25份小黑麦品种(系)的抗黄矮病鉴定与评价

2015年采用田间人工接种法,对25份小黑麦品种(系)进行了由大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)引起的小黑麦黄矮病的田间抗性鉴定和评价。结果表明,在供试的25份小黑麦品种(系)中未检测出免疫、高抗和抗病材料。有4份材料(农41、1519、1529和41)表现为中抗(MR),占供试材料的16.00%;12份材料表现为感病(S),占供试材料的48.00%;9份材料表现高感(HS),占供试材料的36.00%。将25份小黑麦品种(系)进行聚类分析,可划分为3类,从谱系图上可以看出,抗病性相同的品种(系)大致划分在同一个类中。     

不同木薯品种对木薯单爪螨的抗性鉴定评价

为了有效满足中国木薯产业健康持续发展需求,系统开展了抗木薯单爪螨木薯品种鉴定与评价。80个参试木薯品种中,C1115和缅甸品种对木薯单爪螨表现为高抗,SC5、SC9、SC15、利民、哥伦比亚4D共5个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为抗,SC8、SC12、SC8002等27个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为中抗,GR10、沙田面包、BRA12等41个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为感,SC205、TMS60444、KU50、面包、BRA900共5个品种对木薯单爪螨表现为高感。取食抗、感品种后的木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖差异显著。与感螨木薯品种相比较,取食抗虫木薯品种后的F0代木薯单爪螨发育历期显著延长（12.67～15.83 d）,F1代每雌产卵量（7.33～14.13粒）、卵孵化率（30.96%～58.23%）和雌成螨比例（61.29%～66.90%）显著降低。上述结果表明,不同品种对木薯单爪螨的抗性不同,抗螨木薯品种可能通过显著延长木薯单爪螨的发育历期及显著降低后代每雌产卵量、卵孵化率和雌成螨抑制了木薯单爪螨种群数量发展,从而表现出抗螨免受木薯单爪螨取食为害。研究结果为深入解析木薯抗单爪螨机理研究提供了参试材料与理论依...     

黄瓜抗枯萎病研究进展

对黄瓜枯萎病病原、黄瓜枯萎病抗性机理、黄瓜枯萎病抗性鉴定、黄瓜枯萎病遗传规律、黄瓜枯萎病分子标记等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

茶用菊苗期枯萎病抗性鉴定技术研究

为了建立茶用菊枯萎病抗性鉴定的方法,了解茶用菊种质资源对枯萎病抗性的差异,筛选抗性种质用于抗病育种,本研究以茶用菊为试验材料,通过枯萎病病原菌分离、形态学和真菌18S rDNA/ITS鉴定和致病力研究,开展茶用菊资源苗期枯萎病人工接种鉴定,并筛选优异抗病种质。结果表明,从发病的福白菊植株上分离到M15和M16 2株枯萎病病原菌菌株,经鉴定,这2株菌株均属于尖孢镰刀菌,致病力检测发现M15为强致病力菌株。通过枯萎病抗性鉴定,筛选到七月白1份高抗品种,杭白菊、苏菊7号等9份抗病品种,滁菊、亳菊等17份中抗品种,福白菊、苏菊6号等3份感病品种以及皇菊1份高感品种。本研究建立了一种高效的茶用菊品种抗枯萎病的鉴定方法,为茶用菊抗枯萎病品种改良奠定了基础。     

甘肃省小麦品种叶锈病抗性鉴定及评价

小麦叶锈病是由专性寄生菌(Puccinia triticina)引起的主要小麦病害之一.选育并种植抗病品种是防控小麦叶锈病最经济、有效和安全的方法.为了掌握甘肃省小麦品种的抗叶锈特点,为全省小麦抗叶锈病育种、品种合理布局以及小麦锈病的综合治理提供参考依据.2016-2017 年度和 2017-2018 年度对 1013 份甘肃省小麦生产品种、高代材料、后备品种及抗源等不同小麦材料和 33 份甘肃省主栽小麦品种采用苗期室内接种和成株期田间接种的方法进行抗叶锈病性鉴定.结果表明,小麦种质资源中,苗期表现抗病的材料有 301 份,分布频率为 31.19%;成株期表现抗病的材料 380 份,分布频率为 44.92%.另外,筛选出 10 份全生育期抗叶锈病的材料,即 2006-1-4-1-4-2-7-1-1-8、小黑麦CM-12、010-61-3-1-1、02-129-2-1-1-3-2-1、0439-6-5-1-1-1-1-2-1、9629-03A-3-2-1-1、09-104-1-3-1-1、01-29-7-1-1-2-1-3、SW-14 和陇麦 491.甘肃省主栽品种中,苗期表现抗病的有 5 份,分别为兰天 22 号、天选 43 号、天选 67 号、天选 72 号和中梁 38 号,分布频率为15.15%;成株期表现抗病的有 12 份,分别为陇中 5 号、天选 46 号和天选 48 号等,分布频率为 36.36%.其中,中梁 38 号、天选 67 号和天选 72 号在全生育期表现出近免疫-中抗,未检测出对供试混合菌表现免疫的品种;此研究可为抗叶锈病鉴定材料在小麦育种中应用提供依据.     

