基于转录组测序解析南瓜子叶黄化的分子机理

为研究南瓜叶色黄化突变的机制，挖掘黄化相关关键基因，试验以南瓜自然黄化突变体为试材，通过高通量RNA测序(RNA-seq)对苗期子叶进行转录组分析。结果表明：从检测的26 445个表达基因中鉴定出12 687个差异表达基因(DEGs),包括6 444个上调基因，6 243个下调基因；其中2 321个DEGs是转录因子编码基因。选取14个与光合色素密切相关的DEGs进行实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析，发现它们的基因表达水平与转录组测序结果一致。经KEGG富集分析，发现卟啉和叶绿素(Chl)生物合成、光系统Ⅰ、光系统Ⅱ、光合作用-天线蛋白、电子传递和F型ATP酶相关基因的表达显著下调。谷氨酰-tRNA还原酶、镁离子螯合酶、叶绿素a加氧酶基因异常表达，血红素代谢相关基因表达上调抑制了Chl合成；β-胡萝卜素3-羟基酶促进了类胡萝卜素生成；另外，光合作用过程受阻也反馈抑制Chl合成，Chl合成受阻和类胡萝卜素合成受促导致南瓜叶色黄化。研究结果为南瓜黄化突变的分子机制提供了新的见解，为关键基因功能分析和南瓜育种奠定了基础。     

Molecular defects in a human immunoglobulin kappa chain deficiency

The molecular basis of a human immunoglobulin deficiency characterized by the complete absence of kappa chains has been investigated by nucleotide sequence analyses of a patient's kappa constant region (C kappa) genes. Both of his C kappa genes had a single point mutation, resulting in the loss of the invariant tryptophan from one allele and of an invariant cysteine from the other allele. These results indicate that neither of the patient's C kappa alleles encoded a kappa chain that could form a stable intradomain disulfide bond, although peculiarities in the expression of kappa chains in the patient's family suggest that other factors may be involved.     

A MADS-box gene necessary for fruit ripening at the tomato ripening-inhibitor (rin) locus

Tomato plants harboring the ripening-inhibitor (rin) mutation yield fruits that fail to ripen. Additionally, rin plants display enlarged sepals and loss of inflorescence determinacy. Positional cloning of the rin locus revealed two tandem MADS-box genes (LeMADS-RIN and LeMADS-MC), whose expression patterns suggested roles in fruit ripening and sepal development, respectively. The rin mutation alters expression of both genes. Gene repression and mutant complementation demonstrate that LeMADS-RIN regulates ripening, whereas LeMADS-MC affects sepal development and inflorescence determinacy. LeMADS-RIN demonstrates an agriculturally important function of plant MADS-box genes and provides molecular insight into nonhormonal (developmental) regulation of ripening.     

水稻中介体亚基OsMed6的表达及进化分析

中介体复合物是真核生物RNA聚合酶Ⅱ(PolⅡ)通用转录装置的重要组成部分,是基因特异性转录因子与启动子信息传递的桥梁.本研究对水稻(Oryza sativa)中一个假定的中介体亚基OsMed6的表达和进化进行了分析.通过整合分析不同来源的基因芯片数据,发现OsMed6在各个组织(器官)里都有表达.构建了OsMed6与...     

番茄SlWRKY23基因的克隆及其抗病性和耐盐性分析

WRKY转录因子是普遍存在于植物界中的一类转录因子,参与了植物在生物和非生物逆境胁迫中的多种应答。前期研究表明,在PstDC3000侵染及盐胁迫下番茄SlWRKY23基因的表达水平提高。为了研究番茄SlWRKY23转录因子对PstDC3000的抗病性及在盐胁迫逆境中的功能,通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得转SlWRKY23基因植株,并对3个独立的转基因株系（WRKY23\|1、WRKY23\|5和WRKY23\|7）进行了抗逆性分析。结果表明接种PstDC3000后,转基因植株表现明显的抗病表型,抗病防御相关基因SlPR1和SlPR1a1的表达量显著高于野生型;盐胁迫处理后,转基因植株表现出明显的抗盐表型,逆性相关基因SlRD22和SlDREB2A的表达量显著高于野生型。该结果表明SlWRKY23基因在番茄抗PstDC3000和盐胁迫过程中具有正调控作用,通过上调逆性相关基因的表达量增强抗逆性。     

