贵州省马铃薯区试品种产量与农艺性状的GGE双标图分析

采用GGE双标图对2010—2011年贵州省马铃薯区域试验中11个马铃薯参试品种在5个试点的产量和农艺性状进行分析,内容包括株高,单株块茎数,单株主茎数,单株块茎重量。结果表明,在参加马铃薯区试的11个品种中,品种(系)的丰产性表现较好的是G9(威薯001)、G2(宣薯2号)、G4(2005-1)、G6(0402-7)、G7(0402-2)、G5(W04-36),丰产性表现较差的是G8(盘薯1号),G10(黑美人)。品种(系)稳定性方面,G6(0402-7),G8(盘薯1号),G5(W04-36)的稳定性较好,G11(米拉)稳定性最差。总之,品种G5(W04-36),G6(0402-7)稳定性、适应性与丰产性表现良好。参加区试的5个试点中,区分力较强的试点为E2(毕节),E1(安顺),E3(凤冈),区分力较弱的试点为E4(六盘水),E5(威宁)。在代表性方面,试点E1(安顺),E4(六盘水)具有较强的代表性,试点E3(凤冈)的代表性最弱。所以,既具有强区分力又具有代表性的试点为E1(安顺)。     

和谐瓢虫属一些种名的订正

Timberiake(1943)首先把 Ptychanatis Crotch(1874)Callineda Crotch(1871)列为和谐瓢虫属 Harmonia Mulsant(1850)的异名,并把大部份属于 Leis Mulsant(1850)和 Stictoleis Crotch(1874)的种列入该属之中。Iablokoff-Khnzorian(1979,1981)支持了 Timberlake(1943)的观点,除 Plychanatis 和 Callineda 外,还把 Leis,     

缅甸东北部监测发现5种检疫性实蝇记述

简述了在缅甸东北部监测发现的5种检疫性实蝇——泰实蝇(Bactrocera(Bactrocera) thailandica Drew & Hancock)、越南实蝇(Bactrocera(B.)yoshimotoi(Hardy)、黑颜实蝇(Bactrocera(Zeugodacus) diaphora(Hendel))、黑颜面实蝇(Bactrocera(Zeugodacus) vultus(Hardy))和瓜棍腹实蝇(Dacus(Callantra) longicornis(Wiedemann))的形态特征,并附鉴别特征图,为口岸检疫提供帮助。     

昆虫声通讯及其应用于害虫测报的可能性

发声在昆虫纲相当普遍。据估计,至少直翅目(Orthoptera)、同翅目(Homoptera)、双翅目(Diptera)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)和鞘翅目(Coleoptera)数以千计的种类能发声。昆虫发声似可分为以下四种类型:1.有特化的发音器,有特殊的发音动作,声音由空气传播,人耳可直接感觉。例如:蟋蟀总科(Grylloidea)、螽蜥总科(Tettigonuroidea)、蝼蛄总科(Grylloralpoidea),蝉总科(Cicadoidea)和天牛总科(Cerambycoidea)的若干种类。2.有特化的发音器,有特殊的发音动作,声音由固体介质(寄主植株)传播(实质上是     

内蒙古西部沙漠颗粒物磷的化学形态研究

文中用一种连续萃取方法(SEDEX)分析了内蒙古西部沙漠<63μm颗粒物磷的五种形态:可交换态磷P_(ex);铁结合态磷P_(Fe);自生碳酸盐氟磷灰石+CaCO_3缔合磷P_(au);由岩屑形成磷灰石磷(P_(det))和有机磷(P_(org))。研究得出以下结论:1)内蒙古西部沙漠颗粒物中的磷以Pau为主,在自然粒径的颗粒物样品中P_(au)在154.44~1836.66mg·Kg~(-1),P_(au)含量与颗粒物粒径成反比,即粒径越小,含量越高。其次是P_(det),含量在8.12~477.72mg·Kg~(-1)。其他两种较易被生物利用的P(P_(ex)、P_(Fe))的总和为19.71~44.63mg·Kg~(-1),占TP的0.27%~8.51%;2)两种粒度相比,TP含量顺序均为甘肃临泽>巴丹吉林(阿右旗)>巴丹吉林(嘎顺诺尔)>乌兰布和(巴彦高勒)>腾格里(阿左旗)>巴丹吉林(八道桥)。作为沙尘暴源头,<63μm颗粒物易形成高空飞尘,飘过我国东部海区至太平洋,远距离输送了磷。     

