我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用三十年回顾(下篇)

本文参阅了从1985-2014近30年有关我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用发表的文献,尤其是发表在中国生物防治学报的文章。对天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放、与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略等方面的研究与应用进展进行了简要回顾。期望此文能使读者了解近30年来我国生防前辈所作出的贡献,和后辈继往开来的创新成就;认识农业害虫天敌昆虫在我国农林业生产曾发挥的作用。由于此文篇幅较长,分上、下两篇发表。天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放归为上篇,与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略研究归为下篇。     

我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用三十年回顾(上篇)

本文参阅了从1985-2014近30年有关我国农业害虫天敌昆虫利用发表的文献,尤其是发表在中国生物防治学报的文章。从天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放、与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略等方面的研究与应用进展进行了简要回顾。期望此文能使读者了解近30年来我国生防前辈所作出的贡献,和后辈继往开来的创新成就;认识农业害虫天敌昆虫在我国农林业生产曾发挥的作用。由于此文篇幅较长,分上、下两篇发表。天敌资源的调查与分类、优势天敌的人工繁殖与释放归为上篇,与繁殖和释放相关的基础研究、成功的天敌昆虫引进、生物防治技术应用策略研究归为下篇。     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on biological control of arthropods

During 1999-2001, ARS scientists published over 100 papers on more than 30 species of insect pest and 60 species of predator and parasitoid. These papers address issues crucial to the three strategies of biological control: conservation, augmentation and introduction. Conservation biological control includes both conserving extant populations of natural enemies by using relatively non-toxic pesticides and increasing the abundance of natural enemies in crops by providing or improving refuges for population growth and dispersal into crops. ARS scientists have been very active in determining the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and in studying movement of natural enemies from refuges into crops. Augmentation involves repeated releases of natural enemies in the field, which can be inoculative or inundative. Inoculative releases are used to initiate self-propagating populations at times or in places where they would be slow to colonize. ARS scientists have studied augmentative biological control of a variety of pest insects. The targets are mostly pests in annual crops or other ephemeral habitats, where self-reproducing populations of natural enemies are not sufficiently abundant early enough to keep pest populations in check. ARS research in augmentative biological control centers on methods for rearing large numbers of healthy, effective natural enemies and for releasing them where and when they are needed at a cost less than the value of the reduction in damage to the crop. ARS scientists have researched various aspects of introductions of exotic biological control agents against a diversity of pest insects. The major issues in biological control introductions are accurate identification and adequate systematics of both natural enemies and target pests, exploration for natural enemies, predicting the success of candidates for introduction and the likelihood of non-target impacts, quarantine and rearing methods, and post-introduction evaluation of establishment, control and non-target impacts. ARS scientists have published research on several general issues in biological control. Among the most important are the mechanisms affecting mate- and host-finding and host specificity.     

捕食性天敌控害能力评价方法进展

生物防治在害虫治理中的作用日益凸显,捕食性天敌对害虫猎物的捕食作用作为生物防治的主要组成部分,其捕食效果评价不可或缺。定性或定量评价捕食性天敌的控害作用是生物防治研究的一项重要内容。传统的捕食性定量方法研究大都局限于室内开展,与田间昆虫天敌的实际捕食量有所出入。昆虫分子生物学技术的发展为昆虫定量评价提供了支持,本文全面总结了农业生产科学研究中常用的捕食性昆虫定量评价方法,详细阐述了这些评价方法的原理、方法及应用实例,并进一步提出在未来的研究中应该扬长避短,根据试验对象的生物习性、试验条件的影响因素、试验目的的要求,将不同方法结合起来发挥各自优点,使捕食者捕食猎物的定量评价结果更能接近田间发生的实际情况。这些方法和技术将有助于更好地发挥自然天敌的控害作用,有效开展害虫生态调控,进一步推动生物防治相关方法的创新与应用。     

Benefits and risks of introducing exotic macro-biological control agents into Europe1

Biological control of insects — the use of natural enemies to reduce pest numbers — has been applied on a worldwide scale for more than 100 years and its use has considerably increased during the past decades as it offers a sustainable, economical and environmentally attractive alternative to chemical pest control. In biological control, locally occurring natural enemies are used or alien species are imported. Until now, introductions of hundreds of species of insect natural enemies have not led to environmental problems when a procedure of selection, importation and release was carefully applied. In contrast, many intentional and unintentional introductions of plants and phytophagous animals have resulted in very negative effects on the environment. Several early biological control introductions, mostly of generalist, large predators (e.g. vertebrates, birds and toads) and usually not supervised by biological control experts, led to unintended negative effects on native species. For insect biological control executed by experts, examples of unintended, harmful effects are not known. Selected natural enemies are usually specific, mono- or oligophagous species of parasitoids and predators. To prevent making mistakes in the future, pre-introductory evaluation of natural enemies is advocated, including a step where their potential negative effects are studied. Examination of the literature, taxonomic research and host acceptance experiments are used in such studies to estimate negative effects.     

