土壤与人体健康

土壤可以通过多条途径对人体健康产生正面或负面的影响。本文从土壤通过食物链提供人体必需的矿质营养、人体来自于土壤-食物链的有害重金属暴露、以及土壤中抗生素抗性基因传播等方面探讨土壤与人体健康的关系。土壤对人体健康的影响具有非均等性,贫困地区与低收入群体往往更容易受到土壤对人体健康的负面影响。在未来人口增长与全球气候变化双重压力下,土壤与人体健康的关系将变得更为突出。本文还提出了消减土壤对人体健康负面影响的一些干预措施选项及未来的研究方向。     

Soil community changes during secondary succession to naturalized grasslands

Succession to a naturalized grassland from former agricultural land and pastures is accompanied by changes in plant biodiversity and in the soil community. These changes are the result of a reduction or elimination of management, fertilizer applications and of grazing by large herbivores. We review soil biology studies on agricultural land that are in various successional stages towards naturalized grasslands, where interactions between plant species composition changes and the soil ecology affect each other. In many chronosequence studies, the soil microbial community tends to shift towards a less bacterial, and more fungal dominated food web energy channel following a reduction in fertilizer inputs and grazing intensity. Whereas changes in microarthropod communities are obscured, nematode trophic functional group (ecological guild) changes respond to both plant and soil community changes. There are opportunities to further study the feedback interactions between roots and soil organisms in grasslands. A better understanding of the molecular feedback mechanisms would be beneficial in long-term grassland management.     

基于农产品质量安全的土壤资源管理与可持续利用

目前我国土壤和农作物中有毒物质的残留问题日趋突出。有机氯农药虽已禁用近20年,但通过某些食物链富集仍可对人体健康产生威胁。此外,残留农药的种类和数量逐年增加,其中有机磷农药问题尤为突出。重金属残留超标主要集中在大中城市郊区、污灌区和矿区农产品,尤其是城郊蔬菜中重金属污染问题比较突出。硝酸盐积累主要在农业集约化地区,尤其是塑料大棚等保护地问题比较普遍。农产品中的有机氯残留、重金属残留以及硝酸盐积累均与土壤污染有密切的关系,土壤是影响农产品质量安全的源头因素。因此,为了保证农产品质量安全,应尽快开展全国土壤环境质量调查与评价,建立长期性的土壤环境质量监测网络,并加强土壤中环境激素类的研究和监测,修订土壤环境质量与农产品质量标准,建立基于污染物生物有效性的环境质量标准体系与评价方法。同时制订土壤质量修复和保护规划,并完善有关立法,实现土地资源由数量管理向数量与质量管理并重的战略转变。     

Soil and human health: a review

Soil can affect human health in several ways leading either to specific diseases or to more general ill health. Some illnesses are caused by people's eating soil (geophagia), or by their inhaling it which can lead to malignancy if the soil contains asbestiform minerals; pathogens in the soil can lead to tetanus and infestations of hookworm, and particles may enter the body through abrasions and cause a form of elephantiasis. Radon from the soil is implicated in some cancers, and poorly drained soil has been linked recently with infant mortality. Most examples of ill health associated with the soil are caused by concentrations of elements in food or water that are either deficient or toxic. These elements include aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, copper, fluorine, iodine, lead, selenium, thallium and zinc. Their concentrations might reflect the natural condition of the soil, or the effects of people's actions, such as pollution. In isolated subsistence communities that grow their own food, distinct relations between elements and the aetiology of diseases can be identified. Examples include Keshan disease caused by selenium deficiency, and itai-itai disease caused by excess cadmium. Some of the relations between soil and health are uncertain and the causes putative, and they require further research to validate them. They include the association of heart disease with poor acid soil, as in the glaciated regions of northern Europe and the coastal plain of the eastern United States of America. Even for well-defined relations it is evident that many are more complex than was originally thought, however, and greater understanding will require multidisciplinary investigation.     

农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区

土地资源是大自然馈赠给人类的独特珍品,承载万物。开展区域农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区、分类利用管控,促进区域土地资源合理、高效利用是新常态下耕地保护的基本要求。该文分不同p H值区间、8种不同地类,基于现行土壤环境质量评价和食品安全评价的众多标准集成土壤环境质量现状评价标准,以江苏省某市为例,运用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法开展土壤重金属超标评价,进而提出了安全利用等级划分方案和分区、分类利用与管理的管控策略。结果表明:将研究区农用地分为安全、基本安全、低风险、中风险和高风险5种综合分区,分别采取优先保护、综合监控、预警防控和限制利用等措施,以精细化管理思想为出发点,从源头控制、农艺措施调控、种植作物调整、地类转换以及土壤修复、综合整治等方面提出了各综合分区的安全利用管控策略。因此,开展区域农用地土壤重金属超标评价与安全利用分区研究为确保土地资源合理利用保护耕地提供了重要思路。     

