狐、貉发情与配种的判断

<正>种兽在配种期配种是否成功,直接关系到饲养者的利益.本文对狐、貉在发情期应掌握好的以下几个关键环节做一概述.一、发情与未发情狐、貉发情期有明显特征,如:食欲减退,在笼中骚动不安.貉经常发出“咕咕”的求偶声,狐则经常发出长叫声.母兽还表现为尿频、尿液变淡黄色、阴唇增厚、色紫,阴道流出白色粘液;公兽变得温顺,尾巴经常翘起,愿与母兽亲呢.发现上述表现即可放对配种.但也有的母兽虽然发情,但在行为上没有表现,这叫隐性发情,对这种母兽要特别注意,要进行放对试情,以防漏配.     

梅花鹿发情期阴道细胞形态变化与最适输精期

为了对梅花鹿进行准确的发情鉴定和适时输精,本试验对梅花鹿发情期阴道细胞进行涂片检查和发情时期划分,并按划分时期进行了输精试验。通过研究形成了梅花鹿发情前期、发情盛期、发情末期与间情期阴道细胞检查图谱,总结出了各时期阴道细胞变化规律。发情期各阶段输精结果,发情盛期的Ⅰ期到Ⅲ期受胎率分别是83.3%、86.5%、79.1%,受胎率明显高于发情期输精总的受胎率71.5%,确定梅花鹿普通冻精输精最适时期是发情盛期(Ⅰ期-Ⅲ期)。研究表明,梅花鹿阴道细胞发情鉴定是提高梅花鹿人工授精受胎率的一种新的有效方法。     

狐狸、貉、貂发情程度检测仪的研制

在狐狸、貉、貂人工授精技术应用过程中,准确的发情鉴定是确保母兽在发情旺期适时配种的关键之一.在丹麦、芬兰等养狐发达国家,普遍采用狐狸、貉、貂发情程度检测仪检测母兽发情程度,进而确定母兽最佳人工授精时间.在我国,也有类似仪器的应用.     

甘加型藏羊发情周期阴道细胞变化规律

采用阴道涂片法,观察了8只甘加型藏羊连续2个发情周期阴道细胞涂片,统计分析了发情周期不同时期阴道细胞种类、形态变化特点及其所占比例。结果显示:甘加型藏羊发情周期阴道涂片中主要有副基底层上皮细胞、中间层上皮细胞、表层上皮细胞、不完全角化上皮细胞、完全角化上皮细胞、白细胞和细胞碎片。发情期角化细胞所占比例最高,显著高于发情前期、发情后期和间情期(P0.05);发情前期表层上皮细胞所占比例显著高于其他三个时期(P0.05);间情期和发情后期白细胞所占比例显著高于发情前期和发情期;中间层上皮细胞在各时期所占比例差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明:根据涂片中阴道细胞种类和各类细胞所占比例的变化特点可以简便、快速准确地鉴定和区分甘加母羊发情周期的不同阶段,阴道凃片是高效、准确的发情鉴定方法。     

根据子宫-阴道的分泌物来早期診断奶牛怀胎的实驗室方法

在母畜发情、姙娠和发生生殖器官疾病时都要从子宮-阴道內分泌出或多或少的、具有完全不同物理和化学性貭的分泌物。枴据这个原理,我們进行了两个方面的研究:1.在母牛发情期、姙娠期和子宮积脓病或其他具有脓性分泌物疾病时,子宮-阴道分泌物究竟发生怎样的变化;2.以这种方法做为奶牛的早期姙娠     

荷斯坦小母牛阴道粘液中引起爬跨的信息激素

本研究旨在研究阴道粘液和爬跨行为之间的关系,并从发情小母牛的阴道粘液中分离出引起爬跨的信息激素。从畜群中被其他牛爬跨过的发情的小母牛采集阴道粘液。间情期小母牛的阴道内容物通过水洗法收集。阴道粘液和阴道内容物使用前保存在-20℃。选择一头间情期小母牛进行观察,将这头小母牛发情期的阴道粘液或其他母牛发情期的阴道粘液或间情     

