Pyrogenic carbon additions to soil counteract positive priming of soil carbon mineralization by plants

Important due to both its role in fire-affected ecosystems, and also its proposed intentional production and application for carbon (C) management, pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is thought to contain very stable forms of C. However, the mechanisms behind its interactions with non-PyOM soil organic C (SOC) remain speculative, with studies often showing short-term positive and then long-term negative “priming effects” on SOC decomposition after PyOM applications. Furthermore, studies of these interactions to date have been limited to systems that do not include plants. This study describes results from a 12-week greenhouse experiment where PyOM-SOC priming effects with and without plants were investigated using stable isotope partitioning. In addition, we investigated the optimal δ¹³C proxies for sources of SOC, PyOM, and plant-derived CO₂ emissions. The two-factorial experiment included the presence or absence of corn plants and of ¹³C-labelled PyOM. In order to control for pH and nutrient addition effects from PyOM, its pH was adjusted to that of the soil and optimal nutrient and water conditions were provided to the plants. The δ¹³C of PyOM sub-components were significantly different. Significant losses of 0.4% of the applied PyOM-C occurred in the first week. We find evidence for a “negative priming” effect of PyOM on SOC in the system (SOC losses are 48% lower with PyOM present), which occurred primarily during the first week, indicating it may be due to transient effects driven by easily mineralizable PyOM. Additionally, while the presence of corn plants resulted in significantly increased SOC losses (“positive priming”), PyOM additions counteract this effect, almost completely eliminating net C losses either by decreasing SOC decomposition or increasing corn C additions to soil. This highlights the importance of including plants in studies of PyOM-SOC interactions.     

黑碳添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

通过室内培养试验,向土壤中分别添加不同温度制备的黑碳,热解温度分别为350℃(T350)、600℃(T600)和850℃(T850),研究了黑碳添加对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同温度条件制备的黑碳在15℃和25℃培养条件下,土壤CO2释放速率总的趋势是前期分解速率快,后期缓慢。在整个培养过程中(112天),随着培养时间的延长,土壤CO2释放速率下降趋势逐渐降低,CO2释放速率相对值的大小随着培养温度的的升高而增大。在不同温度培养条件下,添加黑碳后土壤CO2-C累计量均是T350>T600>T850,T350土壤CO2-C累计量最高分别为415.26 mg/kg和733.82 mg/kg。添加不同黑碳后,土壤有机碳矿化增加率存在极显著差异(p<0.01),表明不同温度制备的黑碳对土壤有机碳矿化的影响显著。     

添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的影响及激发效应

为了探讨长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化对添加牛粪的响应特征及添加牛粪对长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化的激发效应,以始建于1986年的长期定位试验为平台,通过室内恒温培养的方法研究添加等氮量牛粪后长期不同施肥(不施肥,CK;常量有机肥,SMA;常量化肥,SMF;常量有机无机配施,1/2(SMA+SMF))潮土有机碳矿化、土壤有机碳及活性碳库组分(微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳)含量的变化特征。结果表明:无论添加牛粪与否,长期不同施肥潮土有机碳矿化过程均符合一级动力学方程,而牛粪的添加显著增加了长期不施肥、长期单施化肥和长期有机无机配施土壤的有机碳矿化速率常数,增长幅度分别为21.74%、35.00%和45.00%;添加牛粪提高了长期不同施肥潮土有机碳、微生物量碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,却显著降低了可溶性有机碳含量;牛粪对长期不施肥、长期施用常量有机肥、常量化肥和常量有机无机配施潮土有机碳矿化的正激发效应分别达到了48.56%、3.60%、48.43%和3.92%,且对长期不施肥及长期施用常量化肥潮土的激发效应显著高于对长期施用常量有机肥及长期有机无机配施土壤;冗余分析显示添加牛粪对长期不同施肥土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应与土壤活性组分碳氮比呈正相关,与土壤养分含量呈负相关。该研究不仅为合理施用有机肥和实现农田生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据,还有利于实现农业资源再利用及其效益最大化。     

