规划引导下利津县村庄分类与整治策略

科学开展村庄分类及其整治策略研究是分区分类推进乡村振兴的基础和关键。以山东省利津县为研究区,基于规划约束和村庄自身资源禀赋提出了一套先分区、后分类的顺序递进式村庄类型划分方法体系。首先,依据规划引导和特色资源禀赋将村庄划分为城镇化区、特色历史文化区和一般农村地区;然后,构建村庄空间布局适宜性评价体系,利用Ward系统聚类法对一般农村地区的村庄开展具体类型划分;最后,结合村庄演化方向和资源禀赋、区位特点、社会经济状况,针对城镇化区、特色历史文化区和一般农村地区内的村庄分类结果提出不同的演化分类和整治策略。结果表明:先分区、后分类的顺序递进式划定思路有效落实了城镇开发边界和历史文化保护专项规划对不同演化方向的村庄的空间管控要求;利用Ward系统聚类法进行类型划分,能最大程度体现类型区的区内相似性和区间差异性,分类结果更加科学合理;利津县村庄可划分为城乡融合型(107个)、特色保护型(6个)、集聚发展型(21个)、存续提升型(180个)和搬迁撤并型(198个) 5类,根据村庄类型特征分别提出了不同演化方向下村庄的整治策略和发展建议。本研究成果可为区域乡村振兴战略实施、美丽乡村建设和农村人居环境改善提供理论和方法指导。     

加强土地整理,推进新农村建设

建设社会主义新农村是党中央统筹城乡发展的战略决策,是我国现代化进程中的重大历史任务,也是解决"三农"问题的切入点。土地整理是社会经济发展到一定阶段解决土地利用问题的必然选择,是指在农村区域内,通过行政、经济、法律和技术等手段,对田、水、路、林、村等的综合整治,是新农村建设目标的重点,也是促进新农村建设的重要保障手段。在分析土地整理概念及其对社会主义新农村建设重要作用的基础上,提出了推进新农村建设中我国土地整理的着眼点。     

加快洞庭湖区农机化发展 促进社会主义新农村建设

建设社会主义新农村是我党今后很长一段时期的重大历史任务。新农村建设使洞庭湖区农机化获得了发展良机,而农机化在新农村建设中的地位和作用显著,本文从湖南洞庭湖区新农村建设的要求出发,提出了大力推广水稻生产全程机械化技术,以促进洞庭湖区农村生产发展、农民生活宽裕;坚持依法行政,保障农机安全生产,以促进农村社会和谐,乡风文明;抓好农机部门自身建设,以适应社会主义新农村建设的需求等几项措施。     

Tree planting under customary tenure systems in malawi: impacts of marriage and inheritance patterns

Debates about land tenure throughout Africa, and in Malawi in particular, are central to development strategies. Marriage and inheritance patterns are important aspects of tenure that influence how individuals acquire land and trees thereon. Accordingly, such patterns may influence the management of natural resources, such as trees. Along these lines, policy makers in Malawi have been suggesting that uxorilocal marriage, where the man resides in the woman’s village upon marriage, discourages tree planting. In this study we investigate how marriage and inheritance patterns affect tree-planting behavior by gender in two villages. Results show that tree planting by men may indeed be dissuaded by uxorilocal marriage patterns. Furthermore, tree planting by married women is not necessarily promoted under uxorilocal patterns. Rather, a high incidence of non-married women appears to be associated with increased tree planting by women.     

地权变动下的乡村善治理念与机制创新

城乡统筹背景下农村土地制度变革与乡村治理之间存在紧密的互动关系。乡村治理的关键在于价值理念的选择,应当坚持善治基本理念,追求统筹发展理念下的一体化发展,以人为本理念下的主体性和参与公平法治理念下的和谐性构建。城乡统筹进程中乡镇、村集体、农户和企业在农村土地上的权利和利益是动态性的,这些权利主体之间的相互关系与乡村治理密切关联,应当符合乡村善治的要求。我国乡村治理应当适应多中心参与的趋势,充分发挥不同治理主体的功能,构建自主性的民主自治机制、信任性的经营合作机制和充分性的纠纷协调机制。乡村治理应当以善治理念统帅,与城乡统筹的土地制度创新相协同,以土地有效利用与权利保护为基点,构建多中心参与的多元化的乡村治理机制。      

