Loss of labile organic carbon from subsoil due to land-use changes in subtropical China

Topsoil carbon (C) stocks are known to decrease as a consequence of the conversion of natural ecosystems to plantations or croplands; however, the effect of land use change on subsoil C remains unknown. Here, we hypothesized that the effect of land use change on labile subsoil organic C may be even stronger than for topsoil due to upward concentration of plantations and crops root systems. We evaluated soil labile organic C fractions, including particulate organic carbon (POC) and its components [coarse POC and fine POC], light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), readily oxidizable organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass down to 100 cm soil depth from four typical land use systems in subtropical China. Decrease in fine root biomass was more pronounced below 20 cm than in the overlying topsoil (70% vs. 56% for plantation and 62% vs. 37% for orchard. respectively) driving a reduction in subsoil labile organic C stocks. Land use changes from natural forest to Chinese fir plantation, Chinese chestnut orchard, or sloping tillage reduced soil organic C stocks and that of its labile fractions both in top and subsoil (20–100 cm). POC reduction was mainly driven by a decrease in fine POC in topsoil, while DOC was mainly reduced in subsoil. Fine POC, LFOC and microbial biomass can be useful early indicators of changes in topsoil organic C. In contrast, LFOC and DOC are useful indicators for subsoil. Reduced proportions of fine POC, LFOC, DOC and microbial biomass to soil organic C reflected the decline in soil organic C quality caused by land use changes. We conclude that land use changes decrease C sequestration both in topsoil and subsoil, which is initially indicated by the labile soil organic C fractions.     

Accumulation of soil organic carbon in aggregates after afforestation on abandoned farmland

To understand how organic C (OC) accumulates in afforested soils and to quantify the contribution of aggregate-associated OC to OC accumulation, we investigated the changes in soil structure, total soil OC, and aggregate-associated OC from 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm depths in afforested forests and adjacent farmlands of northwestern China. We assessed the contribution of macroaggregate-associated OC increase to total soil OC accumulation. Afforestation increased macroaggregate amount, mean weight diameter, and mean geometric diameter but decreased the amount of microaggregate and silt + clay-sized fractions. The improvement of soil structure was greater in surface than subsurface soils and was greater in soils afforested with white birch than in soils afforested with other tree species. Fifty years after afforestation, total soil OC concentrations and stocks and aggregate-associated OC concentrations increased depending on soil depth and tree species. Afforestation increased macroaggregate-associated OC stocks but decreased microaggregate- and silt + clay-associated OC stocks. Soil OC stocks and changes in OC stocks after afforestation mainly depended on macroaggregate-associated OC stocks and their changes. The results from this study suggest that OC accumulation in afforested soils is due to the accumulation of OC in macroaggregates and the redistribution of OC from fine particles to coarser fractions.     

Decomposition of added and native organic carbon from physically separated fractions of diverse soils

There have been increasing efforts to understand the dynamics of organic carbon (OC) associated with measurable fractions of bulk soil. We compared the decomposition of native OC (native C) with that of an added substrate (glucose) on physically separated fractions of a diverse suite of soils. Five soil orders were selected from four contrasting climate zones (Mollisol from temperate, Ultisol and Oxisol from tropics, Andisol from sub-arctic, and Gelisol from arctic region). Soils from the A horizon were fractionated into particulate OC (POC) and mineral-associated OC (MOC) by a size-based method. Fractions were incubated at 20 °C and 50 % water-holding capacity in the dark after the addition of unlabeled d-glucose (0.4 mg C g^?1 fraction) and U–¹⁴C glucose (296 Bq g^?1 fraction). Respiration of glucose ¹⁴C indicated 64 to 84 % of added glucose ¹⁴C which was respired from POC and 62 to 70 % from MOC within 150 days of incubation, with more than half of the cumulative respiration occurring within 4 days. Native C respiration varied widely across fractions: 12 to 46 % of native C was respired from POC and 3 to 10 % was respired from MOC fractions. This suggested that native C was more stabilized on the MOC than on the POC, but respiration from the added glucose was generally similar for MOC and POC fractions. Our study suggests a fundamental difference between the behavior of freshly added C and native C from MOC and POC fractions of soils.     