草蛉滞育的研究进展

草蛉是多种农林害虫的重要捕食性天敌昆虫,在生物防治中具有重要作用。滞育是昆虫应对不利环境条件时,生长发育停滞的一种生理状态,许多草蛉种类存在滞育现象。深入开展草蛉滞育的研究,不仅有助于明确其滞育特征和内在调控机制,也有助于提高草蛉的生物防治效果,促进草蛉的商业化生产和应用。本文归纳总结了1910年以来国内外草蛉科种类的滞育研究文献,介绍了目前已开展滞育研究的草蛉种类及其滞育特征,分析了影响草蛉滞育调控的环境因子,论述了草蛉滞育期间的形态和生理生化变化、分子机制及其滞育后发育生物学,并就滞育在草蛉规模化生产中的应用以及目前草蛉滞育研究中存在的问题进行了讨论,以期为深入草蛉滞育的基础理论研究和促进草蛉的规模化生产应用等提供参考依据。     

龟纹瓢虫生物生态学特性及饲养利用研究进展

龟纹瓢虫Propylaeajaponica(Thunberg)是我国干旱、半干旱地区农林果蔬生产中重要的捕食性天敌之一,尤其在夏季高温、干旱的情况下,对果园、棉田的幼龄(小)害虫和卵的捕食作用非常明显。本文从龟纹瓢虫的生物学和生态学特性,包括色斑变型、生活史、繁殖、食性、越冬、人工饲养、田间动态以及在生物防治上的应用等方面概述了龟纹瓢虫的研究进展,提出进一步深入开展龟纹瓢虫的人工饲养技术、贮藏技术和色斑变型遗传机制等的研究,不仅可以更好地为农业生产服务,而且可以充实昆虫生态位理论的研究内容。     

低温贮藏对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹和成虫生长发育的影响

半闭弯尾姬蜂是小菜蛾幼虫的优势寄生蜂，低温贮藏是实现半闭弯尾姬蜂规模化生产和应用的重要环节。本文研究在4℃低温条件下，蛹和成虫贮藏5、10、15、20、25、30 d对半闭弯尾姬蜂生长发育的影响，不处理为对照。结果表明：随着蛹期低温贮藏时间的延长，成虫羽化率、寄生率逐渐降低，蛹贮藏5、10 d对成虫的羽化率及寄生率较高，分别在81.50%～83.50%和38.43%～39.02%，贮藏15～30 d后成虫的羽化率和寄生率显著低于对照；随着成虫低温贮藏时间的延长，其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率逐渐降低，成虫低温贮藏5 d对其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率较高，分别为95.75%、38.05%、86.00%，贮藏10～25 d后成虫的存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率显著低于对照，贮藏30 d后成虫存活率最低，为9.67%，不能寄生。本文研究表明，半闭弯尾姬蜂在繁殖和田间释放过程中，蛹低温贮藏10 d内，成虫低温贮藏5 d内较理想。     

AUTOMATION IN INSECT REARING-A KEYTO THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITIVEAUGMENTATIVE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

AugmentahvebiologicalconbolinvolvesthereleaseofnatUralendriesWhentoofewarepresenttocontrolaPeSteffeCtively.ItreliesontheabilitytoproducempnuInbers(i.e.hillions,tril-lions,etc.)ofthenatUndenemy.WhenthePIDductionofthesenatuIalenetheesmpireslmpmtSofmanallabor,thecostforsuchapro~isprohibitive,anditisnotabletocomPetewiththecostofothercontrDlmeth0ds-OnewaytoreduceIhecostSofinsectpnduchonistoaut0-.Ths~arepmtedinthe"MassRearing0fAn~Bi0I0gicalConedAgnt8"SyrnpeiumattheIntemationalConfer-aredI…     

The use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of stored-grain insects

The present contribution discusses the recent advances in the biological control of stored-grain insects with entomopathogenic fungi (EF). Thus, the effect of formulated vs. unformulated strains of EF and the effect of combinations of EF with other components, i.e. diatomaceous earths (DEs), chemical insecticides, natural products and natural enemies against stored-product insects are reviewed. Very few formulations of EF strains have been developed and used, of which invert emulsion formulation (water-in-oil type) is considered the most important. A synergistic effect of EF is produced by combining them with DEs, chemical insecticides and natural products but not with natural enemies belonging to arthropods. Moreover, since the action of EF against insect pests in general, and stored-grain insects in particular, is compatible with the food safety and environmental regulations, a good perspective for these biocontrol agents is expected as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The potential areas of future research on the effective use of EF as biocontrol agents of stored-grain insects and the constraints that are associated with the registration and commercialization of EF as biopesticides under storage conditions are also discussed. Suggestions for the possible ways for implementation of this technology in storage systems are also provided in the present study.     

