DNA typing of Mycobacterium bovis strains from the Castlepoint area of the Wairarapa

Aim. To investigate isolates of Mycobacterium bovis from the Castlepoint area of the Wairarapa using three different methods of DNA typing.

Methods. Isolates of M. bovis, obtained from animals in the Castlepoint area between 1982–l998, were characterised by restriction endonuclease analysis. An isolate representing each restriction type was characterised by two newer DNA typing methods based on the polymorphic GC-rich repetitive sequence (PGRS) and spoligotyping.

Results. Over 300 isolates were distinguished into 26 restriction types.The 24 available restriction types were differentiated into 11 PGRS types and 7 spoligotypes. The three most common restriction types had the same PGRS type and the same spoligotype.

Conclusions. The relatively large number of restriction types found, indicated that restriction endonuclease analysis was well suited for detailed epidemiological studies at Castlepoint. Spoligotyping was less discriminatory than PGRS typing but both methods could be used to group isolates with different restriction types.     

High-throughput multiplex MIRU-VNTR typing of Mycobacterium bovis

Spoligotyping is the most widely used method for genotyping Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). However, its discriminatory power varies widely between countries. MIRU-VNTR typing could be a promising alternative, although it generally requires the time consuming and laborious simplex PCR assays using standard agarose gel electrophoresis. The accuracy of this approach depends on good standardization and a certain degree of expertise. This study presents a version of MIRU-VNTR based on three triplex PCRs with automatic allelic assignation of the products analyzed in capillary electrophoresis. The technique was prospectively applied to 44 M. bovis and two Mycobacterium caprae (M. caprae) isolates, and 22 different MIRU-VNTRtypes were obtained; with spoligotyping, only 14 different types were obtained. The proposal makes it possible to shorten response times, automate procedures, and increase accuracy, thus minimizing errors in assigning genotypes. It would enable the switch from a standard limited method of genotyping M. bovis to a high-throughput discriminatory fingerprinting approach.     

Multiple strains of Mycobacterium bovis revealed by molecular typing in a herd of cattle

Mycobacterium bovis isolates from an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a herd of cattle in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analysed by spoligotyping and variable-number tandem repeat PCR analysis of the mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit and exact tandem repeats. Molecular typing revealed a high genetic diversity of strains in the herd. The genetic diversity could be explained by the introduction of infected animals from different sources.     

Evaluation of the discriminatory power of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing of Mycobacterium bovis strains

The discriminatory power of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing based on 16 known loci (12 MIRUs, 3 ETRs and VNTR 3232) was assessed for Mycobacterium bovis strains collected sequentially at the slaughterhouse of N'Djaména, Chad. Of 67 M. bovis strains analyzed, 67% were clustered. In this study, VNTR typing was highly discriminative with an overall allelic diversity (h(oa)) of 0.922. We defined five loci (ETR A, B, C and MIRU 26, 27) as highly (h>0.25), two loci (MIRU 4, and VNTR 3232) as moderately (0.11相似文献   

Molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from south-east Brazil by spoligotyping and RFLP

The identification of 163 strains of Mycobacterium bovis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microbiological tests was carried out on 252 tuberculous-like lesions (TLLs) collected from slaughtered cattle in south-east Brazil. This study compared the usefulness of three genotyping techniques, IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), polymorphic guanine-cytosine-rich sequence (PGRS)-RFLP and direct repeat (DR)-spoligotyping, as applied to M. bovis isolates. Based on IS6110-RFLP genotyping we selected a group of 23 isolates containing more than one IS6110 copy, along with 16 samples containing one IS6110 copy from different geographical areas, evenly distributed among dairy (eight) and beef cattle (eight). These selected isolates were analysed by PGRS-RFLP and DR-spoligotyping genotyping. Dairy cattle (17%) display a higher frequency of multiple IS6110 copies than beef cattle (10%). A comparison between the genotype data obtained fails to show a correlation between the main clusters found by the three techniques. However, the clustering of each genotyping procedure revealed that the majority of strains are closely related. The RFLP-PGRS patterns showed a sizable group (20.5%) containing a 5.5 kb fragment and the predominant spoligotype is similar to that from the BCG vaccine strain. Unexpectedly, four strains (2.4%) showed drug resistance to 0.2 microg/ml isoniazid and 20 microg/ml ethionamide, but none of them was resistant to rifampicin or other antibiotics tested.     

吉林省鹿源牛分枝杆菌MIRU分型研究

为了解鹿源牛分枝杆菌(M.bovis)基因多态性,初步建立适合吉林省鹿源M.bovis的基因分型方法,本研究利用12个分枝杆菌散在重复单位(MIRU)位点,对96株鹿源M.bovis吉林分离株进行MIRU基因分型研究.结果显示,12个位点中有8个位点(MIRU2、4、16、23、27、31、39及40)具有多态性,可以将96株菌株分为1 1个基因型,分辨力指数(H)为0.893,其中6个中度多态性位点的分辨力为0.877.其余4个位点(MIRU 10、20、24及26)未显示多态性.研究结果表明,鹿源M.bovis与其他宿主来源的M.bovis在基因分型上存在差异.MIRU位点对鹿源M.bovis具有良好的分辨力,该分型方法可以作为鹿结核病分子流行病学研究的有效方法.     

