沙棘发展模式的经济效益分析

利用沙棘特殊的生物学特性,在荒山荒坡、低产田及风沙干旱区建立沙棘生态经济林,改善农作物的耕作环境,提高农牧产量,同时结合不同发展模式来分析预期经济效益,为农业增效提供参考。     

熵权模糊物元模型在节水灌溉综合效益评价的应用

针对以往节水灌溉综合效益评价中多采用简单的多指标综合评价的不足,运用熵权法来确定评价指标的权重,建立基于熵权的物元可拓模型对灌区节水灌溉综合效益进行评价,分别从节水灌溉的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益3个方面入手,构建评价指标综合体系.并以吉安市的田南灌区、谷口灌区、银湾桥灌区和南车灌区共4个灌区为实例进行评价,结果显示:银湾桥灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别为“一般”,田南灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别向“一般”级别转化,谷口灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别向“较好”级别转化,而南车灌区的节水灌溉综合效益级别向“好”级别转化,采用灵敏度分析方法进一步验证评价结果的稳定,所得评价结果科学可靠.说明熵权物元分析法在节水灌溉综合效益评价中具有一定的应用价值.     

The nucleus and pilot farm research approach: experiences from The Netherlands

High application levels of fertilisers and agro-chemicals in The Netherlands have provoked increasingly stringent environmental policies. The development and evaluation of these policies have led to a shift in agricultural research. Starting in a tradition of factorial research, a systems-oriented approach was adopted. Building on results of earlier systems-oriented experimental research in the 1980s, an approach was developed where research on experimental farms increasingly became linked to a network of commercial farmers, serving as guinea pigs, applying newly developed fertiliser strategies, but also serving as discussion partners, providing new ideas and critically reviewing research results. This set-up, a systems-oriented experimental farm linked to a series of commercial farms, is referred to here as the NUcleus and Pilot Farm Research Approach. It has become the major research approach towards development of sustainable farming in The Netherlands, and is currently applied in projects oriented at dairy and arable farming. It was developed for arable farming during the 1980s and 1990s, whereas in the early 1990s an experimental farm was established for dairy farming. The present paper discusses the general research approach and background, characteristics and results of projects in dairy and arable farming, and compares them with other approaches. The research approach has important advantages, allowing evaluation of technical, economic and environmental performance under realistic conditions, embedded in a common bio-physical and economic environment, while the link with commercial pilot farms stimulates continuous mutual exchange of information. The major disadvantage, precluding statistical analyses due to lack of replicates and the continuous adjustments of the system, can at least partly be overcome through implementation of an intensive monitoring programme, and combining the research with modelling efforts and additional disciplinary research.     

山东省小麦玉米周年全程机械化丘陵山区综合效益评价分析

针对山东丘陵山区小麦 玉米周年全程机械化综合效益评价较少及评价体系不完善的问题,基于层次分析法和专家评价法构建以保护农业生态环境和提高农业经济效益、生态效益、社会效益周年全程机械化技术模式的综合效益评价体系.该体系包括经济效益指标、生态效益指标、社会效益指标3个1级指标,设定经济收益、资源利用、土壤保护、社会贡献、机械...     

丘陵山地耕作装备发展现状及展望

土壤是农业发展的基础，土壤的好坏直接影响农业经济效益，丘陵山地占据了国土总面积的一半以上，受地形影响，耕作装备的研发发展缓慢，机械化程度低，丘陵山地耕作机械化水平严重制约着我国农业的发展，本文就国内外丘陵山地耕作装备的发展现状进行归纳，包括旋耕机、微耕机、深耕机、深松机等耕作机械，并对其存在的问题提出建议。     

Factors influencing potential scale of adoption of a perennial pasture in a mixed crop-livestock farming system

Evaluating the potential scale of adoption of a technological innovation or management practice at the farm business scale can help gauge the potential size of an industry for the purposes of prioritising resources for research and development. In this paper we address the question of quantifying the potential area of adoption of a perennial pasture, lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), in dryland mixed farming systems in Australia. Lucerne pastures play a significant role in dryland farming systems in the wheat-sheep zone of southern and western Australia. While there are benefits of integrating lucerne into cropping systems there will inevitably be additional costs, and the scale of adoption of lucerne will depend largely on the increase in farm profit resulting from the introduction of lucerne. Whole-farm economic models of representative farms in the Australian wheat-sheep belt were used to determine the key drivers for the scale of adoption of lucerne.For a particular farming system the optimal area of lucerne which maximises whole-farm profit is found to depend on production, price and cost conditions. Generally, no more than 30% of a farm was allocated to lucerne according to those conditions and location of the farm. For most scenarios examined the response of profit was flat around the optimal area. This implies that lucerne could be grown on areas greater than the optimum, in order to reduce groundwater recharge (and thereby reduce the risk of dryland salinity), without greatly reducing whole-farm profit. The optimal area of lucerne in all regions was limited by the area of suitable soil types and proportion of lucerne in the most profitable lucerne-crop sequences.At all price levels assumed in this study lucerne remained as part of the optimal enterprise mix for all farm types examined. Lucerne productivity was also a major determinant of the optimal area of lucerne. The sensitivity of profit to changes in winter and/or summer production varied between regions and for different livestock enterprises. The differences were driven by the timing of energy demands and supply of feed in individual farming systems.In all regions the optimal area and profitability of lucerne varied with livestock enterprise. The analyses showed that changing from wool production to meat production enabled greater economic benefit to be realised from lucerne. This was consistent across farm types and demonstrated the value of lucerne as a source of high quality feed for finishing prime lambs in summer.The results of this study demonstrate that lucerne is profitable in a range of environments on a significant proportion of the farm area, but that this area is small relative to that required to significantly influence in its own right the environmental issue of salinity.     