发情母犬阴道上皮细胞变化与最佳配种时机

母犬进入发情期后，在生殖激素的作用下，出现一系列的发情征候，包括阴唇肿胀、阴户流血、阴道分泌物成分发生改变等。Christile(1972)报道，发情母犬进入发情期后，阴道上皮细胞的形状、大小逐渐发生改变，单层的立方上皮转化为多层、形状不规则、大的、有核的鳞状细胞(中间型细胞)，最后变成无核的角化鳞状细胞(表皮细胞)。到排卵时，上皮细胞全部角化，白细胞消失。阴道上皮     

中西结合治疗犬阴道炎

犬阴道炎是阴道损伤、盆腔炎症所致的分泌物增多等因素,使阴道的正常状态被破坏,病原菌侵入而引起的炎症。临床上主要表现为阴道黏膜出血或肿胀,表面有渗出物,有时阴道排出少量腥臭的暗红色黏液或脓性分泌物,并伴有尿痛、尿急等症状。犬阴道炎,使其发情期异常或呈假发情,缕配不孕,母犬的繁殖率和生产     

北极狐发情期阴道分泌物电阻值变化规律的观察

为正确判断北极狐适宜的人工输精时间提供依据 ,测定了 36只北极狐发情期阴道分泌物电阻值(Ω)。结果表明 ,在接近发情旺期时 ,Ω值急聚上升。有 80 .6 %的狐在Ω值由最高峰急聚下降的第 1,2d内放对 ,很快达成交配 ;有 5 .6 %的狐在Ω值达到最高峰时可达成交配 ;有 13.9%的狐在整个配种过程中Ω值始终处于平衡波动状态 ,不出现高峰 ,需以外阴鉴定为主 ,判断发情放对     

发情周期不同阶段牦牛子宫中黄体生成素受体的表达变化

为研究发情周期不同阶段牦牛子宫中黄体生成索受体(LHR)的定位及表达变化,笔者利用免疫组织化学SP法分别检测发情期、发情后期、间情期和发情前期牦牛子宫中LHR的表达,并进行光密度值分析.结果表明,LHR免疫阳性产物在牦牛子宫腺上皮细胞、基质细胞、血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和肌层平滑肌细胞中均有表达;腺上皮细胞、基质细胞和肌层平滑肌细胞中LHR在发情前期和发情期表达最弱,发情后期表达增加,间情期表达最强(P＜0.05);子宫内膜血管平滑肌细胞中LHR的表达在发情期最强,间情期最弱(P＜0.05);血管内皮中LHR在发情期和发情前期表达很强,发情后期和间情期显著下降(P＜0.05).结果表明LHR参与了发情周期不同阶段牦牛子宫功能变化的调控.     

Thermoregulatory effects and electrical conductivity in vagina of cow during oestrous cycle

Measurement of vaginal temperature and electrical conductivity of cervicovaginal mucus were conducted in 20 dairy cows and were related to the phase of the oestrus cycle. Temperature and electrical conductivity in the anterior part of the vagina changed in synchronicity with phases of the oestrous cycle. About 12 hours before ovulation, the vaginal temperature increased from 37.94 +/- 0.33 degrees C to 39.00 +/- 0.64 degrees C, as compared to the pre-oestrus value. The occurrence of oestrus was accompanied by an increase in electrical conductivity of mucus in the anterior part of the vagina from 7.60 +/- 0.33 mS to 12.00 +/- 0.54 mS. Vaginal temperature dropped to 38.50 +/- 0.29 degrees C, and electrical conductivity dropped to 10.00 +/- 0.55 mS at ovulation time. Rises in vaginal temperature and electrical conductivity in the anterior part of the vagina were additional symptoms of oestrus and were followed by decrease in these values, indicating ovulation in cows.     