Molecular genotyping and epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis strains obtained from cattle in Iran

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping was employed to analyze the population genetics of Mycobacterium bovis in Iran. One hundred and twenty-three isolates collected from slaughtered tuberculosis-suspect cattle and one clinically asymptomatic buffalo were subjected to RFLP analysis with probes of the polymorphic GC-rich sequence (PGRS) and the direct repeat sequence (DR) using DNA digested with PvuII and AluI. All these methods detected a large homogeneous population in which only a few isolates had variant genotypes. Only AluI-based RFLPs of both the PGRS and DR sequences were able to clearly differentiate between BCG and field strains of M. bovis. As in previous reports, these findings seem to reflect a recent dispersal of one or a few strains in Iran following the substantial expansion of Holstein-Friesian cattle over the last few decades.     

结核分支杆菌复合群DNA分型研究进展

1882年首次分离到结核分支杆菌病原体以来,已知结核分支杆菌复合群(MTBC)包括人结核分支杆菌、牛分支杆菌、非洲分支杆菌、田鼠分支杆菌等,是在全球范围内具有重要影响的人兽共患病病原体,但近年对它们的研究还远远不够。MTBC在核苷酸水平约有99.9%的相似度,已有Spoligotyping分型、MIRU-VNTR分型等一系列的分子生物学技术用于基因组DNA指纹图谱研究,其中基于全基因组分析的分型方法最为可靠。随着DNA测序技术的进步,MTBC菌株全基因序列数据不断丰富,基于全基因组分析的分型方法在不断增多。论文对MTBC的基因组分型技术进行总结并提出展望,以便于进一步研究基因组多样性对基因功能和宿主免疫识别等的影响,进而为防控这类病原体提供依据。     

Use of DNA amplification for the rapid identification of Mycobacterium bovis

DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction technique was evaluated for rapid identification of Mycobacterium bovis. Two oligonucleotide primers of 20 bases in length were constructed to target a region of the gene encoding the M. bovis secretory protein, MPB70. The amplification reaction produced a single product 372 bp in size which was readily detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. All 84 strains of M. bovis tested produced a positive signal in the amplification reaction. In addition all isolates fro the M. tuberculosis complex tested, with the exception of M. microti, gave a single band at 372 bp. No amplified product was detected when 24 other species of mycobacteria and species from four other genera were tested. The sensitivity of the test was such that a single viable cell could be detected in the reaction. This technique provides a simple and extremely sensitive method of identifying isolates of M. bovis and other pathogenic M. tuberculosis complex organisms.     

牛分枝杆菌二价组合及融合DNA疫苗的免疫效果

利用PCR技术和重叠延伸剪接(SOE)技术扩增牛分枝杆菌ag85b、mpb64基因和ag85b-mpb64融合基因,连接真核表达载体pCDNA3.1(+),构建二基因融合(pCDNA-MPB64/Ag85B,pCMA)和二价组合(pCDNA-Ag85B+pCDNA-MPB64,pCA+pCM)DNA疫苗.以牛分枝杆菌卡介苗(BCG)为阳性对照,以pCDNA3.1(+)和PBS为阴性对照,免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测血清特异性抗体水平、脾淋巴细胞增殖情况和IFN-γ及IL-2分泌情况.结果显示:融合DNA疫苗组免疫小鼠血清抗体水平、刺激值(SI值)及IFN-γ和IL-2的分泌水平均明显高于其他各组(P<0.05).二价组合DNA疫苗组的体液和细胞免疫指标与BCG组相当(P>0.05),而显著高于两阴性对照组(P<0.05).     

牛分枝杆菌三价组合及融合DNA疫苗免疫效果的研究

分泌性蛋白Ag85B、MPB64和ESAT-6为Mycobacterium boris的主要保护性抗原,在诱导机体免疫反应和抵抗感染中发挥重要作用。本研究以peDNA3．1（＋）为载体,构建了由上述3种抗原基因构成的不同疫苗：3基因融合（peDNA-MPB64-Ag85B-ESAT-6,pCMAE）DNA疫苗和三价（pcDNA-Ag85B＋peDNA-MPB64＋pcDNA-ESAT-6）DNA疫苗,评价各种DNA疫苗诱导的体液免疫、细胞免疫及以BCG攻毒后的免疫保护水平。试验结果表明,多基因融合DNA疫苗免疫后的小鼠血清抗体水平、淋巴细胞增殖（SI值）、gamma interferon（IFN-γ）和interleukin-2（IL-2）水平明显高于其他各组（P〈0．05）,攻毒保护效果也优于多价DNA疫苗,达到了BCG疫苗的免疫保护水平,表明本研究制备的融合DNA疫苗具有良好的应用前景。     

Evaluation of variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci in molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from Ireland