干湿交替对土壤碳库和有机碳矿化的影响

水分是影响土壤活性碳库和惰性碳库周转过程的主导因子,而土壤有机碳的周转速率会对气候变化造成潜在的重要影响。以农田水稻土为供试土壤,通过培育试验研究了干湿交替过程对土壤有机碳矿化的影响,并利用两库叠加模型对土壤不同碳库及其降解动力学进行初步评估。结果表明:干湿交替激发了土壤呼吸,增加了土壤微生物代谢活性。三次湿润过程对土壤呼吸的激发量分别为119.3%、159.5%和87.3%,激发效应随干湿交替频率的增加先升高后降低。多次干湿交替后,土壤累积CO2释放量低于恒湿土壤,湿润所引起的激发的矿化量不足以弥补干旱期降低的矿化量。在湿润的数小时内,土壤溶解性有机碳含量先升高后降低。干湿交替提升了土壤活性碳库的降解速率,降低了惰性碳库的降解速率,湿润后土壤活性碳库显著增加。多次干湿交替降低了土壤真菌/细菌比,使土壤微生物群落结构发生变化,细菌成为优势种群。     

Negative priming effect on mineralization in a soil free of vegetation for 80 years

The priming effect (PE) is a complex process corresponding to a modification of mineralization rates of soil organic matter (SOM) following inputs of fresh organic matter (FOM). The priming effect can be either positive or negative (i.e. an acceleration or retardation of SOM decomposition) and is controlled by several factors such as microbial community composition, SOM chemical structure and nutrient availability. The first objective of our experiment was to study negative or positive PE of stabilized SOM. The second was to identify the role of FOM decomposers in the PE of stabilized SOM. We incubated, for 39 days, a fallow soil free of vegetation for 80 years amended with ¹³C‐cellulose and inoculated with a FOM‐decomposing community. The soil contained stabilized SOM. The PE of the stable organic matter was always negative and tended to be more negative when the FOM‐decomposing community was added. This suggests that for this particular soil, SOM mineralization was not limited by energy. Moreover, as the inoculation of a FOM‐decomposing community led to a more negative PE, we assume that the FOM‐decomposing community facilitated the access of FOM to the indigenous bare soil community.     

Biochar reduces the rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon

Biochar has the potential to store carbon (C) in soils on a millennial time scale and hence it is proposed as a tool to aid in the mitigation of climate change. However, the presence of biochar in soil can induce either a positive or negative priming effect on native soil C, or the converse, which may either reduce or enhance the C storage potential of biochar. Thus far, priming effects between soil and biochar have been predominately assessed in the exclusion of plants. Therefore, this study set out with the aim to assess the priming effect of plants, i.e., rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) in the presence and absence of biochar and within different soil types. Three soils (Arenosol, Cambisol and Ferralsol) were used in full factorial combination with or without soybean plants and with or without 2% blue mallee biochar that was produced at 500 °C by slow pyrolysis. Plants were labelled with an isotopically depleted δ¹³C signature to that of the soil and biochar to allow the separation of plant-derived CO₂–C from the total CO₂–C. Carbon dioxide was trapped three times over a period of 13 days. Subsequent titration of the CO₂ trap samples followed by IRMS analysis was used to quantify the CO₂–C captured and its source. Biochar was found to have no effect on plant or microbial biomass. Plant treatments had significantly higher overall respiration rates than those without plants. Plants induced a negative priming in the Arenosol which was similar in the absence and presence of biochar. In the Cambisol, biochar induced a significant negative RPE in comparison to the positive RPE in the control. The RPE in the Ferralsol was positive and substantially decreased in the presence of biochar. Our results suggest that blue mallee biochar amendments may partially offset the positive RPE, or reduce it further where it is already negative.     

