Experiences in the paraimmunization of cats in veterinary practice

The inducer PIND-AVI was used prophylactically and therapeutically to test the effects of paramunization in a SPF cat colony and in various small animal practices. Prophylactic paramunization significantly improved the breeding results in the SPF cat colony. Mortality declined from 44.6% to 3.4%. The corresponding placebo groups were also tested thereby demonstrating the significance of the results. In comparison, the treatment of acutely diseased cats (all of the same litter or the same colony) showed that paramunization can also be used as an additional measure to the conventional therapy of infectious diseases with different etiology. Furthermore, it is possible that this measure alone can limit the incidence of disease providing the dosage is high enough and treatment is long enough (at least 3-5 days). The course of disease is thereafter mild and complications can be hindered. Chronic and recurrent infections (e.g., dermatitis and gingivitis) can be controlled with repeated paramunization. Prophylactic paramunization decreases the danger of an acute infection and provides for the newborn's fast adaptation to a contaminated environment. It also reduces the consequences of an exogenous and endogenous immune suppression.     

The effectiveness of the paramunity inducer Baypamun (PIND-ORF) for the prevention and metaphylaxis of an experimental infection with the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle

Efficacy of the paramunity inducer Baypamun (PIND-ORF) was evaluated by an IBR challenge trial in cattle, as one model for infectious diseases in bovine. Prophylactic treatment with Baypamun protected cattle against manifestation of clinical symptoms after experimental IBR infection. The degree of protection depended on the time between paramunization and challenge infection. Even in metaphylactically paramunized cattle Baypamun reduced the IBR symptoms. In correlation to the reduction of clinical symptoms paramunization also reduced virus excretion by more than 99% in treated cattle compared to non paramunized animals. The induction of interferon following IBR infection was investigated in paramunized cattle. Application of Baypamun enabled treated animals to react faster with interferon synthesis following IBR infection than control animals did. The demonstration of the status of paramunity following Baypamun application in cattle provides a concept in the prevention of infectious disease in the practice.     

Compensatory growth,feed intake and body composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings following feed deprivation

Ten‐week study was performed on Labeo rohita fingerlings (av. wt. 3.75 ± 0.06 g) to investigate the nature of compensatory growth. Fingerlings were deprived of food for 0 (control), 1 (D1), 2 (D2) or 3 (D3) weeks and refed to satiation for 5 weeks. The feed deprivation was carried out in D3 group on week 3, 4 and 5; D2 group on week 4 and 5; D1 group on week 5, and refeeding of all the groups were started from week 6 onwards. The D1 and D2 groups caught up in body weight with that of control fish within 2 weeks and 4 weeks of refeeding, respectively, but the D3 group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower body weight than the control after 5 weeks of refeeding. Higher growth efficiency was observed in all the feed deprived groups in the 1st week of refeeding only. Feed intake in D1 group became similar with the control after 5 weeks of refeeding, but the D2 and D3 groups were still hyperphagic when the experiment terminated. Thus, compensatory growth was due to hyperphagia and improved growth efficiency. In conclusion, complete compensatory growth was observed in L. rohita fingerlings after feed deprivation of 1 and 2 weeks.     

应用双抗夹心ELISA法检测皱纹盘鲍致病病原—创伤弧菌的研究

以皱纹盘鲍脓足病致病病原－ － 创伤弧菌为抗原,制备兔抗血清,抗体纯化后以辣根过氧化物酶标记,建立检测创伤弧菌的双抗夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ 检测法。结果表明,双抗夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ 法有较高的灵敏度,可检出含菌１０４ 个／ｍｌ 的菌悬液。与创伤弧菌对照菌株有明显的阳性反应不与副溶血弧菌、溶藻胶弧菌、河流弧菌等８ 株对照菌株产生影响检测结果的交叉反应。应用该法检测３０ 份病鲍样品,阳性检出率为６６ ．７ ％ 。     

Experimental modification of the resorption process and lead deposition in the body of the domestic duck