农业节水综合效益评价指标体系构

结合当前我国农业节水的实际情况，提出农业节水评价指标体系构建的原则和方法，定性与定量相结合，建立了涵盖经济、社会与生态环境三方面内容的农业节水综合效益评价指标体系，并对各评价指标进行了阐释。所建立的评价指标体系对农业节水项目的全面分析和评价具有参考价值。     

作物生长模型研究现状与展望

作物生长模型由最初的作物生长发育模型发展到农业决策支持模型,在科学研究、农业管理、政策制定等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文首先回顾了作物生长模型的发展过程,并按照模型主要驱动因子,将作物生长模型分为土壤因子、光合作用因子和人为因子驱动3类并分别进行了归纳阐述;然后对典型的模型分别从模型模块、时空尺度、可模拟的作物类型等方面进行列表式对比;并对作物生长模型在气候变化评估、生产管理决策支持、资源管理优化等方面的应用,以及面临的极端条件、复杂农业景观和模型复杂度等挑战进行了总结,在此基础上认为遥感数据同化和孪生农场是其发展方向。     

基于计算机视觉的养殖动物计数方法研究综述

数量计量是动物养殖管理的基础工作,其结果对于动物养殖的生产效率、养殖成本管控及经济效益评估等具有重要意义。基于计算机视觉的计数方法解决了传统人工计数存在的测量误差大、耗时费力等问题,减轻了养殖人员的工作负担。本文统计分析了近十年的养殖动物视觉计数相关研究,从传统机器学习与深度学习两方面对养殖动物计数算法进行分析与讨论。此外,对水产养殖、畜禽养殖与特种动物养殖领域的养殖动物计数应用进行梳理与总结。同时,对目前公开发布的养殖动物计数数据集进行概述。最后,从数据集、应用场景、计数方法3方面分析讨论养殖动物计数研究面临的主要挑战,并对未来研究进行展望。     

甘肃省陇西县家庭农场经营效益评价

以甘肃省陇西县家庭农场为研究主体,以经济效益、社会效益、生态效益和科技效益构建评价体系,并运用熵值法对其效益进行评价。结果表明,综合效益排名中,经济效益最强,生态效益最弱,学历、经营模式、社会化服务等要素越优化其综合效益越高。经济效益中,成本利用率、劳动生产率得分较高,效益较好,但土地产出率与农产品商品率较低,资金、劳动、土地问题是影响其效益的主要因素。社会效益中,社会贡献、区域示范较好,但带动户数与其他主体利益联结程度、顾客满意度不足,品牌效应与销售渠道是抑制其效益提高的主要因素。生态效益中,农业废弃物有机利用较好,但在节水灌溉和绿色、有机、无公害产品方面效益不明显。据此,提出加强农场主培训、完善信贷服、改变经营模式和实施品牌战略等途径突破发展瓶颈,促进陇西县家庭农场发展。      

Development and evaluation of an integrated simulation model for assessing smallholder crop-livestock production in Yucatán, Mexico

Mixed farming systems constitute a large proportion of agricultural production in the tropics, and provide multiple benefits for the world’s poor. However, our understanding of the functioning of these systems is limited. Modeling offers the best approach to quantify outcomes from many interacting causal variables in these systems. The objective of this study was to develop an integrated crop-livestock model to assess biophysical and economic consequences of farming practices exhibited in sheep systems of Yucatán state, Mexico. A Vensim™ dynamic stock-flow feedback model was developed to integrate scientific and practical knowledge of management, flock dynamics, sheep production, partitioning of nutrients, labor, and economic components. The model accesses sheep production and manure quantity and quality data generated using the Small Ruminant Nutrition System (SRNS), and interfaces on a daily basis with an Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model that simulates weather, crop, and soil dynamics. Model evaluation indicated that the integrated model adequately represents the complex interactions that occur between farmers, crops, and livestock.     