Various sets of short tandem repeats such as the exact tandem repeats (ETRs), mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci, have recently been described as effective tools in strain typing M. tuberculosis complex isolates, representative of global diversity. This study extends our previous study, evaluating the discrimination of a further 17 MIRU_VNTR loci individually and comparing the resolution of published VNTR sets and spoligotyping using a panel of 47 local M. bovis field isolates, including known epidemiologically linked isolates and 9 M. tuberculosis complex reference isolates. Individual loci differed greatly in their discrimination. The discriminatory capacity of novel combinations of the most discriminating VNTR loci was also assessed. In the panel of 47 M. bovis isolates, 17 unique profiles were resolved using VNTR set 1, whilst the MIRUs and ETRs resolved the panel into 11 and 6 profiles, respectively. A novel combination of 10 highly discriminatory VNTRs was determined, which resolved 30 unique profiles. The configuration of a multi-locus VNTR-based assay and its ability to provide a flexible, convenient and high-resolution genotyping method is discussed. We suggest a panel of VNTR markers which may be widely suitable for molecular epidemiological studies of M. bovis. However, the number and combination of informative VNTR markers selected needs to be determined empirically with reference to locally prevalent strains and will depend on the epidemiological study requirements.     

High frequency of Mycobacterium bovis DNA in colostra from tuberculous cattle detected by nested PCR

We evaluated by nested PCR reaction, different cow secretions from a herd with 48% of prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB), seeking to determine niches where Mycobacterium bovis could be found. Postmortem examination of 18 (75%) tuberculin reacting cows allowed demonstrates BTB-compatible lesions in six, all of them PCR positives in milk and four in colostra samples. Our results showed that up to 62% of the colostra analysed contained M. bovis DNA, whereas only 18% of milk gave a positive reaction. Moreover, in bronchoalveolar lavages from cattle with compatible lesions in lungs or lymph nodes, where macrophages account up to 90% of cells, we did not find evidences of M. bovis. Altogether, these results suggest that differences in the anti-bacterial capacity of bovine macrophages, dependent upon microenvironment and organ-specific factors, exist. Alternatively, we hypothesize that hypoxic conditions that are encountered in mammary glands macrophages could induce M. bovis entrance into a 'dormancy-like' state, and that the high number of colostra samples were M. bovis was detected, could be an indicator of reactivation during 'peripartum'.     

牛分支杆菌DNA疫苗工程菌的高密度培养研究

对牛分支杆菌三价DNA疫苗工程菌进行了高密度培养的探索。通过摇瓶培养试验对3种培养基进行了筛选,选择出具有高密度培养潜力的半合成培养基作为中试规模的发酵罐培养基;经对培养温度、溶氧、pH、转速、补料方式等各种条件优化,培养的工程菌密度OD600达到22.92,细菌湿重达到27.173 g/L,质粒产量为1.44 mg/g湿菌。试验还对培养物质粒的稳定性进行了证实。     

A report of tuberculosis in cats in New Zealand, and the examination of strains of Mycobacterium bovis by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis

Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from diagnostic samples from 57 cats submitted to New Zealand Animal Health Laboratories from 1974 to 1986. With six exceptions, these cats came from suburban and rural areas of New Zealand where M.bovis was also present in feral and wild animals, especially the brush-tailed possum. Tuberculous skin lesions were seen in 33 (58%) of the cats. Histologically, these lesions had some similarities to those of cat leprosy. Included in the 57 cats was a group of 12 tuberculous animals which were diagnosed in a suburban veterinary practice over a 3 month period. When these 12 M. bovis isolates were examined by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis, they were found to be identical. This evidence, together with the relatively short period during which the cases occurred, suggested that these cats were exposed to a single source of infection.     

Molecular epidemiologic analysis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from Mexico

OBJECTIVE: To assess phylogenetic relationships among Mycobacterium bovis isolates by use of random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) fingerprinting and to relate genetic profiles of isolates to epidemiologic characteristics. ANIMALS: 400 cattle with tuberculosis. PROCEDURE: Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from various organs of cattle slaughtered in 6 geographic regions of Mexico. Most cattle were adult Holsteins from large herds that did not participate in a tuberculosis control program. Four random primers and 2 selected primers were used in RAPD-PCR fingerprinting of 88 isolates. Pairwise genetic distance between isolates was obtained and subjected to cluster analysis with bootstrapping to test for levels of support. RESULTS: 98 different fragments were obtained; there was broad genetic diversity among isolates, and each isolate had a unique RAPD-genotype, including those originating from the same herd. Clustering by geographic location, affected organ, or severity of lesion was not detected. Linkage disequilibrium analysis suggested that M. bovis was highly clonal and that mutations develop at a rapid rate among isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of RAPD-PCR could not differentiate M. bovis isolates by epidemiologic characteristics or identify common sources of infection.     

牛分枝杆菌特异性多重PCR反应在临床样本检测中的应用

本试验应用建立的三重PCR反应检测256份血液样本,结果其中的2份样本呈阳性.应用在线blast进行同源性比较,结果发现,牛分枝杆菌特异性基因IS6110,IS1081和recA与牛分枝杆菌AF2122/97株的同源性均达到99％以上.