我国富硒农产品与土壤标准研究

硒是人和动物生命活动必需的微量元素,缺硒可影响人体健康并导致诸多疾病。通过富硒农产品补硒是一种简单而有效的方法。本文从硒对人体的健康功效、居民硒的摄入量状况、土壤硒分布与作物硒吸收特征、富硒土壤研究现状、富硒农产品标准、富硒农产品中硒摄入量安全性评估等方面,进行了系统研究,阐述了研制富硒土壤分类标准的必要性。     

中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估：研究进展与展望

农田土壤重金属污染对食品安全和人体健康构成巨大的威胁。重金属主要通过经口摄入土壤、吸入土壤颗粒、皮肤接触和食物链摄取等暴露途径进入人体,其中经口摄入重金属污染土壤和农产品是主要的暴露途径。人体健康风险评估在农田土壤质量分类和风险管控中起着重要作用。因此,梳理了中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估的发展状况,介绍了人体健康风险评估的基本流程和评估技术,论述了影响人体健康风险评价准确性的主要因素及优化措施。在农田土壤重金属健康风险评估中,应加强耦合污染源识别技术、重视食物消费暴露途径、精准识别不同敏感受体、本土化敏感受体的暴露参数、纳入重金属的生物可给性,同时提高农田土壤重金属健康风险评估的准确性。未来可从加强应对健康风险评估过程不确定性的技术方法、考虑各种饮食的暴露途径和建立本土化的重金属毒性标准数据等多方面深化农田土壤重金属健康风险评估,以期推动中国农田土壤重金属人体健康风险评估的理论和技术发展。     

人为活动对广东省耕地质量的影响

根据水土保持、土壤监测和农业环保数据,对人为活动给广东省耕地造成的影响进行了分析。结果表明近10年来,随着投入的持续增加,广东省大部分耕地的土壤肥力水平有上升的趋势,肥料养分构成日趋合理,农作物产量不断提高,但影响耕地质量的问题也很突出,主要体现在水土流失,局部地区化肥施用过多,环境污染引起耕地退化。为了提高和改善耕地质量,本文提出了一些具体措施。     

Veterinary antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations inhibit soil iron reduction and nitrification

Veterinary antibiotics used in food animal production, subsequently entering the agroecosystem through land application of animal manure, constitute a growing concern. Previous studies have reported inhibitory effects of antibiotics on soil microbial activities, however, treatment concentrations in these studies were often many times greater than the ranges typically found in the environment. When spiked into manure and mixed with soil at environmentally relevant concentrations in a laboratory study, sulfadimethoxine and monensin blocked soil iron reduction over periods extending from a few days to the entire 50-Day experiment. Sulfadimethoxine also had an inhibitory effect on soil nitrification periodically over the course of the study. Respiration and community-level physiological profile parameters were not inhibited by sulfadimethoxine, monensin, or chlortetracycline. We conclude that antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations can disrupt soil microbial processes, although the detection of such impact may be antibiotic and/or process specific.     

Veterinary antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations inhibit soil iron reduction and nitrification

Veterinary antibiotics used in food animal production, subsequently entering the agroecosystem through land application of animal manure, constitute a growing concern. Previous studies have reported inhibitory effects of antibiotics on soil microbial activities, however, treatment concentrations in these studies were often many times greater than the ranges typically found in the environment. When spiked into manure and mixed with soil at environmentally relevant concentrations in a laboratory study, sulfadimethoxine and monensin blocked soil iron reduction over periods extending from a few days to the entire 50-Day experiment. Sulfadimethoxine also had an inhibitory effect on soil nitrification periodically over the course of the study. Respiration and community-level physiological profile parameters were not inhibited by sulfadimethoxine, monensin, or chlortetracycline. We conclude that antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations can disrupt soil microbial processes, although the detection of such impact may be antibiotic and/or process specific.     

Multi-scale processes influencing global carbon storage and land-carbon-climate nexus: A critical review

Carbon(C) is a key constitutive element in living organisms(plants, microbes, animals, and humans). Carbon is also a basic component of agriculture because it plays a dynamic role in crop growth, development, nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and other agricultural features. The presence of C enhances soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. The C cycle supports all life on the Earth by transferring C between living organisms and the environment. The global climate is changing, and th...     

