Is thermal oxidation at different temperatures suitable to isolate soil organic carbon fractions with different turnover?

Findings of previous studies suggest that there are relations between thermal stability of soil organic matter (SOM), organo‐mineral associations, and stability of SOM against microbial decay. We aimed to test whether thermal oxidation at various temperatures (200°C, 225°C, 275°C, 300°C, 400°C, or 500°C) is capable of isolating SOM fractions with increasing stability against microbial degradation. The investigation was carried out on soils (Phaeozem and Luvisol) under different land‐use regimes (field, grassland, forest). The stability of the obtained soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions was determined using the natural‐¹³C approach for continuously maize‐cropped soils and radiocarbon dating. In the Luvisol, thermal oxidation with increasing temperatures did not yield residual SOC fractions of increasing microbial stability. Even the SOC fraction resistant to thermal oxidation at 300°C contained considerable amounts of young, maize‐derived C. In the Phaeozem, the mean ¹⁴C age increased considerably (from 3473 y BP in the mineral‐associated SOC fraction to 9116 y BP in the residual SOC fraction after thermal oxidation at 300°C). An increasing proportion of fossil C (calculated based on ¹⁴C data) in residual SOC fractions after thermal oxidation with increasing temperatures indicated that this was mainly due to the relative accumulation of thermally stable fossil C. We conclude that thermal oxidation with increasing temperature was not generally suitable to isolate mineral‐associated SOC fractions of increasing microbial stability.     

Effect of land‐use on soil nutrients and microbial biomass of an alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau,China

Land‐use patterns affect the quantity and quality of soil nutrients as well as microbial biomass and respiration in soil. However, few studies have been done to assess the influence of land‐use on soil and microbial characteristics of the alpine region on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. In order to understand the effect of land‐use management, we examined the chemical properties and microbial biomass of soils under three land‐use types including natural grassland, crop‐field (50 + y of biennial cropping and fallow) and abandoned old‐field (10 y) in the area. The results showed that the losses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were about 45 and 43 per cent, respectively, due to cultivation for more than 50 y comparing with natural grassland. Because of the abandonment of cultivation for about a decade, SOC and TN were increased by 27 and 23 per cent, respectively, in comparison with the crop field. Microbial carbon (ranging from 357·5 to 761·6 mg kg⁻¹ soil) in the old‐field was intermediate between the crop field and grassland. Microbial nitrogen (ranging from 29·9 to 106·7 mg kg⁻¹ soil) and respiration (ranging from 60·4 to 96·4 mg CO₂‐C g⁻¹ C_mic d⁻¹) were not significantly lower in the old‐field than those in the grassland. Thus it could be concluded that cultivation decreased the organic matter and microbial biomass in soils, while the adoption of abandonment has achieved some targets of grassland restoration in the alpine region of Gansu Province on the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土地利用类型对土壤微生物量和有机质的影响

对陕北黄土丘陵区农地、园地、人工草地、荒地、灌木林地、经济林地和乔木林地等7种不同土地利用类型土壤剖面4个土壤层次的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤呼吸(RS)和土壤有机质含量(SOM)进行了测定.分析了MBC,MBN,RS,SOM和全氮(TN)之间的相关性;并对土壤微生物对土壤健康的生物指示功能和土地利用类型对土壤有机质的影响进行了研究.结果表明,各土地利用类型表层土壤MBC和MBN分别在84.14～512.78和4.29～41.83 mg/kg之间,RS在108.69～235.71 mg/kg之间.荒地和乔木林地的土壤微生物量含量和RS值较高,农地较低;SOM在0.510%～1.547%之间,在乔木林地和经济林地较高,在农地,园地和人工草地较低,且在不同土地利用类型之间的差异显著.土壤微生物量和RS与SOC,TN显著相关,说明土壤微生物学特征可以用来表示土壤健康水平.农地转变为其它土地利用类型后会明显提高土壤微生物量和有机质含量,尤以表层土壤增幅最为明显.     