Transmission characteristics of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) by Bemisia tabaci MED and its effects on host preference of vector whitefly

The epidemiology of Tomato chlorosis virus(ToCV) in China is closely associated with its vector whitefly, Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) MED. However, the transmission characteristics of ToCV by B. tabaci MED remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed: 1) the horizontal and vertical transmission of ToCV by B. tabaci MED whiteflies; 2) the acquisition of ToCV by male and female B. tabaci MED whiteflies after different feeding durations; 3) the transmission efficacy of viruliferous male and female B. tabaci MED whiteflies after different inoculation access periods(IAPs); 4) the retention of ToCV by viruliferous male and female B. tabaci MED whiteflies after a 48 h acquisition access period(AAP); and 5) the effects of ToCV on host choice of healthy or ToCV-infected tomato plant of viruliferous and non-viruliferous B. tabaci MED at different time points. Our results showed that: 1) viruliferous males could not transfer ToCV to non-viruliferous females, and vice versa, viruliferous females could not pass on ToCV to non-viruliferous males. ToCV could not be detected in the F1 generation adults; 2) ToCV could be detected within 4.0% of females or males after a 20 min AAP; 3) ToCV could be detected in 33.3% of tomato plants inoculated by 10 viruliferous males or females with IAPs of 20 or 30 min; 4) the maximum retention time in females was 7 and 5 days in males; and 5) non-viruliferous B. tabaci MED did not show a preference for ToCV-infected tomato plants or healthy tomato plants. However, viruliferous B. tabaci MED whiteflies did prefer to settle on healthy tomato plants over ToCV-infected tomato plants. These findings will be helpful to better understand the epidemiology of the recently emerged plant virus, ToCV, in tomato fields in China.     

鸡miR-133a靶向调控BIRC5基因的表达

【目的】研究miR-133a在鸡不同组织中的表达情况,对baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5（BIRC5）进行靶基因的试验验证,探讨鸡miR-133a对BIRC5的靶向调控作用。【方法】采用生物信息学方法对miR-133a靶基因进行预测,并用双荧光素酶报告系统及点突变试验对BIRC5进行靶基因验证,同时运用实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-133a在鸡不同组织中的表达量。【结果】在鸡3′UTR数据库的11 891个基因中预测到287个miR-133a的靶基因;miR-133a在鸡的组织表达谱中显示其在肌肉中的表达量较高,尤其是在骨骼肌中表达量最高;报告基因试验显示BIRC5是miR-133a的靶基因,点突变试验证实了miR-133a在BIRC5上结合的靶位点。【结论】miR-133a是与鸡骨骼肌发育高度相关的miRNA,且鸡BIRC5基因是miR-133a的靶基因。     

Identification and expression analysis of the Pbr MLO gene family in pear,and functional verification of PbrMLO23

Mildew resistance locus O(MLO) is a plant-specific gene family that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants and their interactions with the environment. However, the available information on this gene family in pear is limited. Here, 24 PbrMLO genes were identified and divided into five subfamilies(I, II, III, IV and V). Wholegenome duplication(WGD) and dispersed duplication contributed to the expansion of the PbrMLO family. In addition, gene expression analysis revealed that PbrMLO genes were distributed in various pear tissues, suggesting their diverse functions. We selected PbrMLO23 for further functional analysis. Expression profile analysis by qRT-PCR showed that PbrMLO23 was highly expressed in pollen. Subcellular localization analysis showed that PbrMLO23 was located on the plasma membrane. When the expression level of PbrMLO23 was knocked down by using antisense oligonucleotides, pollen tube lengths increased, indicating that PbrMLO23 plays a functional role in inhibiting pollen tube growth. In summary, these results provide evolutionary insight into PbrMLO and its functional characteristics and lay a foundation for further analysis of the functions of PbrMLO members in pear.     