西北地区冬季室内三种常绿植物的光合特性比较

使用Li-6400XT便携式气体交换系统的红蓝光源和液化CO_2钢瓶注入系统,模拟冬季室内较密闭环境下存在较高CO_2浓度且为弱光环境,设置CO_2浓度为600μmol·mol~(-1),并以400μmol·mol~(-1)作为对照组(CK),对绿萝(Scindapsus aureus)、鹅掌柴(Scheffera octophlla(Lour).Harins)和燕子掌(Crassula agenten Thunb.)进行光响应(Pn-PAR)曲线的测定。结果显示:在CO_2浓度600μmol·mol~(-1)下,三种植物的光饱和点(LSP)均比(CK)更早出现,绿萝和鹅掌柴总体的净光合速率(Pn)比(CK)高,燕子掌比(CK)低;绿萝的最大光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)和表观量子效率(YAQ)均最高,分别为5.62±0.145μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、373.51±24.15μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和0.041±0.003μmol·μmol~(-1),但暗呼吸速率(Rd)较低(-0.51±0.14μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1));鹅掌柴和绿萝的水分利用率(WUE)和蒸腾速率(Tr),极显著高于燕子掌(P<0.01);绿萝的叶绿素SPAD值最高(70.03±4.18),极显著高于其余两种(P<0.01)。研究表明,绿萝对光照具有最强的利用能力,且能在高CO_2浓度且干旱的环境里健康生长,并能对室内环境起到较强的增湿效应,是西北地区冬季较为理想的室内植物。     

生态文明视角的陕西省资源环境压力评价

为评价区域资源环境压力,促进生态文明建设,构建了基于足迹家族的资源环境压力评价体系,并用于陕西省的资源环境压力评估.结果表明,1990-2013年陕西省生态压力由中下(Ⅱa)降为较低等级(Ⅰb),GHG排放由较低(Ⅰb)升为中上等级(Ⅱb),水资源压力由中上(Ⅱb)降为中下等级(Ⅱa),资源环境压力由1990的中下(Ⅱa)波动降至2003年的很低(Ⅰa),再波动升至2013年的中下等级(Ⅱa).空间上,西安和渭南的生态压力很高(Ⅲb),咸阳和延安较高(Ⅲa),铜川中上(Ⅱb),榆林、宝鸡和安康中下(Ⅱa),汉中和商洛较低(Ⅰb);陕北(榆林和延安)和铜川的GHG排放很高(Ⅲb),西安较高(Ⅲa),成阳中上(Ⅱb),渭南中下(Ⅱa),宝鸡和汉中较低(Ⅰb),商洛很低(Ⅰa),安康属碳汇(Ⅰs);陕北和除宝鸡以外的关中地区(西安、咸阳、宝鸡、铜川和渭南)的水资源压力很高(Ⅲb,),宝鸡中下(Ⅱa),商洛较低(Ⅰb),汉中和安康很低(Ⅰa);陕北和西安的资源环境压力很高(Ⅲb),铜川、渭南和成阳较高(Ⅲa),宝鸡较低(Ⅰb),陕南(商洛、安康和汉中)很低(Ⅰa).降低陕西省资源环境压力的制约因素是GHG排放的快速增高.严守耕地资源红线和依靠农业高新技术、调整能源消费结构、加强森林保育及坚持绿色发展,是提高陕西省生态文明建设水平的关键.     