Comparison of oestrus detection methods in dairy cattle

Sixty-seven Holstein-Friesian cows, from 20 days postpartum, were recruited into the study and fitted with both a pedometer (SAE Afikim) and a Heatime neck collar (SCR Engineers) and allocated a heat mount detector (either scratchcard [Dairymac] or KaMaR [KaMaR]) or left with none, relying only on farm staff observation. Common production stressors and other factors were assessed to determine their impact on the ability of each method to accurately detect oestrus and to investigate effects on the frequency of false-positive detections. Only 74 per cent of all potential oestrus periods (episodes of low progesterone) were identified by combining information from all methods. There was no difference between the methods in terms of sensitivity for detecting 'true oestrus events' (approximately 60 per cent), with the exception of scratchcards, which were less efficient (36 per cent). Pedometers and KaMaRs had higher numbers of false-positive identifications. No production stressors had any consequence on false-positives. The positive predictive values for neck collars or observation by farm staff were higher than those of other methods, and combining these two methods yielded the best results. Neck collars did not detect any of the nine oestrus events occurring in three cows with a body condition score (BCS) of less than 2, and the efficiency of correctly identifying oestrus was also reduced by high milk yield (odds ratio [OR]=0.34). Pedometer efficiency was reduced by lameness, low BCS or high milk yield (OR=0.42, 0.15 or 0.30, respectively).     

Interrelationship between milk constituents,serum oestradiol and vaginal mucus indicators of oestrus in Egyptian buffaloes

The intensity of heat signs in buffaloes is generally low and the incidence of suboestrus varied from 15 to 73% (Buffalopedia). The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the changes in some milk constituents, oestradiol levels and electrical conductivity of vaginal mucus during peri‐oestrous period in prediction of the timing of oestrus in buffaloes. Twenty‐one Egyptian buffaloes aged 3–9 year, 1st–6th lactations, were examined by oestrous detector and ultrasonographically for monitoring the ovarian and uterine activity for 7 days around the time of standing oestrus. Sodium, potassium, chloride and lactose were assayed in aqueous phase of milk; besides, oestradiol was estimated in serum. Current results declared highly significant acute changes in milk constituents at the time of oestrus characterized by peaking of chloride and sodium levels and lowering of potassium and lactose values. The alternation in milk composition when arranged in decreasing order of magnitude, sodium was the highest (77.78 ± 0.69%), followed by chloride (61.60 ± 1.52%) and potassium (?58.14 ± 10.89%). Concomitantly, milk lactose decreased by 26.07 ± 7.97% compared to baseline levels. Synchronously, vaginal electrical resistance (VER) showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease, but serum oestradiol 17β levels surged (59.93 ± 7.29 pg/ml) on day of oestrus. Serum oestradiol level was negatively correlated with VER (r = ?0.577), potassium (r = ?0.661), positively correlated with chloride (r = 0.707) and sodium (r = 0.579) and not correlated with lactose levels. These results for the first time suggested that the changes in constituents of milk during peri‐oestrous period may be used as a practical non‐invasive indicator for oestrous detection and prediction of ovulation in Egyptian buffaloes.     

Use of Vaginal Electrical Resistance to Diagnose Oestrus,Dioestrus and Early Pregnancy in Synchronized Tropically Adapted Beef Heifers

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether a single measurement of intravaginal electrical resistance (VER), using the commercially available Ovatec^® probe, can discriminate between dioestrus and oestrus in Bos indicus females, which had been treated to synchronize oestrus. Santa Gertrudis heifers (n = 226) received one of three oestrous synchronization treatments: double PGF_2α 10 days apart, 8‐day controlled internal drug release (CIDR) treatment or CIDR pre‐synchronization + PGF_2α 10 days after CIDR removal. The heifers were inseminated within 12 h following observed oestrus, or, if not observed, at a fixed time approximately 80 h, following the last synchronization treatment. They were palpated per rectum for signs of pregnancy 9 weeks after artificial insemination (AI). Vaginal electrical resistance measurements were taken at the completion of synchronization treatments (presumed dioestrus), immediately prior to AI (oestrus), and then at 3 and 9 weeks post‐AI. Mean VER differed between presumed dioestrus and oestrus (113.7 vs 87.4, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was 0.925, indicating that VER was highly discriminatory between dioestrus and oestrus. Vaginal electrical resistance at time of AI was negatively associated with odds of conception when all inseminations were included in the analyses [odds ratio (OR) = 0.97; 95% CI 0.95–1.00; p = 0.018], but not when fixed time AIs were excluded (OR = 1.00; 95% CI 0.97–1.03; p = 0.982). Mean VER readings differed between pregnant and non‐pregnant animals at both 3 weeks (120.5 vs 96.7, p < 0.001) and 9 weeks (124.0 vs 100.3, p < 0.001) post‐AI. However, 3‐ and 9‐week VER measurements were not highly discriminatory between pregnancy and non‐pregnancy (area under ROC curve = 0.791 and 0.736, respectively). Mean VER at time of AI for animals diagnosed in oestrus differed between each of the oestrous synchronization treatments (84.7, 73.6 and 78.9, groups 1–3 respectively, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that measurement of VER may improve accuracy of oestrus diagnoses when selecting cattle for AI following oestrous synchronization programmes involving tropically adapted cattle.     

