改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造杨木胶合板热压工艺

利用单因素试验方法,研究了热压温度、热压时间、热压压力和施胶量对使用改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造的杨木胶合板胶合强度的影响规律.结果表明:在100～ 220℃热压温度范围内,随着热压温度的增加,胶合强度显著增大;在35～60 s/mm热压时间范围内,胶合强度随热压时间的增加呈上升趋势,当时间从60 s/mm升至85 s/mm,胶合强度几乎保持一致;热压压力在1.25 MPa时,胶合强度达到最大值;施胶量在130 ～430g/m2热压时间范围内,胶合强度随施胶量的增加呈上升趋势.由此得出最优工艺参数为:热压温度180℃,热压压力1.25 MPa,热压时间60 s/mm,施胶量为310g/m2.     

云南松正交胶合木胶合工艺探索

为探索云南松用于正交胶合木(CLT)制造的技术可行性,以剪切强度、木破率和剥离率研究了不同胶黏剂、施胶量和压力对云南松CLT胶合性能的影响。结果表明:云南松的物理力学性能和胶合性能达到北美ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019标准要求,云南松可用于CLT制造。不同胶黏剂、施胶量和压力对云南松CLT胶合性能影响显著(P0.05)。随着施胶量增加,云南松CLT胶层剪切性能提高;随着压力增加,云南松CLT胶层剪切性能降低。从胶合性能和生产成本综合考虑,制造云南松CLT的较优工艺为:采用国产EPI(水性高分子异氰酸酯)胶黏剂,施胶量为220 g/m2,压力为0.8 MPa。     

基于高频热压成型的竹集成材制备及力学性能评价

【目的】探索竹材含水率、热压压力、施胶量和热压温度对高频热压成型竹集成材力学性能的影响,并优化高频热压加工工艺获得力学性能较优的竹集成材,为竹集成材高频热压成型提供技术参考。【方法】设计正交试验,采用高频热压加工工艺,以酚醛树脂(PF)为胶黏剂,研究竹材含水率、热压压力、施胶量和热压温度4个参数变量对高频热压成型竹集成材抗弯强度和剪切强度的影响,建立抗弯强度和剪切强度数学模型,分析力学性能最优解。【结果】极差分析表明,热压参数对抗弯强度的影响顺序为热压压力、竹材含水率、热压温度和施胶量,对剪切强度的影响顺序为施胶量、竹材含水率、热压压力和热压温度;主效应分析表明,4级竹材含水率、1级热压压力、1级施胶量和3级热压温度为最佳抗弯强度的热压参数,1级竹材含水率、1级热压压力、2级施胶量和3级热压温度为最佳剪切强度的热压参数;交互分析表明,各热压参数间存在交互作用;方差分析表明,热压压力是影响竹集成材抗弯强度的最重要因素,施胶量是影响竹集成材剪切强度的最重要因素;数学模型分析得出,竹材含水率15%、热压压力2.0 MPa、施胶量260 g·m-~(-2)、热压温度130℃为抗弯强度最优解(168.51 MPa);竹材含水率10.2%、热压压力2.0 MPa、施胶量240 g·m~(-2)、热压温度130℃为剪切强度最优解(263.26 MPa)。【结论】竹材含水率、热压压力、施胶量和热压温度4个参数变量对高频热压成型竹集成材力学性能均有影响,提出的热压参数对竹集成材抗弯强度和剪切强度影响的数学模型,可有效反映热压参数与竹集成材力学性能间的关系,优化高频热压加工工艺生产的竹集成材,其力学性能满足相关标准和使用要求。     

木质素改性脲醛树脂对竹层积材甲醛释放量及胶合性能的影响

针对竹层积材中甲醛释放量过高的问题,以碳化竹片为原料,利用木质素作为脲醛树脂胶黏剂的甲醛捕捉改性剂,对脲醛树脂胶黏剂进行共混改性后压制双层竹层积材。采用木质素添加量和组坯方式的双因素分析法,探讨木质素改性脲醛树脂胶黏剂对竹层积材甲醛释放量及胶合性能的影响;采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)对木质素改性后的竹层积材胶合界面进行微观形貌分析。木质素的加入使竹层积材的甲醛释放量明显降低,各组坯方式下竹层积材的甲醛释放量差异较小,均可达到GB 18580—2001标准规定的E2级;随着木质素添加量的增加,竹层积材的剪切强度逐渐增大,竹黄面与竹黄面无节组坯试件(II)、竹黄面与竹青面无节组坯试件(IO)及竹黄面与竹黄面有节组坯试件(Node)的剪切强度均在木质素添加量为40%时达到最大,分别为7.6,8.0和8.5 MPa,相比空白组分别提高了85%,70%和41%;对于竹黄面与竹黄面组坯试件,带节试件的胶层剪切强度大于无节组;由ESEM可知,碳化竹材胶合界面被压缩甚至压溃,表面细胞不同程度呈扁平碎片状,胶黏剂主要渗透到竹材的表层破坏细胞,多数为薄壁细胞,位于竹材表层的维管束中偶尔也会有胶黏剂存在,极少量胶黏剂可能通过裂隙进入竹材更深部位的细胞。结果表明:在相同木质素添加量条件下,组坯方式对竹层积材甲醛释放量几乎没有影响;黄-黄无节组坯试件、黄-青无节组坯试件及黄-黄有节组坯试件胶层剪切强度随着木质素添加量的增加逐渐增大,黄-青组坯试件的胶层剪切强度普遍优于黄-黄组坯试件,黄-黄有节组坯试件胶层剪切强度均大于无节试件;ESEM分析表明,由于碳化竹片表面易被压缩压溃,木质素含量较大的高黏度胶黏剂缺乏有效渗透,致使胶黏剂集聚在压溃细胞表面,竹片胶合界面有效胶层厚度增大,从而导致胶层剪切强度增加。     