新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤养分及活性有机碳组分研究

土壤有机碳及其组分是土壤质量的重要指标,在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。通过对我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用类型土壤养分及有机碳组分。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用类型土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用类型对土壤养分具有较大影响,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,而不同土地利用类型土壤全磷差异并不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用类型土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地耕地草地未利用地。林地和草地EOC/SOC比例显著低于耕地和未利用地,说明林地和草地转变成耕地降低了土壤有机碳的稳定性;微生物商(MBC/SOC)基本表现为耕地林地草地未利用地,其中耕地和林地土壤MBC/SOC比例差异不显著(p0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤活性有机碳各组分与SOC,TN,TK均具有极显著相关性关系,并且不同土地利用类型土壤EOC,POC,LFOC,WSOC和MBC含量之间均具有极显著相关性(p0.05),说明土壤活性有机碳很大程度上依赖于有机碳含量,活性有机碳各组分之间相互影响和密切联系,其中SOC,TN和TK是不同土地利用类型土壤活性有机碳变化的重要影响因子。     

滇中尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型土壤活性有机碳分布特征

土壤活性有机碳对土地利用方式最为敏感,定量分析不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳分布特征的影响对流域的土壤碳循环研究具有重要意义。从滇中尖山河小流域坡耕地、荒草地、林地、园地4种不同土地利用类型角度,系统地分析了0—10,10—20,20—30 cm土层土壤有机碳（SOC）、微生物有机碳（MBC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）及可溶性有机碳（DOC）的分布特征及其相关性。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下土壤SOC,MBC,EOC,DOC整体均表现为园地 > 林地 > 坡耕地 > 荒草地;4种土地利用类型MBC,EOC,DOC整体上随着土层深度的增加而逐渐降低,且主要分布在0—20 cm土层,在20—30 cm土层含量较低（低于30%）;4种土地利用类型下SOC和MBC,EOC,DOC呈极显著正相关关系,MBC,EOC,DOC两两之间也表现出极显著正相关。综上,退耕还林以及在荒草地种植人工林可作为提高土壤有机碳及活性有机碳含量的有效措施,并将在减少流域水土流失和面源污染、改善土壤质量、恢复土壤肥力等方面起到重要作用。     

Carbon pools and soil biochemical properties in manure‐based organic farming systems of semi‐arid New Mexico

The economic benefits of organic agriculture and its wide adoption are well documented, but the impact of that practice on soil C dynamics in irrigated croplands of semi‐arid regions is less well understood. In manure‐based organic production systems, land applications of animal wastes not only provide nutrients but could also contribute to soil carbon sequestration. A study was conducted in irrigated cotton (Gossypium arboreum L) agro‐ecosystems of New Mexico (USA) under conventional (CONV; 100 kg N/ha as urea and NH₄NO₃) and organic farming practices (OF for 3–9 yr; 50 Mg dry manure/ha) to assess the effect of OF on soil C stocks (organic, inorganic) and biochemical indices [microbial biomass C (MBC); respiration; metabolic quotient (qCO₂)]. In the plough layer (0–30 cm), soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks tended to be higher (although not statistically) under OF (35.9 Mg C/ha) than CONV (33.5 Mg C/ha). However, when the entire 100‐cm soil profile was considered, the total SOC under CONV exceeded that under OF by 39.8 Mg C/ha, but this may be influenced by other factors. Accounting for 52% of the total C stock, inorganic C was significantly higher under CONV than OF and was positively correlated with soil respiration and the H/C ratio of soil organic matter. While OF duration had no consistent effect on soil biochemical properties, MBC was significantly higher (1.5 times) and the qCO₂ (3–6 times) was lower in the organically fertilized soils than under CONV. These results suggest the development, under OF, of a soil microbial community that is larger and processes added C substrates more efficiently compared with the community present in CONV practices.     

Electron transfer capacity of soil dissolved organic matter and its potential impact on soil respiration

Purpose

Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) as the labile fraction of soil organic carbon (SOC) is able to facilitate biogeochemical redox reactions effecting soil respiration and carbon sequestration. In this study, we took soil samples from 20 sites differing in land use (forest and agriculture) to investigate the electron transfer capacity of soil DOM and its potential relationship with soil respiration.

Materials and methods

DOM was extracted from 20 soil samples representing different land uses: forest (nos. 1–12) and agriculture (nos. 13–20) in Guangdong Province, China. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity (ETC) of the DOM, including electron acceptor capacity (EAC) and electron donor capacity (EDC), by applying fixed positive or negative potentials to a working electrode in a conventional three-electrode cell. The reversibility of electron accepting from or donating to DOM was measured by applying switchable potentials to the working electrode in the electrochemical system with the multiple-step potential technique. Carbon dioxide produced by soil respiration was measured with a gas chromatograph.

