脂肪干细胞外泌体功能研究进展

脂肪干细胞外泌体(ADSCs-Exos)不含活细胞,抗原性低,性质稳定,在血管生成、组织再生、免疫调节等方面发挥了重要作用.作为一种无细胞疗法,ADSCs-Exos在组织修复与再生等方面具有广阔的应用前景.该文就ADSCs-Exos功能研究进展作一综述.     

Langerhans cells facilitate epithelial DNA damage and squamous cell carcinoma

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent, potent carcinogens, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is a model PAH widely used to study tumorigenesis. Mice lacking Langerhans cells (LCs), a signatory epidermal dendritic cell (DC), are protected from cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis, independent of T cell immunity. Investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed that LC-deficient skin was relatively resistant to DMBA-induced DNA damage. LCs efficiently metabolized DMBA to DMBA-trans-3,4-diol, an intermediate proximal to oncogenic Hras mutation, and DMBA-treated LC-deficient skin contained significantly fewer Hras mutations. Moreover, DMBA-trans-3,4-diol application bypassed tumor resistance in LC-deficient mice. Additionally, the genotoxic impact of DMBA on human keratinocytes was significantly increased by prior incubation with human-derived LC. Thus, tissue-associated DC can enhance chemical carcinogenesis via PAH metabolism, highlighting the complex relation between immune cells and carcinogenesis.     

Hirschsprung disease is linked to defects in neural crest stem cell function

Genes associated with Hirschsprung disease, a failure to form enteric ganglia in the hindgut, were highly up-regulated in gut neural crest stem cells relative to whole-fetus RNA. One of these genes, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor Ret, was necessary for neural crest stem cell migration in the gut. GDNF promoted the migration of neural crest stem cells in culture but did not affect their survival or proliferation. Gene expression profiling, combined with reverse genetics and analyses of stem cell function, suggests that Hirschsprung disease is caused by defects in neural crest stem cell function.     

Hematopoietic stem cell quiescence maintained by p21cip1/waf1

Relative quiescence is a defining characteristic of hematopoietic stem cells, while their progeny have dramatic proliferative ability and inexorably move toward terminal differentiation. The quiescence of stem cells has been conjectured to be of critical biologic importance in protecting the stem cell compartment, which we directly assessed using mice engineered to be deficient in the G1 checkpoint regulator, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21cip1/waf1 (p21). In the absence of p21, hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and absolute number were increased under normal homeostatic conditions. Exposing the animals to cell cycle-specific myelotoxic injury resulted in premature death due to hematopoietic cell depletion. Further, self-renewal of primitive cells was impaired in serially transplanted bone marrow from p21-/- mice, leading to hematopoietic failure. Therefore, p21 is the molecular switch governing the entry of stem cells into the cell cycle, and in its absence, increased cell cycling leads to stem cell exhaustion. Under conditions of stress, restricted cell cycling is crucial to prevent premature stem cell depletion and hematopoietic death.     

Wolbachia enhance Drosophila stem cell proliferation and target the germline stem cell niche

Wolbachia are widespread maternally transmitted intracellular bacteria that infect most insect species and are able to alter the reproduction of innumerous hosts. The cellular bases of these alterations remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Drosophila mauritiana infected with a native Wolbachia wMau strain produces about four times more eggs than the noninfected counterpart. Wolbachia infection leads to an increase in the mitotic activity of germline stem cells (GSCs), as well as a decrease in programmed cell death in the germarium. Our results suggest that up-regulation of GSC division is mediated by a tropism of Wolbachia for the GSC niche, the cellular microenvironment that supports GSCs.     

Regulation of homeostatic chemokine expression and cell trafficking during immune responses

The chemokines CCL21 and CXCL13 are immune factors that dictate homing and motility of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues. However, the means by which these chemokines are regulated and how they influence cell trafficking during immune responses remain unclear. We show that CCL21 and CXCL13 are transiently down-regulated within lymphoid tissues during immune responses by a mechanism controlled by the cytokine interferon-gamma. This modulation was found to alter the localization of lymphocytes and dendritic cells within responding lymphoid tissues. As a consequence, priming of T cell responses to a second distinct pathogen after chemokine modulation became impaired. We propose that this transient chemokine modulation may help orchestrate local cellularity, thus minimizing competition for space and resources in activated lymphoid tissues.     