核桃抗逆基因JrGSTU23的克隆及表达分析

谷胱甘肽转移酶GST基因在植物逆境响应中具有重要作用。核桃Juglans regia是重要的经济林木,其生长和产量受环境因子的影响。为探索核桃抗逆生理机制,筛选抗逆基因,以品种‘香玲’‘Xiangling’为试材,克隆获得核桃JrGSTU23基因,并进行生物信息学和基因表达分析,预测JrGSTU23的基本生物功能。结果显示:JrGSTU23基因的开放阅读框（ORF）为684 bp,编码多肽为25.89 kDa,包含氨基酸227,理论等电点为5.20。与碧桃Prunus persica,毛果杨Populus trichocarpa等同源蛋白进行多序列比对,发现均有GST-Tau保守结构域,且与香蕉Musa acuminata和毛果杨等的Tau家族GST蛋白具有较近的进化关系;其上游2 000 bp启动子中含有多种与逆境响应相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）发现,JrGSTU23在植物激素脱落酸（ABA）,茉莉酸（MeJA）,水杨酸（SA）和非生物胁迫氯化钠,聚乙二醇（PEG 6000）,6℃等胁迫下能不同程度地被诱导表达,且在根和叶中的表达趋势不同。表明JrGSTU23受不同植物激素和非生物胁迫诱导,且具有组织表达特异性,推测其在核桃逆境响应中起到一定作用。     

合成引物碱基缺失造成木聚糖酶的移码突变

黑曲霉木聚糖酶xynⅢ酶分子改造时,常出现引物碱基缺失造成扩增基因移码突变.本研究将xynⅢ克隆入表达载体pET20b,分析移码突变酶C-端氨基酸序列,探讨了该碱基缺失突变的检测方法.引物中缺失1或2 bp碱基时,扩增基因产生2种移码突变酶,分别在正常酶分子C-端增加30或12个氨基酸,比正常酶分子质量分别增加6或2 ku;而缺失3 bp碱基时不产生移码突变,只比正常酶分子少1个氨基酸,含有6个H is标签;通过SDS-PAGE可将移码突变酶与正常酶分子分开,从而将移码突变基因与正常基因分开,这个理论与DNA测序结果完全吻合.同时发现2 bp碱基缺失突变是1 bp碱基缺失突变的2倍,分析了其产生原因.最后,提出了避免引物中碱基缺失移码突变发生的预防措施.     

‘春甜橘’及其突变体果皮差异相关蛋白质组分析

【目的】柑橘自然芽变材料是柑橘育种的重要来源。‘明柳甜橘’(Citrus reticuiata Blancocv.Mingliutianju,MP)是从‘春甜橘’(C.reticuiata Blanco cv.Chuntianju,CP)中选育出的自然芽变品种。分析‘春甜橘’与其自然芽变‘明柳甜橘’果皮差异蛋白质,探讨导致两品种形态差异的原因。【方法】以花后12周和23周的‘明柳甜橘’和‘春甜橘’果皮为材料,采用双向电泳技术(Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,2-DE)分离获得野生型与突变型差异表达蛋白点,利用MALDI-TOF-MS质谱鉴定技术分析相关差异蛋白质,并进行功能注释和生物信息学分析。【结果】将提取的果皮总蛋白质经双向电泳后,分别采用硝酸银和考马斯亮蓝染色法进行蛋白质凝胶染色,均获得了清晰的2-DE电泳图。2-DE图谱经Image Master 2D软件分析表明,硝酸银染色法能检测到约1 200个蛋白点,考马斯亮蓝染色法能检测到约500个蛋白质点,从中各选取20个变化丰度2倍以上且重复性好的蛋白点进行MALDI-TOF-MS质谱鉴定和数据库检索分析,共有33个蛋白质有功能注释,其中17个蛋白质在‘明柳甜橘’果皮中表达上调,16个表达下调。按照33个差异蛋白质的功能,可将其分为11类,它们分别参与糖类/能量代谢、胁迫/防御反应、核酸代谢、氨基酸代谢、转录、氮代谢、脂肪酸代谢、蛋白修饰与降解以及未知类。利用KOBAS(KEGG Orthology-Based Annotation System)在线功能分析平台对33个差异表达蛋白质进行信号通路分析,其中18个差异蛋白质有KO注释,共涉及31条信号通路,按照P值大小排列,类黄酮生物合成过程位居第一,说明该信号通路最有可能参与春甜橘芽变形成过程。【结论】综合分析‘春甜橘’和‘明柳甜橘’基因水平及蛋白质水平的差异,推测可能是由参与类黄酮生物合成过程的差异表达基因尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶基因和差异表达蛋白咖啡酰辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶的差异表达导致了二者的表型差异。     