Incidence of Error in Oestrus Detection Based on Secondary Oestrus Signs in a 24-h Tie-Stalled Dairy Herd with Low Fertility

Oestrus detection error and conception rates after AI based only on secondary oestrus signs were evaluated in a high yielding, 24-h tie-stalled dairy herd with low fertility, using milk progesterone profiles. Oestrus detection was based on the secondary oestrus signs such as restlessness, swelling, congestion of vulva and clear mucus discharge. Sixty eight AI conducted after observing the secondary oestrus signs in 44 animals were included in the study. Of the 68 AI, 53 (77.9%) were conducted in the follicular phase, and 13 (19.1%) and 2 (2.9%) were carried out in the luteal phase and during pregnancy, respectively. The overall error in oestrus detection based on milk progesterone profiles was 22.1%. The oestrus detection error did not differ significantly among different secondary oestrus signs. None of the AI conducted in the luteal phase resulted in conception, whereas 20.8% of AI conducted in the follicular phase resulted in conception. No significant difference in the conception rates among the groups of cows with different secondary oestrus signs was shown. The high incidence of oestrus detection error in this study might have been caused by the detection of cows in oestrus based only on secondary oestrus signs due to the confinement of animals. In conclusion, there was a high incidence of heat detection error in the 24-h tie-stalled dairy herd and oestrus detection based only on secondary oestrus signs resulted in low conception rate.     

Gene expression patterns in the ventral tegmental area relate to oestrus behaviour in high-producing dairy cows

Reduced oestrus behaviour expression or its absence (silent oestrus) results in subfertility in high-producing dairy cows. Insight into the genomic regulation of oestrus behaviour is likely to help alleviate reproduction problems. Here, gene expression was recorded in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of high milk production dairy cows differing in the degree of showing oestrus behaviour (H - highly expressing versus L - lowly expressing), which was then analysed. Genes regulating cell morphology and adhesion or coding for immunoglobulin G (IgG) chains were differentially expressed in VTA between cows around day 0 and 12 of the oestrus cycle, but only in cows that earlier in life tended to show high levels of oestrus behaviour (H0 versus H12). The comparisons between H and L groups of cows also revealed differential expression of several genes (e.g. those of the IgG family or encoding for pro-melanin-concentrating hormone). However, any significant changes in VTA genes expression were detected in the comparison of L0 versus L12 cows. Altogether, the genes expression profile in VTA of cows highly expressing oestrus behaviour changes together with phases of the oestrus cycle, while in case of cows expressing oestrus behaviour lowly it remains stable. This supports the existence of genomic regulation by centrally expressed genes on the expression of oestrus behaviour in dairy cows.     

母牛的发情特征与发情鉴定

外部行为特征观察法是母牛发情鉴定中最常用的方法,辅助行为特征和生理特征对母牛的发情鉴定也非常重要。应用发情特征综合评分可提高母牛发情鉴定率,评分较高的发情牛受胎率也较高。同时改善周围环境、加强泌乳牛体质等有助于提高母牛的发情鉴定率。本文从上述几方面对母牛的发情特征与发情鉴定技术进行阐述,为生产实践提供一定的依据。     

Vaginal electrical resistance in cows: 2. Relationship to milk progesterone concentrations during the reproductive cycle

When the vaginal electrical resistance (VER) was measured in the anterior vagina in 4 cows during a total of 12 oestrous cycles, there was a close correlation between VER, milk progesterone levels and visual observations of oestrus. The cyclic changes in both VER and milk progesterone ceased in 2 cows which became pregnant during the study. In a pregnant cow, the VER was found to be constant both pre-partum and immediately post-partum. These results show that measurement of VER can be a useful aid in the confirmation of oestrus and suggest that the technique may also be applicable to the early diagnosis of pregnancy.     