果园土壤有机碳及呼吸速率对豆科和禾本科草类的差异反应

在行间长期(连续6年)种植豆科植物毛苕子和禾本科植物黑麦草的苹果园,调查土壤不同深度的有机碳组分和表层土壤呼吸速率日变化。结果表明:间作2种植物后,行间土壤0—20,20—40cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、轻质有机碳(LFOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量均显著提高;在40—60cm土层,仅DOC含量明显提高;0—20cm土层的TOC和全部有机碳组分及20—40cm土层的TOC、DOC、POC和ROC的含量在种植毛苕子后均明显高于种植黑麦草。TOC与LFOC、TOC与POC、DOC与LFOC、DOC与MBC、DOC与ROC、MBC与ROC、ROC与POC、LFOC与ROC之间均呈显著正相关,土壤呼吸速率与LFOC、DOC、MBC和ROC之间也呈显著正相关。种植2种草类均显著提高土壤呼吸速率,并使呼吸速率日变化峰型更突出,其中毛苕子的作用效果比黑麦草更显著。     

Prediction of soil organic matter using a spatially constrained local partial least squares regression and the Chinese vis–NIR spectral library

We need to determine the best use of soil vis–NIR spectral libraries that are being developed at regional, national and global scales to predict soil properties from new spectral readings. To reduce the complexity of a calibration dataset derived from the Chinese vis–NIR soil spectral library (CSSL), we tested a local regression method that combined geographical sub‐setting with a local partial least squares regression (local‐PLSR) that uses a limited number of similar vis–NIR spectra (k‐nearest neighbours). The central idea of the local regression, and of other local statistical approaches, is to derive a local prediction model by identifying samples in the calibration dataset that are similar, in spectral variable space, to the samples used for prediction. Here, to derive our local regressions we used Euclidean distance in spectral space between the calibration dataset and prediction samples, and we also used soil geographical zoning to account for similarities in soil‐forming conditions. We tested this approach with the CSSL, which comprised 2732 soil samples collected from 20 provinces in the People's Republic of China to predict soil organic matter (SOM). Results showed that the prediction accuracy of our spatially constrained local‐PLSR method (R² = 0.74, RPIQ = 2.6) was better than that from local‐PLSR (R² = 0.69, RPIQ = 2.3) and PLSR alone (R² = 0.50, RPIQ = 1.5). The coupling of a local‐PLSR regression with soil geographical zoning can improve the accuracy of local SOM predictions using large, complex soil spectral libraries. The approach might be embedded into vis–NIR sensors for laboratory analysis or field estimation.     

深松和秸秆还田对旋耕农田土壤有机碳活性组分的影响

土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)及其活性组分能够敏感响应耕作方式变化及有机物输入。为对比长期旋耕农田进行深松后土壤有机碳各活性组分及比例变化,该研究基于连续7a的旋耕转变为深松和秸秆管理长期定位试验,对比了旋耕无秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage with straw removal,RT)、旋耕秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage with straw return,RTS)、旋耕转变为深松无秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage conversion to subsoiling with straw removal,RT-DT)、旋耕转变为深松秸秆还田处理(rotary tillage conversion to subsoiling with straw return,RTS-DTS)下土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)、颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)、易氧化有机碳(readily oxidizable organic carbon,ROC)、微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)、溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、活性有机碳(labile organic carbon,LOC)在土壤有机碳中比例的变化及各组分间的相互关系。研究结果表明,耕作方式从旋耕转变为深松和秸秆还田对SOC及其各活性组分均产生显著影响,耕作方式转变、秸秆还田及两者的交互效应是影响SOC及其活性组分的主要因素。秸秆还田显著提高了RTS处理和RTS-DTS处理的SOC含量,分别比RT和RT-DT处理高6.1%~15.6%和19.1%~32.3%。并且转变耕作方式后RTS-DTS处理比于RTS处理SOC含量提高16.9%~20.0%。同时,RTS-DTS处理的POC含量比RTS处理高13.6%~53.8%;但RT-DT和RTS-DTS处理的土壤ROC含量较RT和RTS处理都呈下降趋势,RTS-DTS处理的ROC含量比RTS处理下降4.6%~10%;MBC含量降低23.8%~30.6%。虽然秸秆还田显著提高了各处理的DOC含量,但RTS转变为RTS-DTS处理后,其3个土层的DOC含量下降了8%~41%。相比于RT和RTS处理,RT-DT和RTS-DTS处理0~30 cm各土层中LOC在SOC中的比例显著下降。相关性分析结果表明,除POC与ROC之间无显著性相关关系外,SOC及各组分间均呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的相关关系。耕作方式转变为深松和秸秆还田提高了SOC含量的同时,显著降低了SOC中的活性有机碳组分,这更有利于SOC的有效积累,促进土壤碳库的稳定固存。     