广西早籼品种(组合)的稻米品质状况及改良目标

广西多数早籼品种(组合)的糙米率、精米率、粒长、粒形、糊化温度、胶稠度、蛋白质含量等指标。达到了农业部(NY122-86)二级优质食用稻米标准。但完整米率的达标率偏低,胚乳的垩白程度偏大,垩白粒率偏高,直链淀粉含量偏高,米粒的蒸煮延长性差。今后,早籼稻的品质育种应把提高完整米率,降低直链淀粉含量和提高胚乳的透明度作为品质改良的主攻目标。     

利用基于DNA标记的人工绘制植物品种鉴别图(MCID)法快速鉴定欧亚葡萄品种

传统单一的形态学品种鉴定方法难以有效区分或鉴别葡萄众多品种,优良品种或品系多来源于少数骨干亲本,由于在性状上表现出较高的相似性而难以区分。本研究选用11个碱基组成的随机引物对欧亚葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)品种进行随机扩增的DNA多态性(RAPD)分析,根据特异性谱带构建相应的图谱关系,通过人工绘制植物品种鉴别图(manual cultivar identification diagram,MCID)法,快速鉴别区分品种。该方法操作方便,快速准确,7次PCR就能够将191个葡萄品种在分子水平上区分开,所得的品种鉴定图比聚类树更具直观性与实用性,即根据品种鉴定图就可以找出能区分任意两个品种的引物。该方法可以实现苗木的早期鉴定,在其它物种上也具有广泛的通用性。对葡萄种质资源的鉴定及促进葡萄产业的持续发展具有积极的意义。     

小麦品种与育种材料抗气传病害鉴定研究

用山西省目前小麦气传病害(包括条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病)主要优势生理小种和致病类型的混合菌,采用人工接菌方法,对1111份小麦品种和育种材料进行抗病性鉴定,并对其中479份小麦品种和育种材料进行条锈菌分小种鉴定,累计5357种次,为育种提供抗病信息、抗源材料,并为小麦品种审定提供抗、耐病依据。     

玉米品种(系)的主要性状分析

玉米在粮食生产中占有极为重要的地位。为进一步研究玉米品种(系)的适应性,筛选出适应大面积种植的玉米品种(系),在90 000株/hm2的种植密度下,运用聚类分析、相关性分析等方法对13个玉米品种(系)的农艺性状及产量构成要素进行了分析。结果表明,甘肃农业大学应用技术学院正在选育研究中的玉米品种T7穗叶夹角和叶面积低于平均值19.24%、3.93%,表现株型紧凑。T7、T6的产量高于平均值8.25%、7.85%,这2个品种(系)群体增产效果明显,可在该区域作为主导玉米品种种植。     

Sources of resistance to bacterial blight of stock (Matthiola incana R. Br.)

Summary Accessions ofM. tricuspidata (L.) R. Br.,M. aspera Boiss. andMatthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. were tested for their reaction to bacterial blight of stock (M. incana R. Br.), caused byXanthomonas campestris pv.incanae. Potted plants were sprayed with bacterial cell suspension, adjusted to 10⁸ cells/ml. The tested accessions of the three species were found highly resistant, while control plants ofM. incana were severely infected. InterspecificF ₁ hybrid plants betweenM. incana andM. tricuspidata also exhibited high resistance to the disease. The implications and the expected difficulties in breeding stock for bacterial blight resistance are discussed. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No 1235-E, 1993 series.     