耕地质量构成要素间的影响分析——以吉林省前郭县为例

耕地质量各构成要素的特点和相互间的影响,决定了耕地质量的外在表现。从构成耕地质量的自然因素和环境因素入手,研究具体区域耕地质量构成要素间的相互影响关系,以便针对耕地质量的特点,选择适宜的利用方式。本文以吉林省前郭县为研究区域,基于农用地分等成果和地球化学评估成果,分析该研究区内耕地质量构成要素的特点和相互影响关系。结果表明:在本研究区内耕地利用等与土壤肥力等呈正相关趋势,说明耕地生产能力随土壤肥力的增高而增大;耕地利用等与土壤环境健康等呈负相关趋势,说明研究区内的耕地利用方式对耕地的土壤环境状况造成了负面影响;土壤肥力等与土壤环境健康等呈负相关趋势,说明人们改善土壤肥力的方式,对土壤环境健康造成了负面影响。尽管目前研究区内耕地的土壤重金属含量尚未超标,但土壤环境健康等的变化趋势向我们发出了警示,应注意合理施用化肥农药,避免耕地土壤环境的恶化。     

发展中国家或地区农业发展的土地限制性分析

发展中国家或地区耕地数量和农业用地质量变化是影响农业可持续发展和粮食安全的重要因素之一。分析发展中国家或地区1993-2002年耕地数量变动．结果表明耕地总量波动但人均耕地数量减少．从区域农业自然条件禀赋差异、耕地退化弃耕与可耕地用途改变、人口数量与人口增长等方面分析耕地数量变动的原因；利用1990～2004年的人口变动资料建立二次曲线模型，预测2010年和2025年人口数量并讨论其对耕地的压力。综述发展中国家或地区农业用地质量限制性的现状，分析边地耕作、风蚀与水蚀、化学与物理性因素、有机物投入、信用限制与灌溉面积比重等因素对农业用地质量的限制以及农业用地质量退化对农业的影响。最后讨论发展中国家或地区加强农业用地管理以应对耕地数量和农业用地质量限制问题。     

Impacts of the Management of Radioactively Contaminated Land on Soil and Phosphorus Losses in Finland and Scotland

Although radioactive contamination of agricultural land mayrequire food production to cease, in many situations food contamination can be kept below the intervention limits throughapplication of countermeasures. However, the radiological benefits of these measures may be accompanied by negative impacts on the environment. The aim of this work was to assessthe impacts of selected countermeasures on water quality via losses of soil and phosphorus in river catchments in Scotland and Finland. Four countermeasures, suitable for different levelsof radioactive deposition, were studied: deep ploughing, skim and burial ploughing, changes in the feeding of livestock andcessation of production. The assessments were performed using adeterministic mathematical simulation model capable of estimatingthe impact of changes in management practices and land use on thehydrology and on soil and phosphorus losses from land to water.Skim and burial ploughing had the least impacts. Deep ploughinggenerally reduced phosphorus losses but had variable effects on soil loss, which depended on the erodibility of the subsoil. Changes in the dairy feeding regime from roughage-dominated (local grass production) to more concentrates (local cereal production or imported) had variable impacts, depending on the local agricultural systems and management practices. The worstimpacts on erosion and phosphorus losses may occur where large areas of grassland are converted to cereal production. Cessationof agricultural production resulted in large (50–90%) reductions in soil and phosphorus losses. The most recommended ofthe assessed countermeasures is skim and burial ploughing, but its wider use depends on the availability of specialized technical equipment.     

Se和Cd在土壤-植物系统中的迁移与食品安全

本文就Se和Cd在土壤-植物系统中的迁移及其与食品安全及人体健康之间的潜在关系进行了综合评述。Cd和Se在植物中积累并迁移到植物的可食或收获部分,取决于土壤条件、气候因子、农艺管理措施等。Cd是对食物链造成污染的重要元素,其在土壤中的富集通常是由工农业生产或城市人为污染造成的,减少Cd对土壤的污染及Cd污染土壤的生物修复已成为土壤学、环境科学及生态学研究的热点。Se是一种对动植物有益的元素,在土壤中含量过低会引发人体疾病,但Se含量过高也会导致污染并引发人体疾病;土壤中的高浓度Se通常来自于含Se量高的母岩以及燃煤的灰尘污染;基于食品安全的需要,中国在重视Se素营养补给的同时,要防止富Se地区及人为因素造成的Se污染。     