In an experiment with 40 domestic ducks (Peking White breed) being 40 days old, it was shown that the process of lead resorption and deposition was neither significantly modified by different kinds of therapy nor by changes of food composition. A single dose of 30 lead small shot given to the experimental animals resulted after 1 week in a significant increase of lead concentration in liver (4.32 mg/kg-1), kidney (11.36 mg/kg-1) and muscle tissue (1.15 mg/kg-1) as compared to the values of control animals (liver 0.07, kidney 0.11 and muscle 0.06 mg Pb/kg-1). After 3 weeks with different types of therapy and feeding of experimental diets, i.e. at the end of the experiment, no significant differences in liver, kidney and muscle lead concentrations between the control and experimental animals could be found.     

Effect of Diet Size on Feeding Behavior and Growth of Pacific White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract

Six diet sizes, manufactured from crumbling large pellets, were investigated for their effect on the feeding behavior and growth of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. These diets containing 44.7% protein and 8.2% lipid were fed to 0.9 g shrimp for a period of eight weeks under indoor controlled laboratory conditions. Shrimp were stocked at a density of 12 animals per 52 L aquarium (50/m²) and were evaluated for feeding behavior, final weight, growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival. Feeding behavior was observed weekly starting at the beginning of the 4th week until the end of the trial. Results indicated that the variation in diet sizes did not produce significant differences in shrimp growth, FCR or survival. However, shrimp feeding behavior (in terms of total attacking incidents during feeding) was significantly different among diet sizes. This shrimp behavior was observed more frequently in aquaria fed larger diet size (3.0 mm pellet) as compared with those fed smaller diet sizes (0.7 mm and 1.2 mm crumbles). When shrimp were fed larger pellets, some of the individuals obstruct other individuals and monopolize the diet. Such “selfish” behavior of shrimp could result in considerable size variation and severe mortality of smaller individuals, which could be the case when shrimp are reared to market size. The effect of diet size on shrimp feeding behavior deserves further investigation and the use of a continuous monitoring device such as a video camera is strongly recommended. Future study should also consider various shrimp and pellet sizes more meaningful to aquaculture producers.     

印染污水对银鲫卵黄蛋白原和金属硫蛋白水平的影响

分析了不同浓度印染污水对银鲫（Carassiu sauratus）的生殖相关指标和金属硫蛋白（MT）的影响。设计1个对照组和2个试验组,对照组采用天然的水库水,试验组分别用浓度为0.1%和0.2%的印染污水养殖银鲫,每组3个平行,每个平行随机放入50尾银鲫,试验期为4周。结果表明,养殖4周后,0.1%印染污水组银鲫的肝体指数和血清卵黄蛋白原（VTG）水平显著上升（P〈0.05）,0.2%印染污水组银鲫的血清VTG水平显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）,印染污水对银鲫性腺指数没有影响。0.1%印染污水组银鲫在第2、3、4周,肝脏MT水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）,0.2%印染污水组银鲫肝脏MT水平在第3周时显著升高（P〈0.05）,印染污水对银鲫肾脏MT水平没有影响（P〉0.05）;表明印染污水能够影响银鲫繁殖功能和组织MT的水平。     

中国对虾病虾体内同工酶表型变化的初步研究

应用对流免疫电泳及核酸探针检测技术筛选感染病毒的中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）病虾,采用不连续的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳研究病虾体内同工酶的表型变化。用分光光度仪对电泳带扫描分析表明,病虾体内４种同工酶—酯酶（ＥＳＴ）、苹果酸脱氢酶（ＭＤＨ）、谷草转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的表型与健康虾比较存在显著差异。其中,ＭＤＨ、ＥＳＴ、ＧＯＴ的变化分别反映病虾体内糖类、脂类、氨基酸等３大物质代谢明显紊乱,ＳＯＤ活性下降,显示病虾免疫防御机能明显衰退。对虾体内同工酶表型变化规律稳定,重复性好,可作为对虾病害检测与诊断的生理生化指标     

