山西省棉田昆虫群落的时间动态研究

以丰富度、多样性指数、昆虫总个体数、种间相遇机率和均匀度为数据指标,采用系统聚类法分析了山西省棉田昆虫群落的时间动态,结合棉株的生理状况将其划分为４个阶段,并探讨了各阶段的害虫管理对策。     

羊草草原植被不同演替阶段土壤鞘翅目昆虫群落特征

2007年6月、8月、10月对吉林省羊草草原植被不同演替阶段的土壤鞘翅目昆虫进行调查,共获取土壤鞘翅目昆虫19科,1 670只,优势类群3类:步甲科、隐翅甲科、象甲科幼虫,其中象甲科幼虫为广布类群。不同演替植被生境中土壤鞘翅目昆虫在类群及数量组成上存在明显差异,其垂直分布具有明显的表聚性。土壤鞘翅目昆虫群落多样性指数(H′)表现为:羊草群落>羊草+虎尾草群落>虎尾草群落>碱蓬群落,这与植被演替进程密切相关。不同演替阶段植物群落中土壤鞘翅目昆虫个体数、类群数及多样性指数(H′)均存在明显的季节变化,除虎尾草群落外,个体数在8月份达到最大值。灰色关联分析结果表明土壤鞘翅目昆虫受土壤含水量、pH、土壤有机质等土壤环境因子的影响明显。     

日光温室枣树昆虫群落及时间动态研究

对日光温室枣树昆虫群落指数及时间动态聚类分析研究的结果表明,日光温室枣树主要害虫防治可分为4阶段,其中2月、5月和6月昆虫群落处于极不稳定状态,优势种枣瘿蚊Contariniasp.、截形叶螨Tetranychusfruncatus发生量较大且易暴发,为化学防治关键时期。而1年其他时间则应视情况尽量采用农业、物理和生物等防治措施,以保护天敌,充分发挥天敌的控制作用。     

昆虫三维标本网络信息系统设计

为了能够在网络上从各个角度观察昆虫,该文实现了建立昆虫三维标本的方法。通过自制的拍摄装置,结合图像处理技术,实现了昆虫三维标本影像模型的自动化建模和虚拟展示。并在此基础上,建立了昆虫三维标本网络信息系统。该系统建立的昆虫标本具有建模自动化、全景观察、永久保存等特点,为学习和辨别昆虫提供了数据支持。     

昆虫嗅觉相关蛋白及嗅觉识别机理研究概述

嗅觉是昆虫产生行为的基础之一,在长期进化的过程中昆虫形成了复杂的嗅觉系统,完成这一过程,需要有多种与嗅觉相关的蛋白参与,包括气味结合蛋白、化学感受蛋白、气味受体和感觉神经元膜蛋白等。了解昆虫感受外界信息的嗅觉机制可以帮助我们更好地理解昆虫识别配偶、天敌及寻找食物来源、产卵场地等行为特征,为进一步调控昆虫的行为、防控害虫侵袭、保护和利用有益昆虫奠定基础。本文综述了昆虫嗅觉相关的几类重要蛋白的生化特性和生理功能,并对昆虫气味分子的识别机制、气味分子在昆虫体内运输机制的最新研究进展进行了概述。     

太行山低山丘陵区鳞翅目趋光性昆虫种群动态初报

采用黑光灯引诱逐日调查的方法,研究了太行山低山丘陵区鳞翅目趋光性昆虫种群数量动态变化规律。结果表明,实验区鳞翅目趋光性昆虫共有206种,分属16科。玉米螟、木撩尺蛾、棉铃实夜蛾和豆荚野螟为优势害虫种群。昆虫种群动态可分为零星出现、连续少量出现和连续大量出现3种类型,揭示了鳞翅目昆虫种群数量变化规律,为制定防治害虫对策提供理论依据。     

构建矩阵模型提取以黄板为背景的昆虫图像

为自动识别黄板上的昆虫图像,本文根据RGB颜色模型原理,通过构建矩阵模型来分割黄板的黄色背景与目标昆虫图像,为自动识别黄板上的昆虫图像的关键一步,即分割昆虫图像与黄板背景,提供了非常好的方法,也为其他彩色图像分割提供了新的方法,该方法定义一类颜色矩阵为5行n列,根据不同的矩阵值来定义任意一类颜色区间。     