尾叶桉单板胶合性能的初步研究

根据尾叶桉(E.urophylla)木材的特点,采用单因素试验方法,探讨了尾叶桉生产胶合板的可行性。重点讨论了胶合板的热压工艺(热压压力、热压时间、热压温度)和涂胶量以及心边材对三层胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:在未采用厚度规时,压力为1．2MPa,温度为140℃左右,热压时间为0．8～1．1min／mm,涂胶量为250g／m2,用pH值为 12．5的PF胶,生产出的桉树胶合板胶合性能较佳。     

组坯结构对竹材胶合界面破坏行为及细胞壁力学性能的影响

竹质工程材料在轻质结构建筑及其关键承载构件中有巨大的应用潜力,然而竹材天然径向结构差异性会对其胶合质量造成显著影响。以4年生毛竹材和酚醛树脂(PF)胶黏剂为原料制备了双层竹片层积材,探讨组坯结构对双层竹片层积材的宏观胶合性能和胶合界面细胞壁力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,外表面-外表面(O/O型)组坯时竹片层积材的胶合剪切强度(干态胶合强度17.3 MPa,湿态胶合强度5.3 MPa)显著高于外表面-内表面(I/O型)和内表面-内表面(I/I型)组坯样品。这主要是由于O/O型竹材胶合界面内薄壁细胞壁的力学性能更加接近厚壁细胞壁,改善了界面内应力集中现象。PF胶黏剂在不同组坯结构竹材胶合界面内的差异性渗透行为是造成这一现象的主要原因：竹材薄壁细胞表面氧碳比较高(0.40)且毛细管作用较强,在I/O型和I/I型界面内PF胶黏剂的渗透行为主要表现为填充细胞腔;而在O/O型界面内PF胶黏剂能够有效浸润薄壁细胞壁,而非简单填充其细胞腔,因此O/O型竹片层积材具有更高的界面细胞壁力学强度和宏观胶合强度。     

竹杨复合材料高频热压工艺研究

将具有优良力学性能的竹材与轻质的速生杨木进行复合,制备轻质高强竹木复合材料,可以促进竹材和人工速生林的高效利用和高附加值利用,并拓宽竹材和木材的应用领域。高频加热技术具有选择性加热特点,加热效率高,升温速率快,尤其针对较厚的木质复合材料热压胶合更具有独特的优越性,并能提高产品的综合性能。研究了高频加热对厚度超过40 mm的竹杨复合材料热传导特性和力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,高频热压与普通接触式热压相比,升温速率可以提高2倍以上,并且表芯层升温速率基本一致。竹杨复合材料在竹材占比20%和密度为0.50 g/cm~3的情况下,静曲强度可以达到70 MPa以上,比普通杨木提高了40%以上,实现了材料性能的优势互补。高频热压制备竹杨复合材料的工艺中,在本试验范围内,压力、热压时间和施胶量与竹杨复合材料的各项力学性能均呈二次相关关系,并且这3个因子之间存在交互作用。压力为0.85 MPa左右时,竹杨复合材料的各项性能均较好;在选定的施胶量范围内,合理降低施胶量有利于提高竹杨复合材料的综合性能。     

超声对竹材表面性能和竹层积材胶合性能的影响

运用超声空化作用处理漂白和炭化竹材以期提高竹材表面性能,提高胶黏剂在竹材表面上的浸润性,进而提高竹层积材的胶合剪切强度。分析了不同超声处理工艺对竹材表面粗糙度和表面润湿性的影响;测试分析了超声处理竹片制成的竹层积材的胶合剪切强度变化。结果表明:超声空化作用能够提高竹材表面粗糙度、降低酚醛树脂胶在竹材表面的接触角,提高酚醛树脂在竹材表面浸润性。超声工艺参数对竹层积材胶合剪切强度的影响程度由大到小依次是温度、功率、时间,竹层积材胶合剪切强度表明:相比较于未处理的竹层积材,经最优超声工艺处理后的漂白竹层积材胶合剪切强度提升18%,炭化竹层积材胶合剪切强度提升12.5%,说明超声提高了竹材表面粗糙度和表面润湿性进而增强了竹材与酚醛胶黏剂的机械耦合作用。总体来看,漂白竹材表面粗糙度大于炭化竹材、润湿性弱于炭化竹材,漂白竹层积材胶合剪切强度大于炭化竹层积材。     

刨花形态对竹材自生胶合刨花板性能的影响

利用半纤维素酶/漆酶协同处理3种不同类型的竹刨花,热压制备竹材自生胶合刨花板,研究不同刨花形态对刨花板物理力学性能的影响.结果表明:刨花形态对竹材自生胶合刨花板主要物理力学性能有显著影响,3种刨花形态中,4～16目的细刨花性能最佳,16目以上碎刨花作为填料加到大刨花中有利于提高刨花板弹性模量,减小吸水厚度膨胀率.该结论为进一步研究刨花形态与竹材自生胶合刨花板物理力学性能的关系提供了理论基础.     

杨木材性对单板胶合的影响及胶合工艺

本文以组坯结构,涂胶量和热压条件等为单板胶合的相关因子进行６种杨木单板胶合的正交试验,研究了胶合工艺的适应性和较优的工艺条件。结果表明：由于选用的杨树组系,产地等不同,树种间的材性差异较大,所以难以找出一个通用的胶合工艺条件;在所试验的６个品系杨树中大部分以采用热压单位压力０．５￣０．８ＭＰａ,热压时间４０ｓ／ｍｍ、涂胶量２８０￣３４０ｇ／ｍ＾２,脲醛胶填料（面粉）加量１５份的调胶配比及等厚单板组     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.