Results and discussion

Forest soil DOM samples showed higher ETC and electron reversible rate (ERR) than agricultural soil DOM samples, which may be indicative of higher humification rate and microbial activity in forest soils. The average soil respiration of forest soil (nos. 1–12) and agricultural soil (nos. 13–10) was 26.34 and 18.58 mg C g^?1 SOC, respectively. Both EDC and EAC of soil DOM had close relationship with soil respiration (p?<?0.01). The results implied that soil respiration might be accelerated by the electroactive moieties contained in soil DOM, which serve as electron shuttles and facilitate electron transfer reactions in soil respiration and SOC mineralization.

Conclusions

DOM of forest soils showed higher ETC and ERR than DOM of agricultural soils. As soil represents one of the largest reservoirs of organic carbon, soil respiration affects C cycle and subsequently CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. As one of the important characteristics of soil DOM related to soil respiration, ETC has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emission and soil carbon sequestration but has not been paid attention to.     

巴西东北部地区土地退化对土壤微生物量和活性的影响

Land degradation causes great changes in the soil biological properties.The process of degradation may decrease soil microbial biomass and consequently decrease soil microbial activity.The study was conducted out during 2009 and 2010 at the four sites of land under native vegetation(NV),moderately degraded land(LDL),highly degraded land(HDL) and land under restoration for four years(RL) to evaluate changes in soil microbial biomass and activity in lands with different degradation levels in comparison with both land under native vegetation and land under restoration in Northeast Brazil.Soil samples were collected at 0-10 cm depth.Soil organic carbon(SOC),soil microbial biomass C(MBC) and N(MBN),soil respiration(SR),and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate(FDA) and dehydrogenase(DHA) activities were analyzed.After two years of evaluation,soil MBC,MBN,FDA and DHA had higher values in the NV,followed by the RL.The decreases of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the degraded lands were approximately 8-10 times as large as those found in the NV.However,after land restoration,the MBC and MBN increased approximately 5-fold and 2-fold,respectively,compared with the HDL.The results showed that land degradation produced a strong decrease in soil microbial biomass.However,land restoration may promote short-and long-term increases in soil microbial biomass.     

Long‐term irrigation effects on soil organic matter under temperate grazed pasture

Irrigation of grazed pasture significantly increases plant and animal production, which may in turn increase soil organic carbon (SOC), depending on the balance between primary production and below‐ground allocation of C on the one hand, and the decomposition and export of C from the soil on the other. To evaluate the effect of irrigation on SOC we sampled a grazed pasture field experiment maintained under different irrigation treatments for 62 years. The dry‐land treatment in this experiment only received rainfall at an average of 740 mm year^?1. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments involved application of 100 mm of irrigation when the soil reached 10 and 20% gravimetric moisture content, respectively. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments received average total annual irrigation inputs of 260 and 770 mm year^?1, respectively. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments increased pasture production by 44 and 74%, respectively, compared with that from the dry‐land. Analysis of soils taken to 1‐m depth revealed that amounts of SOC were not significantly different between the dry‐land (125.5 Mg ha^?1) and 10% irrigation (117.8 Mg ha^?1) treatments, but these were significantly greater than the 20% irrigation treatment (93.0 Mg ha^?1). At 50–100 cm, SOC was also less (34%) for the 20% irrigation treatment than for the 10% irrigation treatment. The relative quantities of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the light fraction (LF) at all soil depths decreased successively from dry‐land to the 20% irrigation treatment, suggesting that wetter soil conditions accelerated decomposition of the LF fraction, a comparatively labile SOC fraction. The C‐to‐N ratio of the bulk soil was also less for the 20% irrigation treatment, indicating more decomposed SOM in the irrigated than in the dry‐land treatment. There were no significant differences in the microbial biomass between the three different irrigation treatments, but the respiration rate (CO₂ production) of soil organisms in the 20% irrigation treatment was consistently greater than in the other two treatments. It was concluded that large increases in plant productivity as a result of irrigation had either no effect or significantly reduced SOC stocks under grazed pasture. The reduced SOC content observed in the 20% irrigation treatment was attributed to a combination of increased C losses in animal products and drainage associated with greater stocking, together with accelerated decomposition of organic C resulting from elevated soil moisture maintained throughout the growing season.     

Effects of cultivation and abandonment on soil carbon content of subalpine meadows, northwest China

Purpose

Land use changes have a significant impact on soil carbon emission and sequestration worldwide. Accurate evaluation of the effect of land use change (cultivation and abandonment) on soil carbon content of subalpine meadows is required to monitor the soil carbon dynamics of rangeland ecosystems in China.