论诱导昆虫滞育的环境因素

昆虫滞育是在长期进化过程中昆虫对不利生活环境条件的不断适应以及环境对昆虫的选择造成的。文章论述了温度、光周期、湿度以及食料等主要环境因素对昆虫滞育诱导的影响,认为光周期和温度是诱导昆虫滞育最主要的因素;湿度主要通过改变昆虫对光周期和温度的刺激反应而影响滞育的诱导;食料作为昆虫的调节因子与光周期以及温度一起诱导昆虫的滞育,在温度和光周期都很少发生年变化的赤道地区,食料能够直接影响到昆虫的生长发育。     

昆虫丝氨酸蛋白酶的分子特点及进化研究概况

昆虫中肠消化液中含有种类繁杂的蛋白酶,它们在食物消化、免疫反应等方面发挥着复杂且重要的作用。在昆虫生理过程中,蛋白代谢的开始阶段,蛋白酶能水解蛋白质成为多肽,成为中肠水解蛋白酶。类胰蛋白酶丝氨酸蛋白酶(Trypsin-like serine proteases,Tryp_SPs)是一类真核生物体中普遍存在的含有胰蛋白酶催化功能域的丝氨酸蛋白酶分子,它行使着很多功能,如食物消化、止血、免疫防卫响应和神经响应等。     

昆虫野花带在农业景观中的应用

在农业景观中,昆虫野花带是以混播等方式,建植在农田、果园、菜地等农地边缘的条状或片状生态缓冲区。通过配置不同功能植物形成植物群落,为自然天敌及传粉者提供蜜粉源和栖息地,改善农地生境质量;强化害虫天敌支持系统,达到提高授粉率、减少农药使用、改良修复农地土壤、净化水源、抑制杂草等多样的生态系统服务功能。本文回顾了昆虫野花带的应用发展历程,涵盖了中西欧发达国家及美国等地。不同国家昆虫野花带侧重不同,瑞士、比利时等国家作为昆虫野花带的源头,最早将生态保育的思想运用于农业生产,并付诸生态补偿机制的实践;英国昆虫野花带有政策的细化支持,应用方式丰富;美国以本土植物的开发、草原生境的修复及重要传粉者保护为研究与实践的重点。中国的农地周边由于外来物种入侵、人为干预严重等造成了景观异质性低、生境破碎化,亟待引入昆虫野花带的技术手段,进行生境管理与规划。中国的昆虫野花带研究仍处于发展初期,缺少实际应用。未来,中国昆虫野花带的发展,首先要针对现有非作物生境植物群落以及各类昆虫群落展开动态监测与调查,在大尺度上划定生态保护区域,分析现有生境格局,构建生态网络,研究昆虫野花带的规划方案,分清主次和功能需求,并根据节肢动物功能团的时空动态变化,确定最佳群落结构,保持昆虫野花带生境与其他自然与半自然生境的功能连接度,保留多样的景观因素。     

转Bt-Cry1Ac基因棉花对烟粉虱体内几种酶活力的影响

为研究转Bt基因棉花上烟粉虱种群较常规棉上升的原因是否受到Bt毒蛋白的影响,以及是否与体内保护酶和解毒酶活力变化有关,应用转Bt基因棉花‘新棉33B’及其常规棉受体‘33’为试验对象,采用ELISA法和酶活力测定法,分别研究了取食转Bt基因棉花后烟粉虱体内Bt毒蛋白含量以及体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)3种保护酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)3种解毒酶活力的变化情况。结果表明,在取食转Bt基因棉花‘新棉33B’4 h后,烟粉虱体内能检测到Cry1Ac蛋白,并且在12 h后维持在一个相对稳定的状态。取食‘新棉33B’后烟粉虱体内的SOD和GSTs活力受到显著抑制(P0.05),并且随着取食时间的延长,SOD活力逐渐下降,其中取食8 h、12 h、24 h和36 h后较取食‘33’的对照分别下降了37.8%、32.1%、32.0%和31.9%。CAT、POD和CarE活力显著提高(P0.05),并且随着取食时间的延长,酶活力逐渐上升,与对照相比,取食12 h、24 h和36 h后,CAT活力分别为取食‘33’的对照的1.54倍、1.55倍和1.42倍;POD活力分别为取食‘33’的对照的1.59倍、1.39倍和1.53倍;CarE活力分别为取食‘33’的对照的1.32倍、1.34倍和1.39倍;取食‘新棉33B’对AChE活力没有明显影响。结果提示,转Bt-Cry1Ac基因棉花对烟粉虱保护酶活力总体起到促进作用,对解毒酶活力总体影响不大。故烟粉虱体内保护酶活力的增加可能会有益于烟粉虱种群的增长,但是否起到决定性作用还有待进一步研究确定。     