土壤中微塑料的生态效应与生物降解

塑料污染已成为环境污染治理中重要的一部分,其生态效应和防治一直是近几年污染防治的关注点。由于塑料在环境中较难降解,经过环境中风化等物理作用,这些难以降解的塑料最终形成了直径小于5 mm的微塑料。微塑料作为近几年全球重点研究的污染物,其生态效应和降解方法一直备受关注。除了塑料垃圾污染外,一次性塑料产品、地膜等农用材料的使用,也会造成土壤中微塑料的污染。土壤中的微塑料会通过发生横向和纵向迁移扩大污染范围,加大微塑料在土壤中的污染程度,给土壤微塑料治理带来了很大的挑战。本文从土壤环境、土壤微生物、植物体、食物链等方面综述了微塑料的生态效应,总结了近几年微塑料的危害,探讨了微塑料在植物和食物链中的积累,并且对微塑料沿食物链富集的风险进行分析。土壤微塑料的生态效应主要来自三个方面：塑料的主要成分、塑料合成过程中的添加剂、微塑料在环境中吸收挟带的污染物。微塑料能直接改变土壤的理化性质,影响土壤微生物群落的功能和结构多样性,并且会在植物体内积累,影响植物体健康。微塑料可能会通过饮食、饮水和呼吸等方式进入动物体和人体。除了通过沿食物链传递外,土壤微塑料还能通过扬尘的方式扩散到空气中,从而被食物链中不同...     

Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide. A review

Acrylamide (CH2=CH-CONH2), an industrially produced alpha,beta-unsaturated (conjugated) reactive molecule, is used worldwide to synthesize polyacrylamide. Polyacrylamide has found numerous applications as a soil conditioner, in wastewater treatment, in the cosmetic, paper, and textile industries, and in the laboratory as a solid support for the separation of proteins by electrophoresis. Because of the potential of exposure to acrylamide, effects of acrylamide in cells, tissues, animals, and humans have been extensively studied. Reports that acrylamide is present in foods formed during their processing under conditions that also induce the formation of Maillard browning products heightened interest in the chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of this vinyl compound. Because exposure of humans to acrylamide can come from both external sources and the diet, a need exists to develop a better understanding of its formation and distribution in food and its role in human health. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the chemistry, analysis, metabolism, pharmacology, and toxicology of acrylamide. Specifically covered are the following aspects: nonfood and food sources; exposure from the environment and the diet; mechanism of formation in food from asparagine and glucose; asparagine-asparaginase relationships; Maillard browning-acrylamide relationships; quenching of protein fluorescence; biological alkylation of amino acids, peptides, proteins, and DNA by acrylamide and its epoxide metabolite glycidamide; risk assessment; neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity; protection against adverse effects; and possible approaches to reducing levels in food. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. Neurotoxicity appears to be the only documented effect of acrylamide in human epidemiological studies; reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity/clastogenicity, and carcinogenicity are potential human health risks on the basis of only animal studies. A better understanding of the chemistry and biology of pure acrylamide in general and its impact in a food matrix in particular can lead to the development of improved food processes to decrease the acrylamide content of the diet.     

昆山农地砷分布及成因探讨

土壤中的砷会经作物和径流等途径转移,甚至进入食物链而对人产生危害。为了解影响农用地土壤中砷含量的因素,选择江苏昆山农地为研究对象,探讨地理区位、土地利用方式、土壤特性与农用地土壤砷含量的关系,并用逐步回归法建立了昆山农地土壤砷含量与土壤理化参数关系的回归方程。研究表明:地形和农田的氧化还原环境会改变土壤砷含量,因此,地势高处的土壤砷含量高于地势低处,旱地高水田低。不同利用方式的旱地土壤的砷含量也不同,林地>抛荒地>菜地>玉米-西瓜田>苗圃。此外,土壤砷含量还与化肥施用量正相关,并与土壤黏粒呈正相关,却与土壤pH、有机质、全氮和细砂粒含量呈负相关。     

现代农业发展过程中土壤肥力资源合理利用的思考与对策

土壤是农业生产的重要基础,也是人类赖以生存的保障,其不仅关系食物安全供应,而且直接影响生态环境。土壤肥力是发展现代农业的重要支撑,其有效的培育涉及多学科与多专业,需要系统创新与联合攻关,如今人们对土壤肥力的认识已经从农业生产向环境安全、资源利用、生态健康及全球变化等方向转变与提升。本文从土肥长期定位研究、土壤肥力培育技术、现代农业发展等方面阐述内在关系及其特点,同时分析了现代土壤学研究领域所面临的重要挑战与发展趋势,并提出若干建议与对策。     

守护耕地土壤健康支撑农业高质量发展

本文回顾了土壤健康概念的演进过程,结合我国国情农情,分析了耕地土壤健康管护的重要性.从保障粮食安全、打赢净土保卫战和加强土壤健康监测等3个方面,总结了我国目前已开展的相关工作及成效;并从强化科研创新、完善体制机制、深化人才培养、发挥学会作用等4个方面,阐述了进一步加强耕地土壤健康管护的科研方向与工作重点.