Materials and methods

Based on collection of soil cores and vegetation, investigations of four types of land use (undisturbed natural meadow, land cultivated for 20?years, land abandoned for 3?years following cultivation, and land abandoned for 10?years following cultivation) were undertaken in the headwater area of the Heihe River in northwest China. Three soil carbon fractions [soil organic carbon (SOC), light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), and microorganism biomass carbon (MBC)] were determined in the laboratory, and the relative abundances of LFOC/SOC and MBC/SOC were calculated.

Results and discussion

Repeated cultivation by ploughing reduced the carbon content of the top soil layer, resulting in more uniform vertical distribution of soil organic matter. Ten years after cessation of cultivation, the organic carbon content within the top 10-cm soil layer (0?C10?cm) had reached 90?% of the content in native meadows, equivalent to a mean annual sequestration rate of 1.73?t?C?ha^?1. The rate of LFOC restoration was faster than that of SOC restoration. The variation in the ratio of MBC to SOC (0.91?C1.07?%) was small.

Conclusions

The activity of cultivation reduced all indicators of soil carbon status, which were not completely restored to the level of natural meadow, even after abandonment of cultivation for 10?years. Nevertheless, abandonment of cultivation is a practical, even if long-term, means of improving carbon sequestration in subalpine meadow of China.     

干旱区绿洲苜蓿地土壤微生物特性及其影响因子

研究了干旱区绿洲种植年限不同的3种苜蓿地0-10 cm,10-20 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量商、呼吸强度和代谢商的变化特征。结果表明:在耕层0-20 cm范围内,苜蓿种植年限的长短对土壤微生物量碳、土壤微生物量氮含量有影响,相对来说微生物量碳、氮在四年生苜蓿地的含量最高,其次是一年生苜蓿地的。不同种植年限苜蓿地之间土壤微生物量商(qMB)、呼吸强度、代谢商(qCO2)差异显著,相对来说种植年限相差越大,差异越大。相关分析结果表明,土壤理化特性对土壤微生物活性有影响,其中土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮与土壤有机质、全氮显著正相关,与土壤容重显著负相关。     

Soil microbial biomass and organic matter fractions during transition from conventional to organic farming systems

The aim of this study was to investigate the response of soil microbial biomass and organic matter fractions during the transition from conventional to organic farming in a tropical soil. Soil samples were collected from three different plots planted with Malpighia glaba: conventional plot with 10 years (CON); transitional plot with 2 years under organic farming system (TRA); organic plot with 5 years under organic farming system (ORG). A plot under native vegetation (NV) was used as a reference. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN), soil organic matter fractioning and microbial indices were evaluated in soil samples collected at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–40 cm depth. SOC and fulvic acids fraction contents were higher in the ORG system at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths. Soil MBC was highest in the ORG, in all depths, than in others plots. Soil MBN was similar between ORG, TRA and NV in the surface layer. The lowest values for soil MBC and MBN were observed in CON plot. Soil microbial biomass increased gradually from conventional to organic farming, leading to consistent and distinct differences from the conventional control by the end of the second year.     

淮南大通矿区复垦土壤微生物量碳氮的分布特征

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了淮南大通煤矿复垦区表层(0—10cm)土壤理化性质及微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)的分布特征。结果表明,耕地(油菜地、小麦地、蔬菜大棚)土壤有机碳、氮、磷等含量均高于林地,而土壤pH值则相反。土壤SMBC含量依次为:蔬菜大棚油菜地小麦地林地对照样,蔬菜大棚显著高于其他农业用地方式。土壤SMBN则为:蔬菜大棚小麦地油菜地林地,林地土壤微生物量氮显著低于其他农业用地方式。林地土壤微生物商最高,表明在有机质积累的同时林地更有利于土壤微生物活动。土壤微生物量碳氮之间显著相关,进一步证实土壤微生物量碳、氮可以作为表征土壤肥力的敏感因子。     