Dynamics of aggregate-associated organic carbon following conversion of forest to cropland

The conversion of natural forest to cropland generally results in the loss of soil organic carbon (OC) and an increase in CO₂ flux to the atmosphere. The dynamics of aggregate-associated OC after conversion to cropland are still not well understood. Such an understanding is essential for accurately estimating C flux between soil and the atmosphere. To learn more about OC dynamics after cultivation of natural forest land, we measured total soil and aggregate-associated OC in paired forest and cropland plots in Shaanxi Province, China. The cropland had been converted from adjacent forest 4, 50, and 100 yrs previously. As expected, the conversion to cropland resulted in significant declines in total soil OC concentrations and stocks. The largest decreases occurred during the early stages of cultivation. A century of cultivation decreased total soil OC stocks in the 0–20 cm depth by 0.77 kg m⁻². Macroaggregate-associated OC stocks decreased, but microaggregate-associated OC stocks increased following the conversion of forest to cropland. Silt + clay-associated OC stocks were not affected. The reduction in macroaggregate-associated OC stocks was caused by declines in both the amount of soil in the macroaggregate fraction and by decreases in the concentration of macroaggregate-associated OC. The results of this study indicate the conversion of forest to cropland not only reduced total soil OC stocks, but also caused a percentage shift in the distribution of total soil OC among aggregate size classes and among soil depths. These shifts would delay the loss of OC, so the loss of OC in forest soil due to cultivation might thus be lower than expected.     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics Tools: A Rapid and Non-Destructive Alternative on Soil Evaluation

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive and accurate technique for analyzing a wide variety of samples, thus, the growing interest of using this technique in soil science. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) in the soil. NIR spectra from 20 cm³ of soil samples were acquired on the range of 750 to 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode, resolution of 16 cm^?1 and 64 scans. Eight models of calibration/validation were constructed. Calibration and validation models showed that the predictive potential of NIR varied with the specific soil property (OC, TN, P and K) under evaluation and according to the methodology employed in the model construction (cross-validation or test set). Good prediction models were obtained for OC and TN content based on the statistical parameters. Test set methodology was able to predict soil OC, TN, P, and K better than cross-validation methodology.     

Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Soils of Northeastern Brazil Converted to Irrigated Agriculture

The productivity of agricultural areas in semi‐arid regions can be improved through the use of irrigation. However, the intensive cropping of such soils can have detrimental effects, especially with regard to soil organic matter (SOM) pools. The goal of this work was to evaluate soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks of different irrigated agricultural systems and compare these to preserved natural ecosystems adjacent to each of the cropping systems. We selected four cropping systems: banana, a maize/bean succession (MB), pasture (P) and guava (G), as well as areas covered by native vegetation. Stocks of total soil organic carbon (TOC), amounts of unprotected and protected soil organic carbon, carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass and microbial respiration were quantified. Surface soil TOC stocks under banana, G and P grass were significantly greater than under native vegetation and MB system. The most intensive management system was the MB, and the least intensive systems were P and G. The least intensive cropping systems were grouped on the basis of similarities in TOC, POC, total soil nitrogen and N in microbial biomass stocks. These results show that the degree of soil degradation resulting from changes in land use systems increases with the intensity of the land use systems themselves. This confirms the established hypothesis that the extent of degradation of soil properties and changes in some SOM fractions depend on the intensity of soil use. Furthermore, the adoption of conservation practices may remediate soil degradation and increase SOM stocks, mainly at the soil's surface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡库区消落带湿地土壤有机碳及其组分特征

湿地生态系统土壤有机碳库的组分变化对于全球碳平衡起着极其重要的作用。本研究选取三峡库区消落带湿地3个海拔梯度的土壤,以从未淹没的样地作为对照,研究消落带湿地不同海拔梯度土壤有机碳组分的特征。结果表明:土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性碳水化合物有机碳和和微生物生物量碳均以消落带小于未淹没样地。在消落带,海拔最低、淹没持续时间较长且正处于水位波动期的样地土壤有机碳、易氧化碳和微生物生物量碳显著低于其他样地,而土壤矿化碳显著高于其他样地。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳与微生物生物量碳(R~2=0.94)的正相关性显著高于与易氧化有机碳(R~2=0.88)、水溶性有机碳(R~2=0.73)及其水溶性碳水化合物(R~2=0.70)之间的正相关性,但是与矿化碳之间无显著的相关性。因此,土壤微生物生物量碳是消落带湿地土壤有机碳随不同海拔梯度变化的最敏感的组分。     