长期施肥对栗褐土有机碳矿化的影响

【目的】 土壤有机碳矿化是土壤中重要的生物化学过程,与土壤养分的释放、土壤质量的保持以及温室气体的形成密切相关。本文以 25 年长期定位施肥试验为依托,对栗褐土土壤有机碳矿化速率、有机碳累积矿化量的动态变化进行研究,为科学管理土壤肥力、增加栗褐土碳汇、减少温室气体排放提供依据。 【方法】 田间试验开始于 1988,共设置 8 个施肥处理:不施肥 (CK);单施氮肥 (N);氮磷肥合施 (NP);单施低量有机肥(M₁);低量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M₁N);低量有机肥与氮磷肥合施(M₁NP);高量有机肥与氮肥合施 (M₂N);高量有机肥与氮磷肥合施 (M₂NP)。于 2013 年玉米播种前,采集耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤样品,采用室内培养方法,对土壤碳矿化释放 CO₂ 的数量和速率进行测定,并利用一级动力学方程计算出土壤有机碳库潜在矿化势和周转速率。 【结果】 各肥料处理不同程度地提高了栗褐土总有机碳含量,以高量有机肥与化肥配施作用最为显著。与 CK 相比,M₂N、M₂NP 处理土壤总有机碳含量增加了 121.1%、166.8%。不同处理土壤样品培养有机碳矿化速率均在第一天达到峰值,随后急剧下降。5 d 后,下降趋缓,不同处理 CO₂ 产生速率趋于一致。培养期间,各处理矿化速率变化符合对数函数关系。长期施用不同肥料均可以提高栗褐土有机碳的矿化速率,其大小顺序为:有机肥与化肥配施 > 单施有机肥 > 单施化肥 > 对照。培养 57 d 后,各处理土壤有机碳累积矿化量为 555.0～980.3 mg/kg,以 M₂NP、M₁N 的累积量较高,为对照的 1.77 倍、1.73 倍。长期施肥栗褐土有机碳矿化率呈下降趋势,以处理 M₂NP 下降最明显,与对照相比,降低了 6.3 个百分点。施肥处理土壤的潜在矿化势均高于对照,M₁N、M₂NP 最高,为 923.7 mg/kg 和 926.4 mg/kg,较对照增加了 74.0% 和 74.5%。不同施肥处理均可明显提升土壤有机碳的周转速率,减少周转时间,其中处理 M₁NP、M₂NP 效果最为明显。 【结论】 长期施用化肥、有机肥及有机无机肥配施可有效促进栗褐土有机碳的积累,提高有机碳的矿化速率和周转速率,降低有机碳的矿化率 (累积矿化量占有机碳总量的比率),加强了土壤的固碳能力,以 M₂NP 处理的效果更佳。      

Effects of contrasting biochars on the leaching of inorganic nitrogen from soil

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The use of excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizers usually causes soil N leaching, eutrophication, and water pollution. Nevertheless, biochars may play an important role...     

团聚体大小分布对孔隙结构和土壤有机碳矿化的影响

土壤团聚体在外部和内部因素影响下发生团聚和破碎过程,形成不同大小分布的团聚体。团聚体大小分布的变化会改变土壤孔隙结构,影响各种土壤物理、化学和生物学过程,进而影响土壤有机碳(SOC)的周转。选择三种长期施用不同量有机肥的红壤(不施肥,CK;施低量有机肥,LM;施高量有机肥,HM),过不同大小孔径筛(5 mm,S₅;2 mm,S₂;0.5 mm,S_0.5)改变团聚体的大小分布,然后填装土柱(直径2.9 cm、高度4 cm),填装容重为1.3 g·cm^-3。利用X射线显微CT(Computed Tomography)成像技术分析土壤的孔隙结构,采用室内培养法测定土壤有机碳矿化量。结果表明,团聚体大小对孔隙结构有极显著的影响。相较于S₅和S₂处理,S_0.5处理土壤的大孔隙度(>16μm)降低了83.0%～93.9%,孔隙连通性降低了95%以上。而S₅和S₂处理的大孔隙度和孔隙连通性只在HM土...     

Residue addition and liming history interactively enhance mineralization of native organic carbon in acid soils

Lime application is the most common method to improve crop production in acid soils and has been shown to change soil organic C content. However, the impact of liming history on the priming effect on soil organic C is not well understood. This study examined the effect of liming history on C priming in response to the addition of crop residues of different qualities. Soils with pH ranging from 4.7 to 7.4 were collected from two adjacent field experiments whereby lime was applied at different rates, 6 and 35 years ago. A 90-day incubation study was conducted by applying ¹³C-labelled wheat (C/N 42) and field-pea (C/N 29) residues at a rate of 5 g kg^?1 soil. Residue application to soils yielded the positive priming effect in all pH levels with the magnitude of C priming being the greatest at initial soil pH 6.6. In comparison, the optimal pH for residue decomposition (7.3) was higher than that for priming. The overall priming effect was about 17% greater with field-pea than wheat residue. However, cumulative decomposition of added field-pea residue was 15% lower than that of wheat residue. Furthermore, C priming was greater in soils from the 35-year-old than the 6-year-old limed plots, indicating that a longer history of liming did not enhance the protection of indigenous C from mineralization. The results suggest that increases in soil pH by liming enhanced native C priming through greater microbial biomass and activity and that the magnitude and dynamics of the priming effect largely depended on residue quality and its consequent nutrient supply to decomposer organisms. The study implies that over-liming would likely have negative impacts on the long-term C sequestration.     