推荐的农药残留量分析方法(续)

匕,吕13,X17。(l)C扭邝OnEichn七rK邝USe,CLuke,MA(2)Me,trcs(l,10)Specht(l)5。S8. Bottomlcy9) Eichner55,S8,5 19)Abbott(l)Amb山sla.In:10,Za.Zd-3a,4(X 11一5 .6;51一刁,58一10,5 12,5 19).saSpecht(15,6d,sbEi饰竹erG比ve(5:Luke,8(推荐的农药残留量分析方法(续)~~     

华南籼稻稻瘟病菌致病型单基因鉴别寄主筛选

采用35个单基因鉴别寄主、12个日本清泽鉴别寄主共47个具有已知基因的鉴别寄主,对147个籼稻稻瘟病菌株进行致病型鉴别研究.147个菌株被划分为28个不同的致病类型.优势致病型为I-04、I-02和I-01,这3个致病型的菌株数占参试菌株的74.8%,而且与其他致病型比较,它们的致病谱较广.研究结果表明,F80-1(Pi-k)、IRBL7(Pi-kp)、IRBL16(Pi-sh(1))、IRBL21(Pi-7(t))、IRBL3(Pi-i)、IRBL9(Pi-z)、IRBL19(Pi-3)、IRBL10(Pi-z5)、IRBL11(Pi-zt)、IRBL18(Pi-1)、IRBL10(Pi-2)、F128-1(Pi-ta2)、F145-2(Pi-b)和IRBL22(Pi-9(t))等14个单基因鉴别寄主对以广东为主的华南籼稻区稻瘟病菌具有较好的鉴别能力,其中尤以F80-1(Pi-k)、IRBL7(Pi-kp)、IRBL16(Pi-sh(1))、IRBL21(Pi-7(t))、IRBL3(Pi-i)、IRBL9(Pi-z)、IRBL19(Pi-3)和IRBL10(Pi-z5)等8个单基因鉴别寄主的鉴别能力最强,IRBL11(Pi-zt)、IRBL18(Pi-1)、IRBL10(Pi-2)、F128-1(Pi-ta2)、F145-2(Pi-b)和IRBL22(Pi-9(t))等6个单基因鉴别寄主可鉴别抗性反应表现型较相似的致病型,并可用于细分致病型.3个优势致病型I-04、I-02和I-01对F80-1(Pi-k)等上述8个单基因鉴别寄主的抗性反应表现型依次为RRSRSSSMR、SSSSSSSS和SSRSSSSR.     

维管束病害的产量损失估计

对于维管束病害的概念,目前还缺乏统一的规范。通常多认为是镰刀菌之类的病原物所引起的各种枯萎病,如棉花枯萎病(Fusarium vasinfectum Ark.),芝麻枯萎病(F.vasinfectum Atk.var.sesami Zap.),番茄枯萎病(F.oxysporum(SchL.)),西瓜萎蔫病(F.oxysporum(SchL.),蚕豆枯萎病(F.avenaceum(FR)Sacc.)等,有人认为应该包括菌核类的各种病害,如烟草和油菜的菌核病(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.)     

Population genetic diversity and structure of the pecan scab pathogen,Venturia effusa,on cv. Desirable and native seedlings,and the impact of marker number

Scab (Venturia effusa) is the major cause of economic loss in pecan in the south-eastern USA. We explored population genetic diversity and structure among orchards of cv. Desirable and native seedlings, and within-orchard variability among trees of all cultivars sampled. We compared the ability of 30, 15 and 7 previously developed microsatellites to characterize the population genetic diversity and structure of V. effusa. Analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) provided little evidence of structure dependent on cultivar, but there was some evidence of structure between orchards of a cultivar based on distance. Individual orchard AMOVA showed that three of 11 orchards had between-tree population structure. Among six populations from cv. Desirable, a Mantel test showed that geographic distance was related to the pairwise genetic divergence (R² = 0.84). Among 11 orchards of various cultivars there was little difference in diversity using 30, 15 or 7 markers, or population structure based on AMOVA. Some minor differences in population structure were seen based on discriminant analysis of principal components, or dendrograms. Thus, depending on the objectives, future studies may use as few as 15 or 7 markers without losing ability to discern population genetic diversity or structure. More populations exhibited linkage disequilibrium when using 15 or 30 markers compared to when using seven markers. Knowledge of population genetics of V. effusa in relation to host genotype is needed to understand pathogen population interactions and gene flow, knowledge that will help underpin future breeding efforts to develop durable resistance in this long-lived orchard tree.     