Germline stem cell transplantation and transgenesis

The recently developed testis cell transplantation method provides a powerful approach to studying the biology of the male germline stem cell and its microenvironment, the stem cell niche. The technique also is being used to examine spermatogenic defects, correct male infertility, and generate transgenic animals.     

Requirement for coronin 1 in T lymphocyte trafficking and cellular homeostasis

The evolutionarily conserved actin-related protein (Arp2/3) complex is a key component of actin filament networks that is dynamically regulated by nucleation-promoting and inhibitory factors. Although much is known about actin assembly, the physiologic functions of inhibitory proteins are unclear. We generated coronin 1-/- mice and found that coronin 1 exerted an inhibitory effect on cellular steady-state F-actin formation via an Arp2/3-dependent mechanism. Whereas coronin 1 was required for chemokine-mediated migration, it was dispensable for T cell antigen receptor functions in T cells. Moreover, actin dynamics, through a mitochondrial pathway, was linked to lymphocyte homeostasis.     

MicroRNA在多能干细胞的表达与功能

具有自我更新能力和多向分化潜能的胚胎干(ES)细胞及诱导多能干(iPS)细胞在再生医学领域有着巨大的应用潜力。目前获得多能干细胞的效率依然偏低,与干性获得及维持相关的调控机制尚不十分明确,严重制约了多能干细胞的进一步研究与应用。近年的研究表明,microRNAs(miRNAs)不仅在ES细胞增殖分化、维持多能性方面具有重要的调控作用,在诱导体细胞形成iPS细胞的过程中也扮演着重要角色。有关miRNAs在ES细胞以及iPS细胞的表达与调控研究的新进展,为多能干细胞的进一步研究提供了新思路与新方法。本文侧重就miRNAs在ES细胞和iPS细胞的表达及其在细胞增殖分化、干性维持等方面的功能进行综述,以供相关研究参考。     

大鼠胎儿神经干细胞的分离、培养及诱导分化

为了探讨神经干细胞(Neural stem cells,NSCs)在体外培养中的生物学特性,研究不同细胞因子对NSCs分化的影响,试验对大鼠胎儿神经干细胞进行了分离培养,并研究了10,50和100 ng/mL的神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neruotrophic factor,BDNF)和胶质源性神经生长因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)对NSCs的定向诱导分化作用。结果表明,大鼠胎儿NSCs可在体外增殖并形成典型的神经球,指数增长期在传代后的第4~5天;10和50 ng/mL的NGF、BDNF和GDNF对NSCs的诱导分化作用不明显,100 ng/mL的NGF、BDNF和GDNF可诱导NSCs分化为神经元或胶质细胞。说明NGF和BDNF可诱导NSCs向神经元方向分化,GDNF诱导其向胶质细胞分化。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建永生化脐带间充质干细胞系及MYC-AS1转基因研究

人脐带间充质干细胞(hMSCs)是一种具有多向分化潜能的多能干细胞,在组织修复和某些疾病治疗的临床应用上发挥着重要作用.利用CRISPR/Cas9技术在腺相关病毒AAVS1位点插入具有磷酸甘油酸激酶PGK启动子和SV40-polyA的SV40 LT基因,使hMSCs达到永生化.并利用慢病毒构建具有抑癌作用的反义长链非编...     

Modulation of hematopoietic stem cell homing and engraftment by CD26

Hematopoietic stem cell homing and engraftment are crucial to transplantation efficiency, and clinical engraftment is severely compromised when donor-cell numbers are limiting. The peptidase CD26 (DPPIV/dipeptidylpeptidase IV) removes dipeptides from the amino terminus of proteins. We present evidence that endogenous CD26 expression on donor cells negatively regulates homing and engraftment. By inhibition or deletion of CD26, it was possible to increase greatly the efficiency of transplantation. These results suggest that hematopoietic stem cell engraftment is not absolute, as previously suggested, and indicate that improvement of bone marrow transplant efficiency may be possible in the clinic.     