Organic carbon accumulation in a 2000-year chronosequence of paddy soil evolution

Considerable amounts of soil organic matter (SOM) are stabilized in paddy soils, and thus a large proportion of the terrestrial carbon is conserved in wetland rice soils. Nonetheless, the mechanisms for stabilization of organic carbon (OC) in paddy soils are largely unknown. Based on a chronosequence derived from marine sediments, the objectives of this study are to investigate the accumulation of OC and the concurrent loss of inorganic carbon (IC) and to identify the role of the soil fractions for the stabilization of OC with increasing duration of paddy soil management. A chronosequence of six age groups of paddy soil formation was chosen in the Zhejiang Province (PR China), ranging from 50 to 2000 years (yrs) of paddy management. Soil samples obtained from horizontal sampling of three soil profiles within each age group were analyzed for bulk density (BD), OC as well as IC concentrations, OC stocks of bulk soil and the OC contributions to the bulk soil of the particle size fractions. Paddy soils are characterized by relatively low bulk densities in the puddled topsoil horizons (1.0 and 1.2 g cm^− 3) and high values in the plow pan (1.6 g cm^− 3). Our results demonstrate a substantial loss of carbonates during soil formation, as the upper 20 cm were free of carbonates in 100-year-old paddy soils, but carbonate removal from the entire soil profile required almost 700 yrs of rice cultivation. We observed an increase of topsoil OC stocks from 2.5 to 4.4 kg m^− 2 during 50 to 2000 yrs of paddy management. The OC accumulation in the bulk soil was dominated by the silt- and clay-sized fractions. The silt fraction showed a high accretion of OC and seems to be an important long-term OC sink during soil evolution. Fine clay in the puddled topsoil horizon was already saturated and the highest storage capacity for OC was calculated for coarse clay. With longer paddy management, the fractions < 20 μm showed an increasing actual OC saturation level, but did not reach the calculated potential storage capacity.     

东北三省典型春玉米种植区土壤剖面碳库变化特征

【目的】 农田土壤碳储量及变化影响着农田肥力、生产力以及地力的可持续性。本文研究了东北三省典型春玉米种植区在0—90 cm土层土壤碳库的变化特征,分析了东北三省典型春玉米种植区农民习惯施肥措施下土壤的碳贮存情况。 【方法】 于2012年春玉米全生育期定点跟踪了黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省各17户,总计51户农民习惯施肥处理,测定了0—30、30—60、60—90 cm土层中全碳 (TC)、有机碳 (SOC)、无机碳 (IC)、颗粒有机碳 (POC)、微生物生物量碳 (SMBC) 以及可溶性有机碳 (DOC)含量。 【结果】 黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省典型春玉米种植区0—90 cm土层全碳储量分别为159.8、128.5、108.1 t/hm2,有机碳储量分别为141.7、120.5、90.2 t/hm2,无机碳储量分别为18.2、8.0、17.9 t/hm2。三个省份间0—90 cm土层SOC储量差异均达显著性水平 (P < 0.05),黑龙江的储量显著高于吉林的,吉林的储量又显著高于辽宁的。关于0—30 cm土壤TC、SOC储量,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省间差异均达显著水平 ( P < 0.05),在30—60 cm、60—90 cm土层,黑龙江的TC、SOC储量显著高于吉林和辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),吉林和辽宁间差异不显著;土壤剖面TC、SOC储量表现为 0—30 cm > 30—60 cm > 60—90 cm深。在土壤活性碳库方面,0—30 cm土层中,随着纬度的降低,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省内POC、POC/SOC、SMBC/SOC、DOC/SOC呈增加趋势,而SMBC则呈降低趋势,三省间POC/SOC、SMBC、DOC/SOC平均含量差异均达显著性水平 ( P < 0.05),黑龙江POC平均含量显著低于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),吉林的DOC平均含量显著高于黑龙江、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05);30—60 cm土层,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省内POC、POC/SOC、DOC/SOC随着纬度的升高而降低,且三省间POC/SOC平均值差异达显著性水平,黑龙江POC、DOC/SOC显著低于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),但SMBC含量黑龙江显著高于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05);在60—90 cm土层,黑龙江土壤的POC、POC/SOC、DOC/SOC、SMBC/SOC含量平均值显著低于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),吉林的SMBC显著高于辽宁的 ( P < 0.05)。随着土壤剖面深度的增加,各省土壤TC、SOC、IC及活性碳库呈降低趋势,而土壤IC/TC呈增加趋势。 【结论】 在东北三省典型春玉米种植区,0—90 cm土层以黑龙江的有机碳贮存最大,三省由于气温、土壤母质和施肥的影响,土壤活性碳库变化规律并不完全一致,随着土层深度增加土壤无机碳对全碳贡献增加,因此,下一步研究需重视无机碳库和剖面碳库在碳贮存中的作用。      