Taxon-specific responses of soil microbial communities to different soil priming effects induced by addition of plant residues and their biochars

Purpose

This work investigated changes in priming effects and the taxonomy of soil microbial communities after being amended with plant feedstock and its corresponding biochar.

Materials and methods

A soil incubation was conducted for 180 days to monitor the mineralization and evolution of soil-primed C after addition of maize and its biochar pyrolysed at 450 °C. Responses of individual microbial taxa were identified and compared using the next-generation sequencing method.

Results and discussion

Cumulative CO₂ showed similar trends but different magnitudes in soil supplied with feedstock and its biochar. Feedstock addition resulted in a positive priming effect of 1999 mg C kg^?1 soil (+253.7 %) while biochar gave negative primed C of ?872.1 mg C kg^?1 soil (?254.3 %). Linear relationships between mineralized material and mineralized soil C were detected. Most priming occurred in the first 15 days, indicating co-metabolism. Differences in priming may be explained by differences in properties of plant material, especially the water-extractable organic C. Predominant phyla were affiliated to Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Euryarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota during decomposition. Cluster analysis resulted in separate phylogenetic grouping of feedstock and biochar. Bacteria (Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes), fungi (Ascomycota), and archaea (Euryarchaeota) were closely correlated to primed soil C (R ²?=??0.98, ?0.99, 0.84, 0.81, 0.91, and 0.91, respectively).

Conclusions

Quality of plant materials (especially labile C) shifted microbial community (specific microbial taxa) responses, resulting in a distinctive priming intensity, giving a better understanding of the functional role of soil microbial community as an important driver of priming effect.

     

Influence of soil compaction on carbon and nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter and crop residues

 We studied the influence of soil compaction in a loamy sand soil on C and N mineralization and nitrification of soil organic matter and added crop residues. Samples of unamended soil, and soil amended with leek residues, at six bulk densities ranging from 1.2 to 1.6 Mg m^–3 and 75% field capacity, were incubated. In the unamended soil, bulk density within the range studied did not influence any measure of microbial activity significantly. A small (but insignificant) decrease in nitrification rate at the highest bulk density was the only evidence for possible effects of compaction on microbial activity. In the amended soil the amounts of mineralized N at the end of the incubation were equal at all bulk densities, but first-order N mineralization rates tended to increase with increasing compaction, although the increase was not significant. Nitrification in the amended soils was more affected by compaction, and NO₃ ^–-N contents after 3 weeks of incubation at bulk densities of 1.5 and 1.6 Mg m^–3 were significantly lower (by about 8% and 16% of total added N, respectively), than those of the less compacted treatments. The C mineralization rate was strongly depressed at a bulk density of 1.6 Mg m^–3, compared with the other treatments. The depression of C mineralization in compacted soils can lead to higher organic matter accumulation. Since N mineralization was not affected by compaction (within the range used here) the accumulated organic matter would have had higher C : N ratios than in the uncompacted soils, and hence would have been of a lower quality. In general, increasing soil compaction in this soil, starting at a bulk density of 1.5 Mg m^–3, will affect some microbially driven processes. Received: 10 June 1999     

基于文献计量分析的土壤有机碳矿化研究进展与热点

为了解土壤有机碳矿化的研究进展和未来发展趋势,以Web of Science核心合集数据库中1045篇土壤有机碳矿化的研究论文为数据源,通过CiteSpace、VOS viewer和GIS分别以发文数量、总/平均被引频次等为指标,对国家、机构、作者等进行了分类与可视化展示。结果表明：1982—2020年间,土壤有机碳矿化研究的发文数量不断增长,尤其是1993—2019年。美国总发文量第一且中介中心性较高,影响力较大;中国在2016年后年均发文数量第一但需加强科研创新性;目前形成了联系紧密的核心作者群,研究机构以中国科学院发文数量最多,但国家以德国和法国的国际影响力最大。土壤有机碳矿化的研究是基于多个学科、多个领域的知识相互融合而开展的,研究热点集中在土壤类型、环境因素和土地利用的变化对土壤有机碳的矿化量、周转情况及时空分布特征的影响上。未来应加强不同条件下土壤有机碳矿化的内在机制与模型研究,同时应更加注重对激发效应、土壤侵蚀以及外源碳氮添加等研究主题的关注度。     