Effects of telomerase and telomere length on epidermal stem cell behavior

A key process in organ homeostasis is the mobilization of stem cells out of their niches. We show through analysis of mouse models that telomere length, as well as the catalytic component of telomerase, Tert, are critical determinants in the mobilization of epidermal stem cells. Telomere shortening inhibited mobilization of stem cells out of their niche, impaired hair growth, and resulted in suppression of stem cell proliferative capacity in vitro. In contrast, Tert overexpression in the absence of changes in telomere length promoted stem cell mobilization, hair growth, and stem cell proliferation in vitro. The effects of telomeres and telomerase on stem cell biology anticipate their role in cancer and aging.     

Medicine. Consent from donors for embryo and stem cell research

As research with human embryos and embryonic stem cells proceeds, the authors of this Policy Forum argue that all donors of biological materials should give informed consent, including oocyte and sperm donors. Informed consent is particularly important because of the diverse opinions and strong emotions that surround such research. Some gamete donors who are willing to help women and couples bear children may object to the use of their genetic materials for certain types of research.     

Establishment and characterization of immortalized bovine male germline stem cell line

Male germline stem cells(m GSCs) are unique adult germ cells with self-renewal potential and spermatogenesis function in the testis.However,further studies are needed to establish a long-term cultural system of m GSCs in vitro,especially for large animals such as bovine m GSCs.In this study,we first established a stable immortalized bovine male germline stem cell line by transducing Simian virus 40(SV40) large T antigen.The proliferation of these cells was improved significantly.These cells could express spermatogonial stem cell(SSC)-specific markers,such as PLZF,PGP9.5,VASA,LIN28 A,and CD49 F,both in the m RNA and protein levels.Additionally,these cells could be differentiated into three germ layer cells to enter meiosis,form colonies,and proliferate in the seminiferous tubules of busulfan-induced infertile mice.The immortalized bovine m GSCs maintain the criteria of m GSCs.     

大鼠骨髓干细胞的分离、培养和诱导生成内皮祖细胞的研究

目的探讨大鼠骨髓干细胞的体外分离、培养和诱导生成内皮祖细胞的的可行性,并检测其表型和功能。方法取大鼠长骨骨髓细胞,第3代细胞传代后加用终质量浓度10μg/L的血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的细胞因子,培养3 d后行内皮细胞特异性成分鉴定。结果（1）免疫组化染色鉴定：P3代CD133呈中度阳性表现,CD34呈弱阳性表现;经VEGF诱导后表达明显增强。（2）流式细胞仪细胞计数鉴定：P3代CD133、CD34阳性细胞率分别为97.3%、55.5%;经VEGF诱导后CD133、CD34阳性细胞率分别为91.4%、78.6%。（3）P3代VEGF诱导后乙酰化低密度脂蛋白（ac-LDL）、荆豆凝集素（UEA）双染鉴定：经VEGF诱导的P3代细胞ac-LDL和FITC-UEA-1双荧光染色阳性率（70.2±5.1）%,未经VEGF诱导后的P3代细胞ac-LDL和FITC-UEA-1双荧光染色阳性率（20.4±3.8）%。（4）RealTime-PCR检测第3代VEGF cell和三代cell的内皮细胞特异性成分表达：P3 VEGF cell血管内皮生长因子受体2（VEGF-R2）浓度是P3cell的2.22倍。结论用贴壁筛选法和VEGF细胞因子培养大鼠骨髓干细胞可以获得较高纯度的内皮祖细胞（EPCs）,该细胞具有内皮祖细胞的特性,可用于进一步向内皮细胞分化的研究与应用。     

Emerging challenges in regulatory T cell function and biology

Much progress has been made in understanding how the immune system is regulated, with a great deal of recent interest in naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells that actively engage in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. The challenge ahead for immunologists is the further elucidation of the molecular and cellular processes that govern the development and function of these cells. From this, exciting possibilities are emerging for the manipulation of regulatory T cell pathways in treating immunological diseases and suppressing or augmenting physiological immune responses.