Long-term tillage and straw returning effects on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC in rice-rape cropping system

Understanding the different C pools and chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropping system is imperative for sustaining soil quality. This study examined the effects of tillage and straw returning practices on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC under a rice-rape system in central China. The field experiment consisted of conventional tillage (CT); conventional tillage with straw returning (CTS); no-tillage (NT); and no-tillage with straw returning (NTS) treatments. Compared to CT, NT significantly increased SOC stocks, SCMI and C fractions of 0–20 cm depth by 6–50%. The SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents of 0–20 cm depth were 16, 80, 24, 22 and 13%, respectively, higher under NTS treatment. Straw returning enhanced the relative contents of O-alkyl C, carbonyl C, alkyl C, A/O-A ratio, and aromaticity. The correlations of SOC with C fractions and SCMI were significant. O-alkyl C was positively correlated with C fractions and negatively correlated with carbonyl C and alkyl C. In conclusion, long-term tillage and straw returning significantly affected the fractions and chemical compositions of SOC, could be viable option for improving the soil quality in the rice-rape rotation system.     

Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions in Relation to Tillage and Cropping Sequences in Some Dry Lands of Punjab,Pakistan

Depth distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions depends on the efficiency of agro‐technical managements. Information on depth distribution of SOC fractions mostly confined to the plow layer and scant in dry lands of Punjab, Pakistan. Therefore, a field experiment was laid out with moldboard plow (MP) (control), tine cultivator (TC), and minimum tillage (MT) as main plots, and cropping sequences fallow wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (FW, control), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) wheat (MW), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) wheat (SW), green manure wheat (GW), and mungbean‐chickpea (MC) (Cicer arietinum L.) as sub‐plots. Treatment effects were assessed for microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potentially mineralizeable carbon (PMC), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), HCl insoluble carbon (HIC), and stratification ratio (SR) in Rawal series: Udic Haplustalf. Alfisols. The MBC concentration was the highest in MT system, at 15 to 30‐cm depth under MW and PMC concentration was highest under SW with MT at 45–60 cm. MP had higher POC in FW sequence. The highest DOC was at 0 to 15‐cm depth under MC with TC and stock of HIC was more under TC with FW sequence. The highest SR of PMC was under MT with FW at 0–15:15–30 and POC was under TC and MP with FW at depths of 0–15:45–60 cm. The highest SR for DOC was under MP with GW at 0–15:45–60 cm and HCl insoluble C was under MT with SW at 0–15:45–60. In broad‐spectrum, labile organic fractions revealed differential sensitivity, and POC stocks are also a sensitive indicator to detect the short‐management effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长期施肥对高原农业生态系统土壤有机碳和氮的影响

The effects of fertilization on the distributions of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) in soil aggregates and whether these effects vary with cropping system have not been well addressed.Such information is important for understanding the sequestration of OC and N in agricultural soils.In this study,the distributions of OC and N associated with soil aggregates were analyzed in different fertilization treatments in a continuous winter wheat cropping system and a legume-grain rotation system in a 27-year field experiment,to understand the effects of long-term fertilization on the distributions of OC and N in aggregates and to examine the recovery of soil OC and N in a highland agroecosystem.Manure fertilizer significantly decreased soil bulk density but increased the amount of coarse fractions and their associated OC and N stocks in the soils of both systems.Fertilizers N + phosphorus (P) and manure had similar effects on total soil OC and N stocks in both systems,but had larger effects on the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates in the legume-grain rotation system than in the continuous winter wheat system.The application of P increased the OC and N stocks in ＞ 2 mm aggregates and decreased the loss of N from chemical fertilizers in the legume-grain rotation system.The results from this study suggested that P fertilizer should be applied for legume-included cropping systems and that manure with or without chemical fertilizers should be applied for semiarid cropping systems in order to enhance OC and N accumulation in soils.     