Rhizosphere priming of soil organic matter by bacterial groups in a grassland soil

Plants often impact the rate of native soil organic matter turnover through root interactions with soil organisms; however the role of root-microbial interactions in mediation of the “priming effect” is not well understood. We examined the effects of living plant roots and N fertilization on belowground C dynamics in a California annual grassland soil (Haploxeralf) during a two-year greenhouse study. The fate of ¹³C-labeled belowground C (roots and organic matter) was followed under planted (Avena barbata) and unplanted conditions, and with and without supplemental N (20 kg N ha⁻¹ season⁻¹) over two periods of plant growth, each followed by a dry, fallow period of 120 d. Turnover of belowground ¹³C SOM was followed using ¹³C-phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. Living roots increased the turnover and loss of belowground ¹³C compared with unplanted soils. Planted soils had 20% less belowground ¹³C present than in unplanted soils after 2 cycles of planting and fallow. After 2 treatment cycles, unlabeled soil C was 4.8% higher in planted soils than unplanted. The addition of N to soils decreased the turnover of enriched belowground ¹³C during the first treatment season in both planted and unplanted soils, however no effect of N was observed thereafter. Our findings suggest that A. barbata may increase soil C levels over time because root and exudate C inputs are significant, but that increase will be moderated by an overall faster C mineralization rate of belowground C. N addition may slow soil C losses; however, the effect was minor and transient in this system. The labeled root-derived ¹³C was initially recovered in gram negative (highest enrichment), gram positive, and fungal biomarkers. With successive growing seasons, the labeled C in the gram negative and fungal markers declined, while gram positive markers continued to accumulate labeled belowground C. The rhizosphere of A. barbata shifted the microbial community composition, resulting in greater abundances of gram negative markers and lower abundances of gram positive, actinobacteria and cyclopropyl PLFA markers compared to unplanted soil. However, the longer-term utilization of labeled belowground C by gram positive bacteria was enhanced in the rhizosphere microbial community compared with unplanted soils. We suggest that the activities of gram positive bacteria may be major controllers of multi-year rhizosphere-related priming of SOM decomposition.     

Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

火烧和保留采伐剩余物对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

采用室内培养法,比较分析了福建三明地区米槠次生林皆伐后火烧、保留采伐剩余物处理对土壤有机碳累积矿化量的影响,分析了土壤有机碳累积矿化量和土壤初始有机碳、微生物生物量碳及可溶性有机碳的关系。结果表明,火烧、保留采伐剩余物处理6个月和18个月后,火烧处理表层0~10 cm土壤有机碳含量较对照处理分别下降了6.0%和1.9%,保留采伐物处理土壤表层有机碳增加了15.6%和25.0%。两次培养中,火烧处理各土层累积矿化量显著低于对照和保留采伐剩余物处理;火烧6个月后,保留采伐剩余物处理各土层累积矿化量显著低于对照,18个月后10~20和20~40 cm土层累积矿化量显著高于对照处理。火烧18个月后,保留采伐剩余物处理各土层累积矿化量显著高于1年前的累积矿化量,分别高57.0%、112.0%和49.9%;火烧和对照处理前后两次培养各土层累积矿化量变化并无明显规律。土壤有机碳累积矿化量与土壤初始有机碳、微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳呈显著地线性相关关系(p0.05)。营林活动初期,皆伐后保留采伐剩余物措施较火烧能够增加土壤有机碳库,对土壤肥力及后期林木生长有重要的促进作用。     