城镇化背景下农村土地流转现状及发展对策

随着经济发展,我国开始为解决农村劳动力问题进行新型城镇化建设工作,实现新型城镇化建设的最主要载体就是土地,因此在进行新型城镇化建设的过程中,土地流转是必然过程。但是当前土地流转的过程中仍存在一些问题,导致土地流转与新型城镇化建设的发展受到影响。为解决新型城镇化背景下的农村土地流转问题,首先分析了农村土地流转对新型城镇化的重要性,然后指出了农村土地流转存在的问题,最后提出了具有针对性的解决措施,以期对城镇化建设工作有所帮助。     

Patterns and determinants of agricultural systems in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Against the backdrop of environmental degradation and poverty caused by traditional agricultural systems in the mountain regions, this study classified agricultural systems in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh and analyzed their determinants, with the objective of seeking policies for environmentally compatible and economically viable agricultural systems. Information was collected from 36 tribal villages of Bandarban district through household survey, group discussion, observation, key informant interview, and secondary sources. In view of the complex heterogeneity of prevailing agricultural systems in the surveyed villages, systems were classified into three major groups – extensive, semi-extensive and intensive – using cluster analysis. The factors determining these three types of agricultural systems were analyzed using factor analysis. Discriminant analysis was performed to explore the relative influence of these predicted factors. Institutional support, including land tenure, extension services and credit facilities, productive resource base and the distance to the market and service centres were found to be the major factors influencing agricultural systems in the study area. Provision of appropriate institutional support, including a secure system of land tenure, is indispensable for enabling poor mountain farmers to adopt environmentally and economically sound intensive agricultural systems such as plantation, agroforestry and livestock husbandry. Emphasis is also laid on linking mountain regions to other regions through the development of infrastructure such as roads.     

农村农民建房用地申请审批问题与对策——基于云南省腾冲县的农户调查

为了引导农村农民合理建房、促进农村居民点的有序发展、保护和节约耕地,结合笔者在云南省腾冲县芒棒乡实习期间实际参与的农村建房用地申请审批工作内容,对云南省腾冲县农户建房用地申请书样例描述,通过文献研究法、理论分析法和实证调查法,探讨农民建房用地申请审批中常遇到的问题,同时提出具体解决对策的建议。研究结果显示,我国农村农民建房用地申请审批过程存在诸多问题,应通过大力宣传土地法律法规常识、进一步加强和完善村庄规划管理、严格依法审批建房用地管理和加强建房用地纠纷管理等方面着力解决。      

庆阳市农村土地流转现状及建议

随着农业农村现代化的加速发展,当前农业发展逐渐趋向于适度规模化、集约化和高效化经营,农村土地流转成为大势所趋.根据庆阳市农村土地流转现状,分析了农村土地流转所存在的问题,提出了加强土地流转法律宣传、培养新型农业经营主体、健全土地流转市场、完善农业保险制度体系等一系列推进土地高效流转的合理化建议.     

Policy reforms,rice production and sustainable land use in China: A macro–micro analysis

This paper presents a macro–micro analysis of the impact of policy reforms in China on agricultural production, input use and soil quality change for a major rice-producing area, namely Jiangxi province. This is done in three steps. First, a quantitative assessment is made of the impact of market liberalization policies on the economic environment of farm households in Jiangxi province. Econometric analyses based on provincial, national and world market data are used to explain changes in rice and fertilizer prices in Jiangxi province over time. Next, the impact of China’s recent income support policy and latest price trends on farm household choices with respect to activity choice (particularly rice and livestock) and input use (fertilizers, pesticides, manure) is assessed for two villages with different degrees of market access in north-east Jiangxi province. Two village-level general equilibrium models are used to analyse household decision-making and interactions between households within these villages. The parameters are estimated and calibrated from an extensive survey held in these villages in the year 2000. Finally, the impact of land tenure policy on farm management decisions (labour, manure and chemical input use), soil quality (available P and K and total N and C) and rice yields is analysed through an econometric analysis of plot-level data for three villages. Two-stage least squares (2SLS) is used to control for interactions with yields and for feedbacks towards input use. The paper ends with a number of suggestions for policy adjustments that would reduce the problem of natural soil compaction in the research area.     