An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks in England and Wales

It is estimated that half the soil carbon globally is in the subsoil, but data are scarce. We updated estimates of subsoil organic carbon (OC) in England and Wales made by Bradley et al. (2005) using soil and land‐use databases and compared the results with other published data. We estimated that the soils of England and Wales contained 1633, 1143 and 506 Tg of OC at 0–30, 30–100 and 100–150 cm depths, respectively. Thus, half of the soil OC was found below 30 cm depth. Peat soils accounted for the largest proportion, containing 44% of all the OC below 30 cm despite their small areal extent, followed by brown soils, surface‐water gley soils, ground‐water gley soils and podzolic soils. Peat soils had more than 25% of their profile OC per unit area in the 100–150 cm depth, whereas most other soils had <8% at this depth. The differences between soil types were consistent with differences in soil formation processes. Differences in depth distributions between land uses were small, but subsoil OC stocks in cultivated soils were generally smaller than in soils under grassland or other land uses. Data on subsoil OC stocks in the literature were scarce, but what there was broadly agreed with the findings of the above database exercise. There was little evidence by which to assess how subsoil OC stocks were changing over time.     

黄土台塬不同林分结构土壤有机碳质量分数特征

为探讨林分结构对土壤有机碳固定的影响,本文以黄土台塬的油松、 沙棘、 刺槐和侧柏纯林及其混交林为对象,对土壤有机碳、 易氧化态、 轻组、 颗粒态以及可溶性有机碳进行了分析。结果表明, 1）混交林可有效增加土壤不同组分有机碳含量,侧柏混交林与纯林相比增加最为明显,其土壤有机碳增加了123%和160%,易氧化态有机碳增加了161%和304%,轻组有机碳增加了1399%和482%,颗粒态有机碳增加了454%和436%,可溶性碳增加了138%和170%（05 cm土层）; 刺槐-沙棘、 油松-沙棘-刺槐混交林相对改良效果较差。2）各活性有机碳间相比较,混交林对土壤易氧化态碳含量增加效果最显著,而对土壤颗粒有机碳的改善效果不甚明显。3）在0100 cm土层,轻组有机碳敏感性指标分别是总有机碳、 可溶性和易氧化态有机碳的1.00~10.58、 3.83~10.19和1.78~5.10倍。4）有机碳与活性有机碳组分均呈线性极显著正相关关系; 轻组有机碳与颗粒有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他,易氧化态碳与可溶性有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他。     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

生物炭还田对植烟土壤活性有机碳及酶活性的影响

为探索不同来源的生物炭及其还田方式对连作植烟土壤的改良效果,以四川盐源红壤为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了不同生物炭类型(玉米秸秆生物炭YM、油菜秸秆生物炭YC)配合不同还田方式(条施、穴施、条施+穴施)下,土壤有机碳组分和土壤酶活性在烤烟不同生育期的变化特征。结果表明,生物炭类型和还田方式显著改变了土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量,与CK(不添加生物炭)相比,生物炭处理的土壤TOC含量增加了6.9%~39.7%,其中油菜生物炭穴施还田的效果最佳。生物炭提高了土壤活性有机碳库和颗粒态有机碳含量,其中油菜生物炭处理的活性有机碳平均含量显著高于玉米生物炭,颗粒态有机碳含量则相反;与CK相比,玉米生物炭和油菜生物炭穴施还田提高了土壤可溶性有机碳含量,分别显著增加了25.3%~36.4%和33.3%~51.3%;油菜生物炭穴施还田的烤烟旺长期土壤微生物量碳、易氧化有机碳和颗粒态有机碳含量最高,较CK分别增加了34.6%、28.9%和38.3%。土壤蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性总体受生物炭类型和还田方式的显著影响,与CK相比,油菜生物炭穴施还田的土壤蔗糖酶活性显著提高了24.1%~30.6%;玉米生物炭对烤烟现蕾期和成熟期土壤脲酶、蛋白酶活性提升效果总体优于油菜生物炭。综上,生物炭还田总体增加了植烟土壤有机碳库含量和酶活性,其中油菜生物炭穴施还田方式对土壤活性有机碳库、蔗糖酶活性的提升效果较佳。本研究结果为植烟土壤保育技术和生物炭在烟草生产的应用提供了科学依据和指导实践。     

Relationships between particle-size distribution and organic carbon in French arable topsoils

A database including results from 102 000 soil analyses was built for arable topsoil in France. We show a strong effect of soil particle‐size distribution on present organic carbon (OC) stocks in these soils. By using the upper decile values by textural classes as a proxy of the maximal carbon storage potential, we show that it might be more efficient to encourage practices favouring carbon accumulation in soils already having high OC stocks than to try to increase OC stocks in soils where present stocks are low.