不同土地利用类型对伊犁地区土壤活性有机碳库和碳库管理指数的影响

土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）可以比较准确地发现人为因素对土地利用的干扰情况。以伊犁河谷不同土地利用类型（耕地、林地、草地和荒地）为研究对象,分析了不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、活性有机碳含量及其在SOC中的分配情况,各类有机碳含量之间的相关性、CPMI。研究表明:（1）不同土地利用类型SOC含量和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）含量有显著差异,SOC含量为草地 > 林地 > 耕地 > 荒地;WSOC含量为耕地（最高） > 荒地（最低）;易氧化碳（ROC）含量为草地最低;在0—20 cm和20—40 cm土层,微生物量碳（MBC）含量为草地（最高） > 林地（最低）;ROC含量为荒地高于草地。不同土地利用类型SOC含量均随土层深度增加而降低;ROC含量均随土层深度增加而升高;除林地外,其他样地MBC含量均随土层深度增加呈先升高后降低趋势,而WSOC含量均随土层深度增加而逐渐降低。（2）不同土地利用类型下ROC,MBC和WSOC所占SOC比例各不相同,且碳库的活度主要取决于ROC所占比例,ROC所占比例为荒地 > 耕地 > 林地 > 草地;MBC所占比例为荒地 > 耕地 > 草地 > 林地;WSOC所占比例为耕地 > 林地 > 荒地 > 草地。同一土地利用类型各活性有机碳所占比例情况为ROC > MBC > WSOC。（3）不考虑土层深度影响,耕地ROC含量与MBC含量呈极显著线性负相关;林地SOC含量与ROC含量呈显著线性负相关;荒地SOC含量与WSOC含量呈极显著线性正相关。不同土地利用类型下SOC,ROC,MBC,WSOC含量之间线性相关程度总体偏低。（4）同一土地利用类型,CPMI均随土层深度的加深先增大后减小;0—20 cm土层的CPMI为林地 > 荒地（100） > 耕地 > 草地。土地利用类型由荒地、草地、耕地转变为林地,有利于CPMI的提高,有利于土壤培肥,促进碳循环。     

Immediate and subsequent effects of drying and rewetting on microbial biomass in a paddy soil

Many surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities induced higher reduction rates in MBC. A reduction of more than 20% in MBC induced the C-saturated conditions for surviving microbes because sufficient concentrations of labile substrate C were released from the dead MBC. Second, repeated DRW cycles caused increases in the microbial growth rates because substrate C was supplied from non-biomass organic C. In conclusion, MBC decreased immediately after DRW due to microbial stress, whereas MBC increased during repeated DRW cycles due to substrate C supplied from non-biomass organic C.     

小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地土地利用变化对土壤活性碳组分的影响

[目的]以小兴安岭森林沼泽为研究对象,研究湿地经过人类活动开垦为农田,和排水造林,以及弃耕地的土壤活性碳组分,为深入了解土壤活性碳组分动态变化及其可能影响全球变暖的机制研究提供科学依据。[方法]选择小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地4种土地利用方式(天然沼泽、排水湿地、弃耕地、农田)为研究对象,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,对比分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(EOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)的含量变化和比例关系,并用相关分析法分析土壤有机碳各活性组分之间的关系。[结果]不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加而降低,总体上,在土壤剖面上,天然沼泽的SOC含量大于其他土地利用方式,其他3种土地利用方式之间差异不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性碳组分(DOC,MBC,EOC,POC,LFOC)含量在垂直分布上均呈现出随土壤深度的增加而降低的趋势,土壤活性碳组分含量顺序总体上呈:天然沼泽排水湿地弃耕地农田。4种土地利用类型土壤DOC占SOC的比例,在垂直剖面上,无明显规律变化。土壤SOC含量与DOC,MBC,EOC,POC,LFOC之间的相关性均达到显著水平(p0.05)。土壤DOC和MBC之间呈显著性正相关(p0.05),LFOC和POC之间呈极显著性正相关(p0.05),EOC与其他活性碳组分相关性均不显著(p0.05)。[结论]土地利用变化会对小兴安岭森林沼泽土壤活性碳组分产生影响,应该合理开发小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地。     

不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

研究了长期定位试验不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物生物量碳的变化,结果表明:裸地处理的微生物生物量碳最低;不施肥种植作物(CK)或施肥种植作物(NPK)能显著提高土壤微生物量碳含量;NPK配合猪厩肥处理的微生物体碳含量显著高于CK和NPK处理;荒地处理由于返回的植物残体量很大,积累的有机物很多,所以其微生物量碳最大;其次为割草处理和林地处理。有机质含量高的土壤其土壤微生物量也高,土壤微生物碳的周转强度也大,周转时间短,周转速率为:荒地>割草>林地>NPK+C>NPK>CK>裸地。     

