟绿色防控技术。结果表明:赤眼蜂平均寄生率、平均校正寄生率兮别为47.6%、48.5%;单个诱捕器平均最高诱捕虫量13.5头,最低1.7头;赤眼蜂蜂卡和性诱剂防治技术对玉米螟的平均相对防效分别为75.71%和79.58%。说明采用赤眼蜂蜂卡和玉米螟性信息素能有效控制亚洲玉米螟。     

松墨天牛林间防治试验

松墨天牛[Monochamus alternatus(Hope)]是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介,又是马尾松、黑松、雪松、落叶松、云南松等松类植物的重要害虫。为了控制虫灾探讨有效防治技术,特进行噻虫啉、绿僵菌防治松墨天牛的试验。结果表明:应用噻虫啉和绿僵菌无纺布菌条林间防治松墨天牛均有良好的防治效果,从维护物种多样性和森林健康的角度来看,采用绿僵菌无纺布菌条防治松墨天牛具有更好的发展前景。     

松褐天牛肠道微生物的分离与鉴定

松褐天牛又名松墨天牛,它不但能钻蛀松树,而且成虫还会传播对松树致命的病害——松材线虫病。松褐天牛被列为国际、国内检疫性害虫。松褐天牛身上所携带的松材线虫是我国南方马尾松等松树的重要危害源,其致病能力强、传播速度快、治理难度大。作为松褐天牛寄宿的主要对象——马尾松中缺乏氮素,所以其肠道中存在着能由其他渠道获取氮素的菌群。据研究肠道菌群在营养供给、消化及吸收上起到了至关重要的作用,并通过这种方式影响松褐天牛的生长发育。研究通过涂布法和划线法分离菌落,使用无氮培养基以及生理生化检测的方法,研究松褐天牛幼虫肠道微生物的种类。从因松材线虫病致死的马尾松树干中采集活体松褐天牛幼虫进行人工培养后解剖,将其肠道制成匀浆后利用Ashby无氮培养基筛选出天牛幼虫肠道中的固氮菌,分离纯化,并进行生理生化检测。试验结果与《伯杰细菌鉴定手册(中文第八版)》比照得出从松褐天牛幼虫肠道中提取的菌中有肠杆菌属(Enterobacter Hormaeche and Edwards,1960)、气球菌属(Aerococcus Williams,Hitch and Cowan,1953)、柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter Werkman and Gillen,1932)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia Castellani and Chalmers,1919)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、沙雷氏菌属(SerratiaBizio,1823)、氮单胞菌属(Azomonas Winogradsky,1938)、爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella Ewing and McWhorter,1965),通过研究松褐天牛肠道固氮微生物的菌属可有针对性的寻找抑制其活性的药剂以达到防治虫害的目的。此种方法具有专一、绿色等优点,在杀灭害虫的同时对其他动植物影响小。     

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis). This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78(±0.85) and 1.06(±1.15) m, and the average diameters at breast height(DBH) were 3.21(±1.38) and 2.91(±1.38) cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00(±1.14) and 2.24(±1.20) m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.     

Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies

BACKGROUND: Biological control of phytophagous mites in orchards requires that pesticides used to manage other arthropod pests or diseases are harmless to predacious mites, as these are essential to keep phytophagous mites at non‐injurious population levels. This study evaluates the possible toxic attributes of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, spirodiclofen, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide currently used in western Canadian orchards. RESULTS: None of these pesticides has any ovicidal properties against Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Imidacloprid and acetamiprid were highly toxic to the adults and reduced fecundity significantly. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen were non‐toxic to adults, but they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide were harmless to adults and had no effect on fecundity. All compounds showed some repellence at 24 h intervals for 72 h. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid and acetamiprid are incompatible with IPM programs because they are toxic to adults and negatively affect fecundity. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen need further field evaluation to determine if they are compatible with IPM programs because they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide are harmless to adults, but they are slightly repellent. Therefore, with the exception of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, all these compounds should be field tested for compatibility in an IPM program. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

松材线虫自然侵染后对不同松树组织结构的影响

 利用滑走切片技术从显微水平研究松材线虫（Bursaphelenchus xylophilus）在自然状态下入侵,对马尾松（Pinus massoniana）和黑松（Pinus thunbergii）显微结构的影响。结果表明,马尾松和黑松的组织结构在感病初期即表现出病变特征,并随感病时间推移病变加剧。马尾松在感病初期皮层薄壁细胞开始木质化,伴有细胞破裂并融合成空腔;至感病中期周皮的栓内层细胞、皮层薄壁细胞以及韧皮部薄壁细胞均发生木质化,细胞内含物增多,甚至形成层细胞也发生一定程度的木质化现象,树脂道因周围细胞破裂而变形;至感病晚期,木材以外所有部分完全被木质化、大量细胞破裂。黑松发病症状与马尾松大致相同但发病时间稍晚,发病程度也较轻,这可能是因为两者对松材线虫病的抗性强弱有差异。同一时期的组织病理学特征在空间上也存有差异,这与松材线虫入侵的位置及其在树体内的分布有关。     

Rhizosphere organic phosphorus fractions of Simon poplar and Mongolian pine plantations in a semiarid sandy land of northeastern China