天敌产业化是全链条的系统工程

天敌昆虫及捕食螨在害虫害螨等的防控中发挥着重要作用,而其产业化在其中起着重要的支撑作用。天敌产业化受到多种因素的影响,包括技术、服务、理念、政策等多个层面。它是全链条式的,各个环节紧紧相扣,任何一个环节的断裂都会影响到整个产业化的发展。本文着重技术及服务等层面的分析与思考,强化全产业链理念,希望对我国天敌产业化的发展起到一定的推动作用。     

不同低温驯化条件对玉米螟赤眼蜂低温贮藏的影响

低温驯化是昆虫应对外界环境低温的重要生存策略,驯化温度、驯化时间和冷藏时间是低温驯化方法中的关键因子。本文采用正交试验方差分析法检验了不同驯化温度、驯化时间和冷藏时间对用米蛾卵培养的玉米螟赤眼蜂4℃冷藏后的影响,结果显示,驯化温度和驯化时间交互作用对玉米螟赤眼蜂冷藏后的出蜂情况影响显著,当15℃驯化10 d后冷藏,出蜂卵数达到峰值为66.75±3.50,其出蜂率为(64.91±2.04)%;当10℃驯化20 d后冷藏,出蜂卵数为56.75±4.84,出蜂率达到峰值为(75.50±6.78)%。冷藏时间对玉米螟赤眼蜂低温驯化后的出蜂情况影响显著,其出蜂卵数和出蜂率均在冷藏60 d和90 d达到最大,出蜂卵数分别为53.61±3.64、55.39±3.51,出蜂率分别为(66.07±4.17)%、(68.30±4.08)%。研究表明,驯化温度、驯化时间和冷藏时间对低温驯化效果均有一定影响,低温驯化能增强玉米螟赤眼蜂的耐寒性,适于其长期冷藏,本试验中的最佳低温驯化条件为15℃驯化10 d。该研究结果对玉米螟赤眼蜂的低温耐受性研究及低温贮藏技术探讨均具有重要的理论指导意义。     

Methodology for biological control of armored scale insects

Armored scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) are among the most important pests in agriculture. For various reasons, they are considered promising targets for biological control projects. Ectoparasites of the genusAphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are usually their most effective natural enemies. Lack of success in biological control was sometimes associated with overemphasis on predators or endoparasites. The value of biosystematic research cannot be overemphasized. Surveys should be conducted both before and after colonization of natural enemies. Population trends can be followed by successive sampling. Twigs of uniform age and size usually provide adequate sampling units for armored scale insects; predators can be counted by direct observation; parasite abundance is best determined by dissection of host samples. Life tables can be constructed from such data. Importation of exotic natural enemies is preferred to the various methods of manipulation. Basic ecological studies should never delay actual importation. Multiple introductions of natural enemies are strongly recommended. The search for natural enemies should cover the entire range of distribution of the pest. Experimental exclusion methods are recommended for evaluation of the efficacy of natural enemies of armored scale insects. Field plots should be representative of typical bioclimatic areas, and should be entirely free from detrimental effects of abnormal conditions, dust or non-selective pesticides. Methods of augmentation or conservation of natural enemies should be carefully evaluated in field tests before they are adopted as routine practices. The effect of commercial pesticides on natural enemies can be determined in laboratory and field trials. Effective integrated control can be achieved by judicious use of relatively selective pesticides, in the least disruptive modes of application, in combination with a vigorous program of biological control.     

Mass rearing of the florida wax scale,Ceroplastes floridensis,for production of natural enemies

A method was developed for mass rearing the Florida wax scale (FWS),Ceroplasta floridensis Comstock — an important pest of citrus and other fruit trees in the Mediterranean basin — for production of natural enemies. The effect of host plant species, intensity of illumination and scale insect density on survival and size of the FWS was studied.Myrtus communis was found to be the most efficient host plant, and the required intensity of illumination was 200 µmol m^-2s^-1(with a photoperiod of 12L: 12D). Under these conditions, a density of 500 scale insects per plant could be achieved without reducing the size of the FWS below that required for the development of natural enemies.     