Evaluation of a cassava germplasm collection for reaction to three major diseases and the effect on yield

Thirty-five cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), germplasm collection were planted in May 1992 under natural disease infection conditions, at the IITA field plots at Ibadan, Nigeria. The genotypes were evaluated at monthly intervals for six months, for incidence and severity of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD), cassava bacterial blight (CBB) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). The effect of the pathogens on yield was also evaluated twelve months after planting (MAP). CAD, CBB and ACMV incidence and severity were significantly different (P<0.05) among the cassava genotypes at 3 and 6 months after planting. ACMV incidence and severity reached the maximum levels at 3 MAP while CAD and CBB had a low incidence and severity at that period but exhibited a high disease symptom expression at 6 MAP. Yield parameters (plant stand, tuber number, tuber weight and tuber dry matter) differed significantly (P<0.05) between the cassava genotypes. ACMV and CBB severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = –0.54 and r = –0.62 respectively). CAD severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = –0.46) and tuber weight (r = –0.63). Percentage dry matter was significantly correlated with ACMV severity (r = 0.71), CBB severity (r = 0.63) and CAD severity (r = 0.42). There was also a significant correlation between CBB and ACMD severity (r=0.46) and CBB and CAD severity (r=0.62). Tuber number and yield were significantly correlated (r=0.60), while% dry matter content and root rot showed a significant negative correlation (–0.42).     

水稻抗白叶枯病Xa23基因的微卫星标记RM206在育种群体中的多态性分析

RM206是与水稻抗白叶枯病基因Xa23紧密连锁的微卫星标记,应用该标记对含有Xa23基因的品种386(CBB23)、优良育种材料384、385和387,杂交种F1、F2及回交群体BC1、BC2进行多态性分析。结果表明,RM206的PCR扩增产物在4个亲本材料之间的多态性较好,这种多态性能在杂交后代群体F1、F2及回交群体BC1、BC2中得到保持,RM206扩增产物的显隐性带型之间的比率在杂交后代群体F1、F2及回交群体BC1、BC2中符合孟德尔分离定律。RM206标记在各育种群体中未出现偏分离现象。     

过量表达OsNPR1基因稳定提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

在拟南芥中,NPR1是系统获得抗性SA信号传导途径中的一个重要的调节因子,在水稻中已克隆到与之同源的OsNPR1基因。构建OsNPR1基因水稻过量表达载体,并将其转化粳稻TP309得到转基因植株;通过自交纯合,得到17个纯合株系;对T3、T4代纯合株系进行PCR鉴定,证实转基因纯合株系中外源伪OsNPR1基因具有遗传稳定性;检测了T1、T2代转基因株系和T3代转基因纯合株系对水稻白叶枯病病原细菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv．oryzae的抗病性,结果表明,在T1、T2代中70％以上的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,T3代中约67％的株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性显著提高,说明这种抗病性的提高具有遗传稳定性。OsNPR1基因可作为选育水稻抗白叶枯病新种质的一个良好的候选基因。     

Resistance to foliar blight of wheat: A search

One thousand three hundred and eighty-seven spring wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) lines belonging to the Indian and CIMMYT wheat programmes were evaluated for their tolerance to foliar blight disease for three consecutive years i.e., from 1994 to 1997. Disease severity at six different growth stages, beginning from tillering to late milk stage, was recorded. None of the genotypes showed immunity to the disease. Of 43 lines showing resistant reaction, a major proportion (25) was represented by CIMMYT material. Comparatively, Indian germplasm lines tended to be more susceptible at more advanced growth stages. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and Apparent Infection Rate (r) values of resistant lines were much lower than those of susceptible ones, but lower AUDPC in some of the resistant lines did not correspond to a lower 'r' value. Most of the resistant lines were derived from Seri, Myna, Bau, kauz, Hork 's' and Aegilops tauschii Coss.     

Evaluation of Malus species and cultivars at the Fruit Genebank Dresden-Pillnitz and its use for apple resistance breeding

Using the results of evaluation of Malus accessions during the last 20 years more than 15 new resistant apple cultivars were selected. The breeding aim was the combination of different kinds of resistance with good fruit quality. The best of these cultivars enclose resistance against Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha, Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, Panonychus ulmi and winterfrost. Different scab resistance sources (Vf, Vr, VA) found among the Malus species are combined in the most recent breeding lines.The new resistant Pillnitz apple cultivars ('Recultivars®') guarantee the possibility to reduce 80% and more of fungicide spraying in fruit growing and are very suitable for ecological and integrated fruit production. Four of these, 'Reanda', 'Rebella', 'Remo' and 'Rewena', are triple resistant to scab, mildew and fire blight and are good donors for breeding multiple resistance.     