Diabetic neuropathy in dogs and cats--a bioptic electron microscopic study

Electron microscopic examination of peripheral nerves within dermal corium based upon skin biopsies (punch diameter = 6 mm) of chronic diabetic dogs and cats in comparison with normal controls revealed that more than 90% of the diabetic animals (31/34 dogs, 9/10 cats) had developed characteristic neuropathies. The main features were of axonal atrophy of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, demyelination and - to a lesser degree - intraaxonal accumulation of glycogen (about 25%). In contrast with human diabetic polyneuropathy vascular basement membranes were throughout of normal appearance. Thickening of the perineural basement membranes were observed in a few canine cases only. Diagnostic procedures as well as questions on pathogenesis are discussed in detail.     

Effects of substituting fish meal with Azolla pinnata in practical diets for fingerling and adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Abstract. Dry and fresh Azolla pinnata were evaluated as feed ingredients for fingerling and adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Dry Azolla was incorporated into practical diets containing approximately 30% crude protein and 360–400kcal/lOOg of GE lo replace 25,50,75 and 100% of the fish meal (FM) protein in the control diet. Fresh Azolla was also tested as a total diet for these fish. Formulated diets were fed to duplicate groups of fingerling (2–54g ± 0093) and adult (4033g ± 103) fish at a daily rate of 5% and 3% of their body weight respectively for 10 weeks. Growth and feed utilization efficiency of fish fed the control diet were significantly higher than of those fed Azolla-supplemented diets. Fish performance continued to deteriorate with increasing dietary Azolla level in the diets. This reduction was extremely sharp when dry and fresh Azolla were used as total diets. Furthermore, adult tilapia fed fresh Azolla started losing weight from the 7th week. Fish fed fresh Azolla had significantly higher moisture content than those fed formulated diets. Body protein and lipid contents were negatively correlated with Azolla levels in the diets, while body ash content showed a positive correlation. Results of this study indicate that young Nile tilapia utilizes Azolla more efficiently than the adults.     

Accumulated occurrence of lipomatosis in a cattle herd in Assiut (Egypt)

A total number of 30 native breed cows were used in this investigation. Ten animals were clinically healthy and kept as control, while 20 diseased cows were selected according to rectal findings. At the beginning of the disease, the cows appeared obese with marked deposition of fat in the subcutaneous tissue at the lumbosacral area, later on they became emaciated. Additional signs were digestive disturbance in form of diarrhea or constipation and tympany. Rectal examination revealed hard irregular masses of various size which were palpated in the pelvis, the perirenal area around the colon and the rectum. More information about the nature and character of the lesions were taken from slaughtered cows. Biochemical analysis, including total lipids, cholesterol triglycerides and creatine kinase, were carried out in both healthy and diseased cows. In advanced cases of bovine lipomatosis hyperlipemia and hypercholesterolemia as well as increased creatine kinase values were constant findings. The aetiology of this disease is still unknown.     

“胃萎缩症”仿刺参幼体及亲参组织中病毒观察

海参含有丰富的蛋白质和粘多糖,营养和药用价值极高.全世界海参约有1200种,在我国海域分布的有140多种,其中以黄、渤海的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)品质最佳[1].近几年,仿刺参(俗称"刺参")人工养殖已成为辽宁、山东沿海水产业重要的养殖品种之一和新的经济增长点.     

鲤病毒病原的感染性测定

为查明养殖鲤（Cyprinus carpio）突然大批发病死亡的原因，对鲤病样品进行了细胞攻毒、空斑测定、电镜观察，以及鱼体感染等实验。先以患病鲤的组织匀浆液，经过滤后，分别接种到草鱼鳍条细胞（GCF）、鲤上皮瘤细胞（EPC）等14种培养细胞中。利用倒置显微镜观察显示，在1-2d内，该病鱼组织匀浆液可使其中9种细胞出现典型的细胞病变。收集出现病变的细胞液（即病毒悬液），进一步进行病毒滴度检测、空斑测定和鱼体感染实验。结果显示，在GCF细胞上的病毒滴度为10^7.3TCID50／mL；在FHM，TSB和GCO等细胞中可产生直径1～4mm的圆形空斑，空斑的大小与宿主细胞的种类和接种的病毒浓度有关。通过对感染细胞制备的超薄切片和病毒负染样品进行电镜观察，显示这是一类呈典型子弹头样的弹状病毒颗粒。感染了病毒悬液的鲫和鲤先后在第2天和第3天开始出现病症，间隔1～2d后发病的鱼开始死亡，至第14天，两种感染鱼的死亡率均达到83．3％。收集人工感染后濒死的鲫和鲤，分别制备组织匀浆液，回接感染鱼类培养细胞，24h内能使其出现与原发病鲤组织匀浆液所引起的类似的细胞病变。因此证实患病鲤是由病毒病原感染所致。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：617—623]     