Targeting rural development interventions: Empirical agent-based modeling in Nigerien villages

The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of development interventions on the population of three Nigerien villages that differ in terms of their agro-ecological, social and economic characteristics. This is performed by simulating the behavior of individuals in an agent-based modeling framework which integrates the village characteristics as well as the family internal rules that condition access to economic and production activities. Villagers are differentiated according to the social and agro-ecological constraints they are subjected to. Two development project interventions are simulated, assuming no land scarcity: increasing the availability of inorganic fertilizers for farmers and an inventory credit technique based on millet grain. Two distinct approaches were used to model the rationale of farmers’ decision making: gains or losses in economic value or gains or losses in within-village “reputation”. Our results show that village populations do not respond en masse to development interventions. Reputation has little effect on the population behavior and should be considered more as a local proxy for wealth amongst villagers, suggesting the monetization of these societies. Populations involve themselves in the two simulated development interventions only at sites where savings are possible. Some level of household food security and investment capacity is actually required to take part in the development interventions, which are largely conditioned by family manpower and size. As long as uncultivated land remains available in the village territory, support for inorganic fertilizers has little impact in the absence of any intensification process. Inventory credit engages a maximum of 25% of the population at the site with medium agro-ecological conditions. Therefore, both interventions should be viewed as a potential support tool for a limited part of the population capable of going beyond the survival level, but not as a generic poverty-alleviation panacea.     

Econometric analysis of the determinants of adoption of rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation technology (RHSIT) in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China

Using a binary logistic regression model, this paper evaluates the determinants of farmers’ decisions to adopt rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation technology (RHSIT) and its elasticity of adoption in the rain-fed farming systems, based on a survey of 218 farmers in the semiarid areas of Loess Plateau in 2005. The results indicate that 12 variables are significant in explaining farmers’ adoption decisions. Farmers’ educational background, active labor force size, contact with extension, participation in the Grain-for-Green project, and positive attitudes towards RHSIT are some of the variables that have significantly positive effects on adoption of RHSIT, while farmer's age and distance from water storage tanks to farmers’ dwellings have significantly negative correlation with adoption. The probability of adoption also increases with increased targeting of institutional variables: credit obtained, assistance obtained, and technical training received. Farmers in villages that have more erosion problems are more likely to adopt RHSIT. Besides, the model indicates that a 1 unit increase in the diversity of irrigated crops grown by a household, especially high-value crops, results in a 6.98 times increase in the probability of RHSIT adoption. Variables such as family size, off-farm activity, level of family income, risk preference, and land tenure do not significantly influence adoption. This information will help prioritize the factors that affect adoption decisions and provide insight on pathways to increase the adoption of RHSIT.     

我国农村土地规模化经营类型和趋势

面对目前我国农村地区土地规模化飞速蓬勃发展的局面,针对我国广大农村地区土地规模化经营的主要类型和发展趋势开展研究,分析我国土地规模化发展的进程和政策,认为1995—2008年是稳步发展阶段,2008—2014年是快速发展阶段,2014年至今是飞速发展阶段。研究了入股、流转和托管这3种主要的土地规模化发展类型的不同内涵和特点,发现土地经营的规模要适度,不宜无限扩大,认为入股类型土地规模一般不宜超过133.3 hm2（约2 000亩）,流转类型土地规模一般不宜超过666.7 hm2（约1万亩）,托管类型土地规模一般不宜超过6 666.7 hm2（约10万亩）。目前我国不同地区之间发展不平衡,研究发现全程托管将是未来发展的主要趋势,同时土地流转和土地托管在相当长一段时间内将共存。      

农户农地流转意愿研究进展

进行农户农地流转意愿研究,对于科学合理地调动农户农地流转积极性、解决目前耕地经营过于分散与农业现代化建设的矛盾、促进我国农地流转市场的规范和农地制度的改革及实现城乡统筹发展有着重要的现实意义。农户农地转入转出意愿、农户农地流转意愿的影响因素、农户农地流转意愿的研究方法等的研究现状表明,为更深入认识农户农地流转意愿以及其影响因素,揭示农户农地流转意愿的变化特征和趋势,支持政府农地流转相关政策的制定和实施,促进农地流转和农地制度的改革,农户农地流转意愿研究应重视以下方面:①提升到城乡统筹发展宏观背景之中进行研究;②深入农户对各种农地流转形式的意愿研究;③加强农户农地流转意愿的时间序列研究;④影响因素间的关系及空间差异研究。     