Calcium uptake and resistance to bacterial wilt of mutually grafted tomato seedlings

Bacterial wilt of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith is a serious disease in Japan. We previously reported that calcium (Ca) nutrition in tomato significantly affected the resistance to the disease, and that highly resistant cultivars were characterized by a high Ca uptake. We examined the relationship between the Ca uptake and resistance using mutually grafted seedlings of tomato cultivars differing in their resistance. A susceptible (‘Ponderosa’) or moderately resistant (‘Zuiei’) cultivar (scion) was grafted on the rootstock of a susceptible, moderately resistant, or highly resistant cultivar (‘Hawaii 7998’). Roots or petioles of the grafted seedlings were inoculated with the pathogen, and the development of bacterial wilt was observed. Although Ca uptake by shoot increased by grafting on the rootstock of a highly resistant cultivar, the development of the disease was not influenced by the difference in Ca uptake, and depended on the resistance of the cultivar to which the inoculated part of the graft belonged. It was concluded that the differences in Ca uptake of the shoot of the grafted tomato seedlings might not be related to the expression of the resistance to bacterial wilt.     

广西木薯燃料乙醇项目能效评估

广西具有丰富的木薯资源,以木薯为原料生产的燃料乙醇是一种可再生的燃料。采用净能量和净可再生能量两个指标评估木薯燃料乙醇系统的能量和可再生能量生产的效率,并对木薯乙醇在生命周期内与外界环境的能量交换进行了统计,把能量消耗按照燃料和其副产品进行了分配;以及按照是否再生进行了分别统计。计算结果表明,使用木薯生产燃料乙醇在能量生产和再生能量生产上是可行的,木薯乙醇的净能量为2．417MJ／L,净可再生能量是2．458MJ／L;广西的木薯资源每年能净产出相当于3．508万t汽油的可再生燃料。木薯单产和化肥用量是提高能源利用和再生能源的关键因素;加强副产品的开发有利于提高系统的能效,使用可再生的有机肥代替化肥,能有效的提高系统的可再生性。     

Effect of calcium concentration in nutrient solution before and after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum on resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt

We previously reported that calcium (Ca) nutrition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) significantly affected the resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the Ca-dependent resistance, the effect of the Ca concentration in the nutrient solution applied before and after inoculation with the pathogen on the resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt was studied. One week before inoculation, seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing Ca at concentrations of 0.4, 4.4, or 20.4 mM. Soon after inoculation, the seedlings that were treated with each concentration of Ca before inoculation were transferred to solutions containing the same three concentrations of Ca. Although the disease development was not affected by the concentration of Ca in the solution before inoculation, a higher concentration of Ca after inoculation reduced the disease severity. This result suggests that the concentration of Ca in the host, especially in the cell walls, before infection may not be directly involved in the Ca-dependent resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt.     

大麦赤霉病抗性不同突变体的创制及其相关基因表达

为了快速创制大麦赤霉病抗性存在差异的加倍单倍体(DH)株系,采用单花滴注法和喷雾法对诱变结合小孢子培养的379份大麦DH株系和原始品种花30的赤霉病抗扩展性和抗侵染性进行评价,同时对获得的抗性突变体材料和花30进行赤霉菌诱导下的大麦病程相关基因非表达子(NPR1、NPR2、NPR3)、茉莉酸介导的植物防御的调控因子(JAV1)以及乙烯响应因子(ERF1)的基因表达分析。结果表明,通过连续2年大田人工接种鉴定,从中获得了5份抗扩展性和抗侵染性均优于花30的候选株系,9份抗扩展性和抗侵染性均劣于花30的候选株系;赤霉病抗性突变体A1-190与原始品种花30在上述基因表达上存在明显差异,推测这些基因的表达与其抗病性的变化相关。研究结果表明诱变结合小孢子培养可以创制的DH株系在大麦赤霉病抗性存在差异。本研究结果为大麦抗赤霉病基因定位克隆及分子育种奠定了材料基础。