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of rhizosphere organic phosphorus(P) in soil P supply in semiarid forests and the effects of tree species on rihizosphere organic P. We examined organic P fractions in rhizosphere and bulk soils of mono-specific Simon poplar(Populus simonii) and Mongolian pine(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) plantations in a semiarid sandy soil of Horqin Sandy Land in Northeast China. Total organic P(TPo) accounted for 76% of total P across the two stands. The concentration of organic P(Po) fractions decreased in the order of Na OH-Po>Res-Po>HCl-Po>Na HCO3-Po in both plantations. The concentration of Na HCO3-Po was 38% and 43% lower in rhizosphere soil than in bulk soil in Simon poplar and Mongolian pine plantations, respectively. In contrast, total P, TPo and Na OH-Po significantly accumulated in rhizosphere soil in Simon poplar plantations, but no change in Mongolian pine plantations. Soil recalcitrant organic P fractions were positively correlated with soil organic carbon. The results suggest that rhizosphere labile organic P was an important source of plant-available P in this semiarid region, but the dynamic of rhizosphere recalcitrant organic P fractions varied with tree species and was correlated to organic carbon dynamics.     

几种松树松材线虫病木和健木pH值差异的研究

 对江苏、安徽2疫区的黑松、赤松、马尾松、火炬松、湿地松等5个树种松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的病、健木pH值差异性分析结果表明:感病品种黑松、赤松、马尾松病木pH值降低,且差异显著;较抗病的湿地松虽然也降低,但差异不显著;抗病性强的火炬松病木pH值反而高于健木,且差异显著。由此可见,不同松树品种松材线虫病的病、健木pH值的差异性也不同,对松材线虫越敏感和受害越严重的,其病木pH值降低的就越多,与健木pH值差异就越显著。该分析结果初步为我国松材线虫为害比较严重的几种主要松树品种,利用指示剂进行松材线虫病快速检测的可行性提供了一个依据。     

Above- and below-ground biomass and carbon stocks of different tree plantations in central Iran

In arid and semi-arid lands using industrial wastewater for irrigating tree plantations offers a great opportunity to fulfill the purpose of Clean Development Mechanism by sequestering carbon in living tissues as well as in soil. Selection of tree for plantation has a great effect on the goal achievements, especially when the managers deal with afforestation projects rather than reforestation projects. The objective of this study was to quantify the above- and below-ground biomass accumulation and carbon storages of the 17-year-old monoculture plantations of mulberry(Morus alba L.), black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.), Eldar pine(Pinus eldarica Medw.) and Arizona cypress(Cupressus arizonica Greene) planted in central Iran. To assess the potential carbon storage, we destructively measured individual above- and below-ground tree biomass and developed and scaled models at stand level. Furthermore, carbon content at three soil depths(0–15, 15–30, 30–45 cm), the litter and the understory were assessed in sample plots. The results showed that the total amount of carbon stored by Eldar pine(36.8 Mg/hm2) was higher than those stored by the trees in the other three plantations, which were 23.7, 10.0, and 9.6 Mg/hm2 for Arizona cypress, mulberry and black locust plantations, respectively. For all the species, the above-ground biomass accumulations were higher than those of the below-ground. The root mass fractions of the deciduous were larger than those of the coniferous. Accordingly, the results indicate that the potential carbon storages of the coniferous were higher than those of the deciduous in arid regions.     

Molecular epidemiology of white pine blister rust: recombination and spatial distribution

ABSTRACT Multilocus haplotypes (MLHs) were derived for the spermogonial (monokaryotic haploid) stage of Cronartium ribicola, the causal agent of white pine blister rust. Six random amplified polymorphic DNA loci and three single-strand conformational polymorphism markers were analyzed for 246 rust samples collected from two heavily infected white pine plantations. All cankers sampled were spatially located within the plantations. The hypothesis that spores are not locally disseminated was supported by the absence of any spatial clustering in the distribution of the MLHs. A large number of MLHs was found at both sites and the haplotypic diversity was close to the maximum (one) in both populations. All measures of recombination were not different from expectations under a scenario of sexual recombination. Genetic differentiation between the two sites was very low (theta = 0.023), yet it was significantly different from zero (P < 0.01). This analysis is in agreement with a scenario of extensive sexual recombination followed by some long-distance dispersal.     

松褐天牛疫木隔离结合人工释放管氏肿腿蜂防治松材线虫病

为提高天敌昆虫寄生松褐天牛以此控制松材线虫病的效果,本研究采用松褐天牛疫木就地隔离,同时加上人工助放管氏肿腿蜂的方法,开展了控制松材线虫病的试验。结果表明：管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛低龄幼虫的致死率最高达68．50％,对中老龄幼虫的致死率为44．58％。3月和4月释放,松褐天牛死亡率分别为57．11％和65．64％,而5月份释放幼虫死亡率只有14．57％。将疫木劈为4开的情况下时,天牛死亡率最高,达71．33％。单边放蜂,松褐天牛的死亡率最高达67．18％。铁丝网、渔网和聚丙烯布隔离疫木对松材线虫病的发生都有较好的控制效果,其中铁丝网隔离后,健康松树死亡率下降到2．5％,渔网和聚丙烯布隔离后,松树死亡率为12％,均显著低于对照的80％。表明隔离松疫木加上施放管氏肿腿蜂能有效控制松材线虫病流行危害。