Epidemiology and clinical aspects of FIV infection in Bavaria]

In a comprehensive epidemiological study at the I. Medizinische Tierklinik at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich within the last two years, the spread and frequency of FIV infection as well as the clinical symptoms of FIV positive cats were evaluated. 5129 serum samples from clinically healthy and ill cats were tested by means of an ELISA test for antibodies to FIV. The infection is widespread in Bavaria. 116 cats, that is 2.3%, were tested FIV positive. 77% of the FIV positive cats were male. The average age was 6.5 years.     

Oral administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide enhances the immune system of striped catfish,Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram negative bacteria, was reported as important immunostimulant for fish. In this study, striped catfish were fed diets containing different Escherichia coli LPS concentrations (0%, 0.01% and 0.05%) for 2 weeks and then fed control feed (0% LPS) for 4 weeks. Plasma cortisol and glucose were rather low and did not differ significantly among treatments (P > 0.05). The respiratory burst activity, lysozyme, complement, total of antibody as well as mortality in fish challenged with Edwardsiella ictaluri were recorded every 2 weeks (W2, W4 and W6). The lysozyme activity significantly increased in fish treated with LPS (P < 0.05) in W2, W4 and W6. The highest values of respiratory burst activity were observed at week 4 in fish fed 0.01% LPS. There were significant differences in total of antibody between fish fed LPS (0.01%) and control in W2, W4. The challenge test with Edwardsiella ictaluri showed that fish fed 0.01% LPS had lower cumulative mortality (40%, 33% and 42%) compared with the fish fed 0.05% LPS (50%, 40% and 47%) and control fish (40%, 57% and 53%) in the three difference sampling times respectively. These results suggest that feed supplemented with 0.01% LPS could enhance immunity of striped catfish after 2 weeks of oral administration and fish could be protected against bacterial infection during the following 4 weeks.     

Diagnosis and prevention of feline toxoplasmosis

At the "Small Animal Clinic of the University of Veterinary Science" in Brno during four years 442 sick and 178 clinically normal cats were examined in regard to incidence and diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Using the Sabin-Feldman reaction, antibodies against T.gondii were found in 40.3% of the cats (titer 4-128), whereas by means of complement fixation reaction and microprecipitation in agar gel, antibodies were found in 23.2% (titer 5-80) and 17.1% of the cats, respectively. Eight cats (1.3%) excreted T.gondii oocysts. The number of animals having specific antibodies increased statistically significant with age (P less than 0.01) and with particular hunting habits: it was higher in cats which were usually catching small rodents (P less than 0.01). A lower toxoplasmosis incidence was observed in indoor-cats (P less than 0.005) and in cats fed with boiled food only (P less than 0.005). In 35% of the cats showing no clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis, there were found antibodies against T.gondii. Comparison of clinically normal and sick cats revealed that antibodies against T.gondii occurred significantly more often in cats with enlarged lymph nodes (P less than 0.01), with a disease of the digestive tract (P less than 0.01), of the liver (P less than 0.01), and of the nervous system (P less than 0.01). Several recommendations for diagnosis and prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in cats are given.     