长期不同施肥处理对水稻土有机碳分布变异及其矿化动态的影响

基于持续26 a的太湖地区水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面有机碳分布、有机碳密度和变异幅度、及有机碳矿化动态的影响。结果表明:(1)长期施肥使水稻土表层有机碳含量显著升高,施有机肥和秸秆还田较单施化肥更能促进表层有机碳累积。施化肥处理10~30 cm土层有机碳含量相对稳定,施有机肥处理20~40 cm土层有机碳含量相对稳定;(2)0~25 cm和0~50 cm土层,施有机肥处理的有机碳密度均高于施化肥处理,有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)和化肥氮+磷+钾处理(CNPK)的有机碳密度均为最高,秸秆+化肥氮处理(CRN)高于有机肥+秸秆+氮处理(MRN)。各施肥处理0~25 cm和25~50 cm土层有机碳变异幅度均高于对照C0。施有机肥处理的有机碳密度变异幅度均高于施化肥处理。化肥氮+磷处理(CNP)和有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)有机碳密度的变异性最大;(3)各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率在培养第2~4天均达到最大,第3周后达到稳定,有机肥处理的最大矿化速率均高于化肥处理,各处理平均矿化速率为CO255.36~75.46 m l kg-1d-1,稳定矿化速率为CO210~20 m l kg-1d-1。在8周培养期内,施有机肥处理的累积矿化量始终大于施化肥处理,有机肥+秸秆+氮处理(MRN)的累积矿化量最大,各施肥处理土壤的矿化强度和稳定矿化率仍保持稳定。     

外加碳、氮对黄绵土有机质矿化与激发效应的影响

应用14C标记的葡萄糖和麦秸,15N标记的(NH4)2SO4和Ca(NO3)2对生黄绵土、菜园黄绵土土壤有机质的矿化与激发效应进行了研究。结果表明,外加有机质,特别是外加易分解的葡萄糖,和外加氮源,特别是外加(NH4)2SO4,对两种黄绵土土壤的有机质矿化与激发效应都有明显的促进作用,土壤有机质的矿化是高肥力菜园黄绵土高于低肥力生黄绵土,而有机质矿化的激发效应却是低肥力生黄绵土高于高肥力菜园黄绵土。外加有机质与外加N同时施入土壤时,外加N对外加有机质的矿化与激发效应同样有明显的促进作用,并发现外加有机质与外加N在促进土壤有机质矿化与激发效应过程中表现出正交互作用。激发效应对土壤肥力的更新和培养有积极作用。     

钾钠离子添加对土土壤团聚体和有机碳矿化的影响

  【目的】  评价单价阳离子对团聚体稳定性和土壤有机碳矿化的影响,为有机肥尤其是粪肥的科学施用提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用恒温培养法,研究了不同钾、钠离子浓度下土壤团聚体的稳定性。供试土壤为土。试验中设置K+梯度分别为120、200、280、370、540 mg/kg;Na+梯度分别为90、180、270 mg/kg;并设置在K+ 370 mg/kg浓度下,添加Na+ 0、90、180、270 mg/kg的各处理;并以不添加钾钠离子的处理为对照。土壤在70%田间持水量下培养,定期取样,直到培养105天结束。监测土壤有机碳的矿化动态,以双库指数模型模拟有机碳的矿化特征,湿筛法测定团聚体稳定性。  【结果】  所有处理中2～0.25 mm和 >2 mm团聚体的比例均显著高于0.25～0.053 mm团聚体和<0.053 mm粉粘粒,分别占总量的42.0%～52.7%和26.0%~38.9%。添加K+、Na+以及同时添加K+和Na+总体上降低了>2 mm团聚体比例,增加了2～0.25 mm团聚体和< 0.053 mm粉黏粒组分比例,从而降低了团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),钾钠共同作用效果更明显。K+ 120 mg/kg和Na+ 180 mg/kg两个处理显著降低了有机碳累积矿化量,其余单独添加K+或Na+的处理均无显著影响。钾钠共同处理的土壤有机碳累积矿化量随Na+浓度的增大而减小,降幅为1.2%～22.3%。双库指数模型能较好的模拟有机碳的矿化动态。拟合结果表明,所有处理均增加了来源于活性碳库有机碳的矿化量(Ca),降低了除K+540 mg/kg处理外其他处理源于惰性碳库有机碳的矿化量(Cs),且均降低了活性碳库的矿化速率常数(Ka)。同时,所有处理均增加了Ca占总有机碳矿化量的比例(Ra),而降低了Cs的占比(Rs)。冗余分析(RDA)表明,有机碳累积矿化量与GMD显著正相关,与土壤结构稳定性阳离子比值(CROSS)、钠吸附比(SAR)和可交换性钠百分比(ESP)显著负相关。  【结论】  钾、钠离子的累积显著影响了土壤团聚体组成,降低了团聚体MWD和GMD,抑制了惰性有机碳的矿化,提高了活性有机碳的矿化量,这可能是施用钾肥很难提高土壤有机质含量的一个原因。