Increasing profits and reducing risks in crop production using participatory systems simulation approaches

The development of cropping systems simulation capabilities world-wide combined with easy access to powerful computing has resulted in a plethora of agricultural models and consequently, model applications. Nonetheless, the scientific credibility of such applications and their relevance to farming practice is still being questioned. Our objective in this paper is to highlight some of the model applications from which benefits for farmers were or could be obtained via changed agricultural practice or policy. Changed on-farm practice due to the direct contribution of modelling, while keenly sought after, may in some cases be less achievable than a contribution via agricultural policies. This paper is intended to give some guidance for future model applications. It is not a comprehensive review of model applications, nor is it intended to discuss modelling in the context of social science or extension policy. Rather, we take snapshots around the globe to ‘take stock’ and to demonstrate that well-defined financial and environmental benefits can be obtained on-farm from the use of models. We highlight the importance of ‘relevance’ and hence the importance of true partnerships between all stakeholders (farmer, scientists, advisers) for the successful development and adoption of simulation approaches. Specifically, we address some key points that are essential for successful model applications such as: (1) issues to be addressed must be neither trivial nor obvious; (2) a modelling approach must reduce complexity rather than proliferate choices in order to aid the decision-making process; (3) the cropping systems must be sufficiently flexible to allow management interventions based on insights gained from models. The pro and cons of normative approaches (e.g. decision support software that can reach a wide audience quickly but are often poorly contextualized for any individual client) versus model applications within the context of an individual client's situation will also be discussed. We suggest that a tandem approach is necessary whereby the latter is used in the early stages of model application for confidence building amongst client groups. This paper focuses on five specific regions that differ fundamentally in terms of environment and socio-economic structure and hence in their requirements for successful model applications. Specifically, we will give examples from Australia and South America (high climatic variability, large areas, low input, technologically advanced); Africa (high climatic variability, small areas, low input, subsistence agriculture); India (high climatic variability, small areas, medium level inputs, technologically progressing; and Europe (relatively low climatic variability, small areas, high input, technologically advanced). The contrast between Australia and Europe will further demonstrate how successful model applications are strongly influenced by the policy framework within which producers operate. We suggest that this might eventually lead to better adoption of fully integrated systems approaches and result in the development of resilient farming systems that are in tune with current climatic conditions and are adaptable to biophysical and socio-economic variability and change.     

机插秧技术在榆树市推广的可行性及制约因素

水稻是榆树市主要的粮食作物之一,全市水稻种植面积855.67万hm2,水稻育苗和栽植机械化是农机推广工作的重点和难点,经过榆树市各级农机推广机构和生产企业的联合与探索,榆树市水稻种植业正从传统的人工插秧技术模式向钵盘育苗和机插秧模式转变,并取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益.     

1DSL-3600型松耙联合整地机的设计研究

在吸收国外最新耕作技术和整地机具的基础上,结合黑龙江省农业耕作技术特点,研究设计出1DSL-3600型松耙联合整地机。该机一次作业即可完成深松、合墒、碎土3道工序,形成有利于农作物生长的土壤耕层结构。大面积生产试验证明,该机具有显著的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,对于发展现代化农和可持续农业具有重要意义。     

基于粗糙集和模糊聚类的农机化水平评价方法

为科学评价农业机械化发展水平,在建立农业机械化发展水平评价指标体系的基础上,利用模糊聚类方法,在不同置信水平上对由评价对象组成的论域进行分类,同时结合粗糙集理论中的知识熵来确定各指标的权重。该方法从统计数据出发,避免了主观因素对评价结果的影响,使评价结果具有相对客观性。实例表明,评价结果与实际情况基本一致,为评价农业机械化发展水平提供了一种新方法。     

区域可持续农业产业结构优化模型的建立及应用

依据可持续农业产业结构优化配置的准则,利用实现经济效益、生态和社会效益3方面最优设计目标函数,建立了可持续农业产业结构的非线性和多目标优化模型,以黑龙江省为研究对象,对模型进行了实际应用,并采用改进遗传算法求解.该模型对新时期的农业产业结构调整具有一定的现实指导意义.     

Crop–animal systems in Asia: socio-economic benefits and impacts on rural livelihoods

Traditionally, small farmers in Asia have practiced mixed farming. To improve crop and animal productivity, increase farm incomes and maintain the ecological balance, several technology options have been developed through on-station and on-farm research by international organisations and national agricultural research systems. However, a review of the research reveals a paucity of information, particularly in South Asia, on the socio-economic benefits and impacts of these technologies and interventions for poor farming households. This paper presents the few case studies available which document the benefits of new technologies to improve crop–animal systems. Additionally, the paper suggests reasons for the neglect of socio-economics in these studies, and ways to strengthen this dimension.     

玉米高光效休耕轮作技术与现代农业发展

为了研究玉米高光效休耕轮作技术对土壤环境的影响,结合物理和化学两种方法,研究在此种农业技术下,土壤环境的重要指数变化。结果表明,此项农业种植技术即玉米高光效休耕轮作技术对土壤的保护意义重大,会给农业带来巨大的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。此种技术促使土壤结构良好,透光性高,边际效应得到发挥,休耕轮作,有效地保护了土壤有机质,同时减少了作业环节,大大降低作业成本,提升了土壤蓄水保墒能力,比传统垄作之下的土壤水分高。在高光效休耕轮作技术之下,土壤农业资源得到了有效保护。      

黑河中游区农业节水模式研究及其

黑河中游区农业节水模式研究，是以农业节水措施的组合为变量，以区域经济效益最大为目标函数，采用多目标线性规划的方法，确定各种节水组合措施的发展面积及其经济效益，供政府行政部门进行决策，指导农业生产规划和农民生产、经营。