我国寄生蜂调控寄主生理的研究进展

寄生蜂是一类重要寄生性天敌昆虫,在害虫生物防治中发挥着重要作用。它们产卵时把自身携带的多种寄生因子(毒液、多DNA病毒等)注入寄主体内,由此调控寄主生长发育、免疫功能、营养代谢等以保证其后代在寄主体内或体上的成功发育。自20世纪80年代以来国内外昆虫学家对多种寄生蜂及其寄主构成的体系开展了寄生蜂调控寄主生理作用及其相关机制的研究,本文主要对我国昆虫学者的相关研究工作进行了总结和整理。     

环境胁迫下昆虫的耐寒适应机制研究进展

昆虫是变温动物,为了安全越冬,昆虫通常改变自身结构和物质构成以适应低温的到来,这一适应机制与体内特殊的生理生化物质紧密相关,如海藻糖、葡萄糖、甘油、山梨醇、脂肪酸和氨基酸等小分子抗冻保护剂。这些抗冻保护剂具有稳定细胞膜结构和保护蛋白质功能的作用。虽然昆虫耐寒性的研究不断深入,但目前我们仍然很难确定影响耐寒的关键因素是什么?为什么有些昆虫在低于-20℃环境下还能存活?为了弄清这一科学问题,科学家们利用转录组、基因组、蛋白质组和代谢组等各种组学剖析低温胁迫后昆虫生理反应的分子机制。本文旨在综述前人对昆虫耐寒性的研究,为将来其他昆虫或动植物的耐寒性研究提供参考依据。同时,也为新型生物农药的开发和天敌昆虫的人工助增提供广阔思路。     

The European Biological Control Laboratory: an existing infrastructure for biological control of weeds in Europe

The Agricultural Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has maintained a continuous European effort in classical biological control of exotic pests in the USA. The European Parasite Laboratory was established in France in 1919, while the European Weed Laboratory began operations in Rome in 1958. The two laboratories were merged in Montpellier in 1991 as the European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), becoming the primary overseas biocontrol laboratory of the USDA. The management of weeds, insect pests, and pathogens is an important feature of agricultural research programmes worldwide. These invasive species can lead to vast financial losses for countries engaged in agriculture. The overall goal of research at EBCL is to develop biological control technologies to be used to suppress invading weeds and insect pests. This is done through expeditions to find natural enemies (insects, mites and pathogens), or phytophagous, parasitoid or predator species. These are characterized in careful experimentation in quarantine facilities and eventually developed as biological control agents. Current weed projects include studies on the Centaurea spp., Arundo donax , Vincetoxicum spp., Isatis tinctoria , Taeniatherum sp. and Dipsacus sp. Insect projects research Lygus bugs, the olive fruit fly, the vine mealybug, and the Asian long-horned beetle. The EBCL team is international and interdisciplinary. Entomology, plant and insect pathology, molecular biology and ecology are the main approaches of our biocontrol research. The team cooperates with universities and agencies worldwide.     

米蛾人工饲养技术优化

随着天敌昆虫如赤眼蜂、草蛉等的广泛应用,天敌寄主的繁育作为天敌生产的重要环节,也越来越受到关注。米蛾Corcya cephalonica Stainton因其饲料容易获得,且不受季节、地域的限制,可以终年在室内繁殖,是替代常规用大卵如柞蚕卵的理想寄主。但环境条件和饲料配方制约米蛾繁育效率。其生长发育的温湿度阈值分别为17~35℃和15%~80%;工厂化繁育时采用的基础饲料配方为玉米粉70%+大豆粉20%+麦麸10%。本试验围绕4个因素（温度、湿度、饲养密度和饲料配方）进行了4因素3水平正交试验。结果表明,在温度25~28℃,相对湿度72%~82%、饲养密度为8000~10000（粒/kg饲料）时米蛾的发育历期最短,出蛾相对较集中,繁殖倍数较高,且单雌产卵量较高,此时最有利于米蛾的生长发育。     

Research on and use of biological methods of pest control in glasshouse crops in Poland1

In 1966/1967, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis and the hymenopteran parasite Encarsia formosa were introduced into Poland. This introduction led to extensive research on the principles and practical use of biological and integrated programmes of pest control in glasshouse crops. Additional species were later introduced (Macrolophus costalis, Amblyseius mckenziei, Neoseiulus cucumeris, Cycloneda limbifer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri), and research was also undertaken on local species such as Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Aphidius matricariae. At present, after 25 years of research, modem and effective mass rearing of natural enemies has been organized, and they are applied over 600 ha of glasshouse crops. For correct development of biological methods in glasshouses, new introductions, research, and mass rearing of new species are necessary.     

基于自然寄主的黑肩绿盲蝽大规模饲养技术

黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis（Reuter）是稻飞虱的重要捕食性天敌。研发黑肩绿盲蝽人工饲养技术对开展稻飞虱绿色可持续防控及其生物学基础研究具有重要作用。本研究采用水稻幼苗作为产卵寄主、以自然寄主褐飞虱作为猎物,从饲养器具、饲养流程及方法等方面建立了一套简便实用的黑肩绿盲蝽规模化饲养技术。利用该技术可连续饲养并提供龄期整齐的黑肩绿盲蝽成虫;经过6个月饲养,发现10 m²房间可日产黑肩绿盲蝽成虫1000～1600头。该饲养技术适合黑肩绿盲蝽的长期规模化饲养,同时也为其他捕食性天敌昆虫规模化饲养提供参考。