我国耕地流转绩效评价研究

在发展农业现代化的大时代背景下,农村耕地流转是促进农村经济产业化与规模化发展的必由之路,与此同时,也是实现耕地资源最优配置的客观要求,农村耕地流转的规模化经营有利于提高农业生产利润率,增加农民收益。本文采用文献资料法和对比分析法,总结了我国耕地流转基本情况及现存问题,并对农村耕地流转模式的综合绩效进行比较研究,根据绩效评价分析结果,提出了几点提升耕地流转的对策建议。      

湖南新农村建设规划问题探讨及规划趋势展望

通过引用新农村建设及规划要求，结合湖南省具体情况，分析了本省新农村建设村庄规划存在的问题，包括村庄布局分散、住宅建设无序、村庄公共设施缺乏且管理不善、农村生态环境恶化等，由此提出了深入研究村庄规划理论、公众参与村庄规划、建设社会主义新农村示范村等解决方案，并展望了未来新农村建设的发展趋势。     

Evaluation of water-use in traditional irrigation: An application to the Lemos Valley irrigation district,northwest of Spain

The approval of the National Irrigation Plan (NIP) in Spain in 2001 accelerated the improvement and modernisation of the irrigated areas. The first step towards the implementation of performance of the actions envisaged in the plan is to analyse water-use in traditional irrigation. Moreover, the social impacts of irrigation on rural areas must be evaluated, and the common irrigation practices must be determined. This paper presents the results of a study conducted in the Lemos Valley irrigation district (NW of Spain). Irrigation evaluations were conducted in nine trial sites, representing the existing soil types. A sample of irrigation users were interviewed to gather information about water-use, land tenure and irrigation socioeconomics. This irrigation district is characterised by low water-use efficiency, significant losses in the distribution network, fragmented land ownership and a poor use of the available infrastructure. Yet, water availability and an important distribution network render the modernisation of this traditional irrigated land a challenging task that must be faced.     

西南喀斯特非试点区农村闲置宅基地的复垦

在西南喀斯特高原区耕地资源匮乏的背景下，开展农村闲置宅基地复垦再利用工作，盘活农村存量土地资源，对促进区域经济社会发展有重要意义。毕节试验区作为西南喀斯特非试点农村宅基地复垦区域，近年来经济社会不断发展，使得城镇用地的供需矛盾日益突出。为了缓和试验区城镇土地供需矛盾，盘活存量土地资源，探索破解城镇用地难题，从试验区实际出发分析试验区农村土地利用状况，提出试验区农村闲置建设用地复垦的操作思路。对可能面对的无政策支持、组织部门不完善及具体操作中的困难3方面的问题，提出尽量结合试验区特殊区情争取国家政策支持，建立省市县3级联动的组织管理模式，以及完善农村产权制度、更新数据库系统等对策。最终预测了试验区乃至非试点区域农村土地整治发展趋势。      

中国特色家庭农场制度框架——基于湖南“十县百村千户”调查的思考

联产承包责任制在中国农业发展史上做出了卓越的历史性贡献,但随着经济社会的发展,适应生产力现状的家庭农场制度必将成为农村经济体制改革的发展方向。构建中国特色的家庭农场制度,必须具有科学的体制机制定位、主体特征界定和功能性特征界定,同时还要建立健全与之配套的公共政策支持体系、农业科技服务体系和共性服务平台。      

Tracking environmental dynamics and agricultural intensification in southern Mali

The Office de la Haute Vallée du Fleuve Niger (OHVN) zone in southern Mali is a small but important agricultural production region. Against a background of environmental degradation including decades of declining rainfall, soil erosion, and human pressure on forest resources, numerous farming communities stand out through the use of improved soil and water management practices that have improved agricultural and environmental conditions. Field surveys conducted in 1998–2001 indicated that environmental and agricultural conditions have improved in the past decade. In an effort to better quantify environmental trends, we conducted a study using medium- and high-resolution remotely sensed images from 1965 to 2001 in order to analyze land use and land cover trends in 21 village territories. The trends show clear indications of agricultural intensification and diversification among villages that have received assistance from the OHVN agricultural development agency. Some communities have improved environmental conditions by protecting their forest resources through community management actions. Four decades of remotely sensed images played a practical role in tracking and quantifying environmental and agricultural conditions over time.