Manipulation of end-product quality of rainbow trout with finishing diets

The effect of dietary lipid level upon various quality parameters of smoked rainbow trout were examined. Fish were fed four experimental diets differing in lipid content (18.8–31.4%). Groups received either a lipid-rich diet throughout the trial (101 days), a lipid-rich feed for 46 days followed by a lower fat diet for 55 days and vice versa, or a low fat diet throughout. A fifth group (controls), consisting of commercially reared animals, was employed for comparative purposes. The visceral fraction of experimental fish increased with increasing lipid ingestion, whereas final process yield decreased. Chemical analyses following salting and hot-smoking revealed that fillet lipid and ash was higher ( P  < 0.05) and moisture lower ( P  < 0.05) for fish fed the high-lipid diet throughout and during the last 55 days of trial. No differences were recorded with respect to sensory attributes between treatment groups, although differences were observed between tank-reared and control fish. In experimental animals, fillet protein content was negatively correlated with juiciness and fibreness, while dry matter was correlated with juiciness, fresh oily taste and rose flesh colour. The present study indicates that high lipid feeds can be employed without negatively influencing sensory characteristics or yield provided that lean finishing diets are fed prior to slaughter. Fasting of fish for 61 days improved slaughter yields without affecting relative yields among dietary groups.     

Therapy of central nervous system listeriosis in sheep]

Twenty-two sheep and 4 goats suffering from central nervous listeriosis were treated with a therapy that had proved to be successful in cattle. For one week they received daily subcutaneous injections of 50,000 IU Procaine Penicillin G per kg live weight and 5 to 10 mg Vitamin B1 per kg body weight. The base excess was tested by blood gas analysis, and it was compensated by intravenous infusion of Na-bicarbonate. Animals that could not eat or swallow received water and rumen liquid by stomach tube. Eight of 26 patients (31%) were healed. The prognosis of central nervous listeriosis depends mainly on the time of initial treatment and on the degree of general disturbances: More than 90% of the animals that were recumbent (16 of 17) or showed dysphagia (12 of 13) at the beginning of treatment died or had to be euthanized because of persistent central nervous disturbances. The correction of blood-pH was of no therapeutic benefit when the disease was already in progress. Treatment of central nervous listeriosis seems to be effective as long as the patients can stand and swallow. When patients received care at this early stage of disease, 77% (7 of 9) were healed and returned to the flock.     

孔雀鱼体表变形虫病及其防治研究

2014年10-11月,辽宁某地温室大棚观赏鱼场养殖的孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulate)普遍暴发了体表变形虫病,其病原初步鉴定为池沼多核变形虫Pelomyxa palustris Greeff。病鱼的主要症状是游动缓慢,食欲减退,以至不摄食;体表两侧局部溃烂,镜检病灶处可见大量虫体。防治试验结果表明:乙酸和过氧化氢混合使用(1∶3),浓度为0.5%~1.0%,浸泡4~5min,有一定杀虫效果。盐酸奎宁浓度为500~1 500mg/L,浸泡15min,有一定杀虫效果。青蒿素+TMP+高甲醚(300mg/L∶60mg/L∶10mg/L)浸泡20~30min,杀虫效果较好。     

Regression and development of epidermal papillomas affecting white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Lacépède), from Lake Ontario, Canada

Abstract. Epidermal papillomas affect white suckers, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), from various areas of the Great Lakes of North America, particularly regions receiving industrial pollution. Three morphologically distinct but histologically similar papillomas were found on a group of fish from a polluted site. The diameter of focal soft-skin plaques, focal hard-skin papillomas and focal lip tumours was monitored on individual fish before and after a 12–week observation period in our laboratory. Many papillomas disappeared completely, while others persisted. Individually lip tumours had a lesser frequency of regression (22%), compared to skin plaques (79%) or papillomas (64%). Papillomas which persisted had only slightly smaller diameters after 12 weeks. New tumours developed on 23 and 60% of the survivors in two separate groups. The development of tumours in the laboratory suggests a cause unrelated to the environmental pollution which is correlated with papilloma incidences in wild white suckers. The behaviour of white sucker papillomas under laboratory conditions contrasts with the persistence and often enlargement of similar papillomas reported for other poikilothermic species.