‘乔纳金’苹果及其脆肉芽变果实质地发育机理

【目的】研究‘乔纳金’苹果及其脆肉芽变果实发育后期硬度与脆度的变化、果实香气成分含量以及果实软化相关基因的表达差异,旨在为全面认识该脆肉芽变的发育机理提供科学依据,并为进一步丰富苹果果实质地品质发育的理论体系提供基本资料。【方法】以‘乔纳金’苹果及其脆肉芽变苹果发育后期的果实为试材,检测果实硬度、脆度、香气成分含量以及乙烯生物合成基因ACO、ACS和果实软化有关基因PG、PME、β-Gal、α-L-Af、XET、AM、LOX及β-xyl的表达量。【结果】‘乔纳金’苹果及其脆肉芽变果实发育后期的果实硬度与脆度整体均呈下降趋势,其中在采前50-35 d有个快速下降过程,但脆肉芽变的果实硬度与脆度均显著高于‘乔纳金’;‘乔纳金’苹果酯类化合物的种类数与含量分别是其脆肉芽变的1.5倍和1.2倍,而醇类和醛类化合物含量分别仅是其脆肉芽变的15.1%和14.3%;‘乔纳金’苹果ACO基因表达量前后变化很大,在花后120 d有一个明显的表达峰,花后113-120 d表达量（2 995.8）占总表达量（3 039.6）的98.6%,而‘乔纳金’硬肉芽变果实ACS和ACO基因表达量前后变化不大,总表达量仅分别相当于‘乔纳金’的73.9%和1.1%,且表达峰均滞后于‘乔纳金’;‘乔纳金’苹果PG及XET等6个基因在花后113-120 d表达量均占总表达量的35%以上,是引起‘乔纳金’苹果果实硬度与脆度快速下降的主要原因,而‘乔纳金’脆肉芽变果实参试的12个基因总表达量（1 021.9）仅是‘乔纳金’（4 399.1）的23.2%,其中PG、α-L-Af、 XET和β-Gal等4个基因表达量分别是‘乔纳金’的12.5%、62.7%、72.6%和75.3%。【结论】‘乔纳金’苹果酯类成分种类多、含量高,而脆肉芽变醇类和醛类成分种类多、含量高;两份材料果实发育后期果实硬度和脆度的差异及其变化可能是ACS、ACO、PG、β-Gal、β-xyl、α-L-Af和 XET等多种基因协同作用的结果,其中ACO、PG、β-Gal和XET是关键基因。     

MC1R c.676A>G与山羊皮肤色素沉积的关系及其对黑色素合成的影响

为探讨山羊MC1R基因c.676A>G突变与山羊皮肤色素沉积的关系,及其对黑色素合成和cAMP信号通路下游色素相关基因表达的影响：一方面采用直接测序法检测酉州乌羊及其杂交后代群体(120个个体)MC1R基因c.676A>G的突变情况,用色差仪测量不同基因型个体的腹部皮肤色度值,分析c.676A>G突变与皮肤色素沉积的关系;另一方面,构建野生型(MC1R c.676A)和突变型(MC1R c.676G)真核表达载体,采用脂质体介导法转染到小鼠皮肤黑色素瘤细胞(B16-F10)中进行过表达,利用酶标仪检测各组细胞黑色素含量的差异,并通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测各组细胞中cAMP信号通路下游色素相关基因(MITF、TYR、TYRP1、DCT)的表达差异性。结果显示：酉州乌羊及其杂交后代群体中,c.676A>G位点均以GG基因型占优势,不同基因型群体的皮肤色度值差异不显著(P>0.05)。MC1R突变组(MC1R c.676G)细胞中的黑色素含量极显著(P<0.05)高于MC1R野生组(MC1R c.676A)。MITF、TYRP1和DCT基因在MC1R突...     

CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除水稻BR降解相关基因的研究

油菜素内酯(BR)是一种常见的植物类激素,在植物的生长发育过程中起重要的调控作用,对水稻株型改良和抗逆性有重要作用。研究首先构建了水稻4个BR降解相关基因的CRISPR/Cas9载体;然后利用农杆菌介导法,将构建好的4个BR降解相关基因的CRISPR/Cas9载体分别转化水稻中花11的愈伤组织,用50 mg/L的潮霉素作为筛选标记,共获得395株转基因植株。其中,有270株属于野生型,61株属于杂合子类型,64株属于突变类型;64株突变体中有39株是杂合突变体,25株是纯合突变体,纯合突变的概率为6.25%。4个基因均获得了突变材料,但不同基因的突变效率不同,其中转LW26的植株突变率高达41%。     

水稻短宽粒基因SWG1的图位克隆

【目的】水稻产量由单位面积有效穗数、每穗粒数和粒重3个因素构成,其中,粒重主要由水稻的籽粒形态决定。筛选和鉴定新的粒型突变材料和基因,可为产量性状的分子设计育种奠定基础。【方法】在籼稻保持系西大1B(XD1B)的甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变群体中鉴定到一个短宽粒突变体short and widen grain 1(swg1);分析籽粒形态和其他农艺性状,并对颖壳进行组织细胞学观察分析;运用BSA法进行基因定位;通过遗传互补试验确定候选基因;采用qRT-PCR分析该基因的表达模式及其他粒型相关基因和细胞发育基因的表达水平。【结果】农艺性状分析发现,与野生型相比,swg1突变体粒长显著降低,粒宽显著增加,表现出短宽粒的表型;进一步组织和细胞学分析,发现突变体颖壳纵向细胞变短是粒长变短的主要原因,而粒宽增加是由于颖壳横向细胞数目和细胞大小同时增加。遗传分析结果表明,该突变性状受隐性单基因控制,通过图位克隆与遗传互补验证,确定候选基因为LOC＿Os07g42410,编码一个植物特异转录因子。qRT-PCR分析发现该基因表达无明显的组织特异性,在茎、叶、幼穗中表达强烈。通过对已知粒型相关基因、细胞...     

RNAi技术概述

RNAi(RNA interference)是指外源性双链RNA(dsRNA)能抑制细胞内与其序列同源的基因的表达。在进化上,这可能是生物调控基因表达及抵御病毒侵染或转座子诱导DNA突变的一种共有的生理机制。本文对RNAi技术进行介绍。     

AcrAB Efflux Pump in Fluoroquinolone Resistant Salmonella gallinarum Induced by Ciprofloxacin Selective Pressure

Salmonella gallinarum has shown multiple drug resistance (MDR),especially high level fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in recent years.To determine whether the active efflux system was responsible for high-level FQ resistance,this research studied AcrAB efflux pump in Salmonella gallinarum on molecular level.The resistant strains were induced by standard strain C79-13 with ciprofloxacin in vitro.With carbonylcyanide-p-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) as an energy inhibitor,efflux inhibition test initially showed the potential impact of efflux pump on drug resistance.Sequence analysis of acrA gene indicated that gene mutation of AcrAB efflux pump was not definitely associated with MDR and drug resistance level of Salmonella gallinarum.Detected by competitive RT-PCR,the mRNA expression of acrA and acrB genes in the resistant strains significantly increased (p0.01) compared with that of the control strain C79-13.The mRNA expression level of acrB gene (increased from 1.6-to 2.9-folds) was consistent with that of acrA gene (increased from 1.6-to 2.8-folds),which increased with the drug resistance level.However,gene mutation of acrA gene showed no correlation with its mRNA expression level,indicating that gene mutation did not affect the expression of AcrAB pump itself.The results suggested that the overexpression rather than the gene mutation of AcrAB efflux pump was an important factor causing the high level drug resistance of Salmonella gallinarum.