小麦黄矮病预测预报

利用1973—1988年共16年的资料,选定13种因素,通过相关性测定,确定黄矮病的主要流行因素为:降水量、平均气温、冬季极端低温、越冬蚜量与蚜株率、早春蚜量与蚜茎率。用多元回归法和判别分析法建立了小麦黄矮病预测式4个,经验证有较好效果。通过分析还提出了小麦黄矮病的规范化调查方法。     

斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒对宿主实验种群增长的影响

在室内自然变温条件下,应用生命表方法评价了斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒对宿主实验种群增长的影响。结果表明,该病毒对斜纹夜蛾实验种群有明显的控制作用:①随着病毒接种浓度的升高,幼虫病死速率加快;②宿主感染病毒后,存活率、化蛹率降低,5、6龄幼虫历期明显延长,残存蛹羽化所得雌虫产卵量下降,当饲毒浓度达1.09×10~5PIBs/ml时,雌虫产卵量和产卵历期与对照差异显著(P<0.05),但病毒组各处理间无显著差异;③病毒能显著降低种群趋势指数(Ⅰ)值。各病毒组与对照的Ⅰ值差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

Multispectral classification of grass weeds and wheat (Triticum durum) using linear and nonparametric functional discriminant analysis and neural networks

Field studies were conducted to determine the potential of multispectral classification of late‐season grass weeds in wheat. Several classification techniques have been used to discriminate differences in reflectance between wheat and Avena sterilis, Phalaris brachystachys, Lolium rigidum and Polypogon monspeliensis in the 400–900 nm spectrum, and to evaluate the accuracy of performance for a spectral signature classification into the plant species or group to which it belongs. Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis, nonparametric functional discriminant analysis and several neural networks have been applied, either with a preliminary principal component analysis (PCA) or not and in different scenarios. Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis, feedforward neural networks and one‐layer neural network, all showed classification percentages between 90% and 100% with PCA. Generally, a preliminary computation of the most relevant principal components considerably improves the correct classification percentage. These results are promising because A. sterilis and L. rigidum, two of the most problematic, clearly patchy and expensive‐to‐control weeds in wheat, could be successfully discriminated from wheat in the 400–900 nm range. Our results suggest that mapping grass weed patches in wheat could be feasible with analysis of real‐time and high‐resolution satellite imagery acquired in mid‐May under these conditions.     

Variability in aggressiveness,cultural characteristics,cercosporin production and fatty acid profile of Cercospora piaropi,a biocontrol agent of water hyacinth

The extent of variation in aggressiveness, growth and pigmentation in culture, phytotoxin production and fatty acid profile were determined in a population of 55 isolates of Cercospora piaropi, a fungus used as a biocontrol agent of the aquatic weed water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Besides differences in the colour of mycelium and diffusible pigments in culture, isolates of C. piaropi grown under standard conditions differed significantly in their ability to produce the phytotoxin cercosporin, as well as in aggressiveness and growth rate. A positive correlation existed between the ability of the isolates to produce cercosporin and their aggressiveness, and a negative correlation between growth rate and cercosporin production or growth rate and aggressiveness. Based on thin‐layer chromatographic separation of extracts and comparison with beticolin‐1, used as a standard, there was no evidence of production of beticolins. In discriminant analysis, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles had low resolution for differentiating populations among isolates of the fungus, and the level of resolution was influenced by the age of the colonies. Diffusible pigments in culture and cercosporin production are useful adjuncts to aggressiveness screening for choosing the most effective isolate of C. piaropi for biological control.     