双季稻田土壤微生物群落对连续5年施有机肥和石灰的响应差异

  目的  土壤微生物是土壤健康的敏感“指示器”,但不同的土壤微生物类群对连续施用有机肥和石灰的响应规律及不同指标的敏感性仍不明确。  方法  本文选取中亚热带双季稻区的紫泥田作为研究对象,研究连续5年施用有机肥或石灰后,土壤微生物“黑箱指标”（微生物生物量碳氮、微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率）和土壤活体微生物（PLFAs）组成的响应规律与差异。  结果  与对照相比,连续施用有机肥后,土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）、氮（MBN）含量和土壤呼吸速率分别提高37%、28%和44% ~ 59%,微生物多样性也显著提高,土壤细菌结构发生改变,尤其是革兰氏阴性菌（G?）的PLFAs绝对量提高了100%,但真菌类群的响应不敏感。相反,连续施用石灰5年后,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量均呈下降趋势,微生物熵和土壤呼吸速率分别降低11%和26% ~ 52%,微生物多样性显著降低,细菌、放线菌和绝大多数真菌类群PLFAs绝对量下降30% ~ 58%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤有机质含量与土壤微生物总PLFAs和细菌PLFAs含量呈显著正相关关系;而土壤pH仅与Simpson多样性指数呈显著正相关关系。施有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质含量进而导致细菌MBC、MBN、G?和土壤呼吸速率显著增加;而施石灰后土壤微生物群落结构及活性降低与土壤pH有关。  结论  连续5年施用有机肥、石灰后,土壤微生物指标分别表现为正面、负面响应。与“黑箱指标”相比,某些特定微生物类群（如G?）的敏感性指数值更高,在土壤健康评价中极具应用潜力。     

间伐对杉木人工林土壤碳氮及其组分特征的影响

为探究不同间伐强度对杉木人工林土壤碳氮及其组分特征的影响,以福建省三明市官庄国有林场11年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林为研究对象,采用弱度间伐(LIT)、中度间伐(MIT)、强度间伐(HIT)等3种间伐强度,研究不同间伐强度林分0—10,10—20,20—40,40—60,60—80,80—100 cm土层总有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)及易氧化有机碳(ROC)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、微生物量碳(MBC)、微生物量氮(MBN)、微生物熵碳(qMBC)、微生物熵氮(qMBN)的变化特征,以探讨不同间伐强度对杉木人工林土壤碳氮及其组分特征的影响。结果表明:间伐降低了土壤SOC和TN的含量,降低幅度分别为1.4%～36.9%,3.1%～45.7%。间伐增加了土壤MBC、NO_3~--N的含量,而对ROC、NH_4~+-N和MBN的程度在不同土层有差异,qMBC和qMBN随着间伐强度的增加而增大。相关性分析表明,土壤SOC分别与TN、qMBC、ROC、NH_4~+-N、MBC、MBN呈极显著正相关(P0.01);TN与qMBN、ROC、NH_4~+-N、MBC、MBN呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。杉木人工林间伐处理降低了土壤表层SOC和TN含量,增加了土壤SMBC和qMBC、qMBN,同时也增加了土壤表层(0—10 cm)SMBN。抚育间伐导致土壤SOC和TN含量降低主要是由于活性碳、氮含量的增加,提高土壤中有机质分解速率,最终导致土壤SOC和TN含量降低。     

Changes in soil biological and biochemical characteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical inceptisol

Soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), their ratio (MBC/SOC) which is also known as microbial quotient, soil respiration, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were evaluated in a long-term (31 years) field experiment involving fertility treatments (manure and inorganic fertilizers) and a maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) rotation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute near New Delhi, India. Applying farmyard manure (FYM) plus NPK fertilizer significantly increased SOC (4.5-7.5 g kg⁻¹), microbial biomass (124-291 mg kg⁻¹) and microbial quotient from 2.88 to 3.87. Soil respiration, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were also increased by FYM applications. The MBC response to FYM+100% NPK compared to 100% NPK (193 vs. 291 mg kg⁻¹) was much greater than that for soil respiration (6.24 vs. 6.93 μl O₂ g⁻¹ h⁻¹) indicating a considerable portion of MBC in FYM plots was inactive. Dehydrogenase activity increased slightly as NPK rates were increased from 50% to 100%, but excessive fertilization (150% NPK) decreased it. Acid phosphatase activity (31.1 vs. 51.8 μg PNP g⁻¹ h⁻¹) was much lower than alkali phosphatase activity (289 vs. 366 μg PNP g⁻¹ h⁻¹) in all treatments. Phosphatase activity was influenced more by season or crop (e.g. tilling wheat residue) than fertilizer treatment, although both MBC and phosphatase activity were increased with optimum or balanced fertilization. SOC, MBC, soil respiration and acid phosphatase activity in control (no NPK, no manure) treatment was lower than uncultivated reference soil, and soil respiration was limiting at N alone or NP alone treatments.