莱芜黑山羊发情周期中FSH、LH、E2和P的分泌规律

莱芜黑山羊在发情期和间情期，血浆内的卵泡刺激素（FSH）和黄体生成素（LH）均呈脉冲式分泌，雌激素（E2）和孕嗣（P）为波动式分泌。发情期FSH的脉冲周期较间情期长，两者之间显著差异（P〈0．05）。发情期LH的脉冲周期短于间情期，两者之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。在整个发情周期中，FSH和LH均先后出现4个分泌峰，FSH和LH的第1个分泌峰分别出现在第7天和第5天，其余3个分泌峰均同时出现（分别为第10、15和20天）。E2和FSH、LH均在发情周期的第20天迭最高峰。P在间情期一直维持在一个较高水平。     

Zeitliche Beziehungen zwischen Brunstsymptomen, elektrischen Widerstandsveranderungen des Vaginalschleims, präovulatorischer Ausschüttung des Luteinisierungshormons and Ovulation beim Rind

Inhalt An elf Tieren der Braunviehrasse (neun Kalbinnen and zwei Kühen) wurden gleichzeitig folgende Parameter um die Zeit des Östrus gemessen: die elektrische Leitf ahigkeit des Vaginalschleims mit Hilfe eines Ohmmeters (Widerstandsmessung), der Anstieg des für die Ovulation verantwortlichen Luteinisierungshormons (LH) im Blut mittels einer radioimmunologischen Methode, die Brunstdauer and der Zeitpunkt der Ovulation lurch rektale Palpation der Ovarien. Mit Ausnahme der Widerstandsmessung wurden diese Resultate noch ergänzt durch frühere Befunde an sieben Kühen and einer Kalbin. Die zeitlichen Korrelationen zwischen den Hormonwerten, Östrus und Ovulation rind in nachfolgender Tabelle zusammengefaβt worden: Die elektrische Widerstandsmessung des Vaginalschleims ergab im Mittel während des Diöstrus 48 ± 2, 6 Ohm. Vor Auftreten der äuβeren Brunstsymptome sanken die Meβwerte auf 41 ± 2, 6 Ohm. Während der Hochbrunst (deutliche äuβere Brunstsymptome) fielen die Meβwerte auf 30 ± 0, 9 Ohm ab. Die Zeitspanne der tiefsten Meflwerte betrug im Durchschnitt acht Stunden (mit Schwankungen zwischen vier bis 18 Stunden). Die LH-Gipfelwerte korrelierten stets mit den niedrigsten Vaginalschleimwerten. Nach Ende der Hochbrunst stieg der Widerstand auf 43 ± 3, 1 Ohm an (ca. 15 Stunden vor der Ovulation), um zum Zeitpunkt der Ovulation 46 ± 2, 7 Ohm zu erreichen. Contents The following parameters were measured in 11 animals of the Brown Swiss breed (9 heifers and 2 cows) simultaneously around oestrus; the electrical conductivity of the vaginal mucus with the help of an ohmmeter (electrical resistance); the increase of luteinizing hormone (LH) in blood by means of a radio-immunological method; the duration of oestrus, and the time of ovulation by rectal palpation of the ovaries. Except for the measurement of the electrical resistance these results were completed by earlier data obtained on 7 cows and one heifer. The chronological correlation between hormone values, oestrus and ovulation can be seen in the following table. The measurement of the electrical resistance of the vaginal mucus gave a mean of 48,0 ± 2,6 Ohm during dioestrus. Before the appearance of oestrus symptoms the values decreased to 41 ± 2,6 Ohm. During oestrus (obvious external oestrus symptoms) the values went down to 30 ± 0,9 Ohm. The measured values remained at the nadir for 4 to 19 hours (average value 8 hours). The LH-peaks always corresponded with the lowest resistance for values of the vaginal mucus. At the end of oestrus, the resistance increased to 43 ± 3,1 Ohm (about 15 hours before ovulation) and reached 46 ± 2,7 Ohm during ovulation.