呼伦贝尔盟农田杂草分布、发生规律与防治策略的研究

以生物测定及羧酸酯酶活性测定的方法,检测了上海地区菜缢管蚜对有机磷的抗药性。测定结果表明,金山群体对乐果、杀螟松和马拉硫磷的抗药性分别是梅陇的5.7、4.0和1.8倍。金山群体的羧酸酯酶活性高于梅陇。说明其抗性与羧酸酯酶活性增高有关。单个蚜虫的羧酸酯酶活性测定是检测抗性及抗性个体在群体内分布的一种既迅速又精确的方法。如把蚜虫的羧酸酯酶活性分成3类:低羧酸酯酶活性(OD<0.3)、中等羧酸酯酶活性(OD:0.3—0.5)和高羧酸酯酶活性(OD>0.6),则金山与梅陇种群低羧酸酯酶活性个体分别占8％、30％;中等活性个体分别占85％、68％;高活性个体分别占7％、2％。     

抗性品种与天敌对褐稻虱种群的协同调节作用

褐稻虱(Nilaparvuta lugens)是我国水稻的主要害虫。以往的粳稻品种,感褐稻虱;近几年来一系列抗褐稻虱品种如秀水620、秀水664已经育成,1990年已种植150万亩。种植抗性品种可少用或不用杀虫剂,能大量保存天敌,抗性品种与天敌的协同作用,对控制褐稻虱种群,改善防治策略,具有现实意义。该文报道了田间和实验室观察调查多种天敌的数量和捕食或寄生效果,估计了在不同抗感品种上褐稻虱种群趋势指数1值,并分析了粳稻抗性品种与蜘蛛类抑制褐稻虱的协同作用。     

冬麦害虫天敌发生规律的研究

1980～1983年在新疆玛纳斯调查,发现冬麦田天敌很多,仅捕食的每亩常在万头以上,其中蜘蛛、瓢虫、食虫蝽是主要类群。蜘蛛的发生与飞虱、叶蝉等关系密切,并以齿须微蛛占优势,该蛛5月底6月上旬达高峰。瓢虫以七星瓢虫为主,多异瓢虫次之,均在麦田繁殖一代,以6月上、中旬幼虫最多,是控制蚜害的主力。麦田蚜茧蜂主要为多脊蚜茧蜂和菜蚜茧蜂,其发生与蚜虫种类、密度有关,蚜害盛期其寄生率有限,但仍可在综合防治中发挥一定的作用。     

广州地区十字花科蔬菜花叶病的传染途径及流行规律的初步研究

广州地区十字花科蔬菜花叶病(主要病毒是芜菁花叶病毒的油菜毒系和芜菁毒系)的越夏寄主,根据11年来的观察特别是1956—1958年间的实地调查结果,主要是小白菜、菜心和西洋菜。在野生植物中曾发现过2株蔊菜和1株荠菜自然感病,说明野生植物不是本病的重要毒源。室内试验结果证明,此病的自然传染媒介为萝卜蚜、桃蚜和普通红蜘蛛。黄条跳(虫甲)、斜纹夜盗蛾和菜粉蝶都不是本病的虫媒,病株的种子不会传病,中国菟丝子也不会传递本病。在带有未腐熟的病菜残体的土里进行直播,长出来的菜苗没有发病的;但是把菜苗移植在这样的土里,会有极小量的植株感病。根据1956年7月至1958年6月,每十日田间调查一次结果:萝卜蚜是广州地区最重要的传病媒介,桃蚜每年只在3—4月间略有发生,作用不大。根据这24个月的田间发病率,萝卜蚜(有翅蚜及无翅蚜)的虫口密度和气候情况,我们认为本地区本病的发生及流行程度主要受降水量和降水天数所影响,并认为可以从降水情况来预测约30日后的病害流行程度。