不同生境对抗虫棉绿盲蝽及其天敌发生动态的影响

于2005～2007年采用田间调查方法对不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌的发生动态进行了研究, 试验设10种处理: 远离果园棉田、紧靠果园棉田, 密度为54 000株·hm-2的均行距棉田、密度为45 000株·hm-2的大小行距棉田, 合理化控棉田、不化控棉田, 纯作棉田和插种葵花棉田, 转双价基因抗虫棉田和转单价基因抗虫棉田.结果表明, 不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽天敌的种类基本相同, 主要为龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫、中华草蛉、大草蛉、华姬蝽、小花蝽、T-纹豹蛛、三突花蛛、草间小黑蛛等.不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌种群数量差异明显.远离果园、密度为45 000株·hm-2的大小行距、合理化控能减轻转基因抗虫棉田绿盲蝽的发生, 但不利于绿盲蝽天敌的发生;种植转双价基因抗虫棉能减轻绿盲蝽的发生且对绿盲蝽天敌影响不大, 插种葵花既能增加棉田绿盲蝽天敌的数量, 又能减轻绿盲蝽的发生.因此, 转双价基因抗虫棉田插种葵花, 并远离果园、合理化控、合理密度并大小行距种植是保益灭害控制绿盲蝽的有效方法.     

Effects of Straw Incorporation on Soil Organic Carbon Density and the Carbon Pool Management Index under Long-Term Continuous Cotton

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of residue management on soil organic carbon density and the carbon pool management index under continuously cropped cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in China’s Xinjiang Province. The experiment included the following nine treatments: (i) annual straw incorporation during 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 years of continuous cotton and (ii) annual straw removal during 5, 10, and 15 years of continuous cotton. The results showed that the total organic carbon, labile organic carbon, the labile organic carbon/total organic carbon ratio, soil organic carbon density, and the carbon pool management index all increased with time in the straw incorporated treatment, but decreased with time in the straw removed treatments. Soil carbon concentrations, which are naturally low in the Xinjiang Region, had not reached saturation after 30 years of continuous cotton with straw incorporation.     

Influence of ammonia fertilization on cotton production in conservation tillage systems

Abstract

Field studies were conducted to determine the influence of ammonia fertilization on cotton grown in conservation tillage systems. The studies were located on a Decatur silt loam (Rhodic Paleudult) in the Limestone Valley and a Norfolk sandy loam (Typic Paleudult) in the Coastal Plain of Alabama. Winter annual legumes, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. at the Norfolk site) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth at the Decatur site) were established as whole plots along with a winter fallow area. Sources of fertilizer differing widely in their NH₄+‐N contents were used for split plot treatments applied at time of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planting. Fertilizer treatments included calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea, urea with dicyandiamide, and a no N check. The cotton was planted with a strip‐till conservation planter. Nitrogen production by winter legumes was adequate to meet N requirements for cotton on the Decatur silt loam (67 kg N/ha) but not at the Norfolk sandy loam site (101 kg N/ha). Cotton populations were 24% higher in fallow than legume whole plots. Differences in plant growth and N concentrations were highly variable and treatment trends were not found. Seed cotton yields were 4% higher in fallow than legume plots. Maximum populations and yields were achieved with ammonium nitrate in fallow area and urea in legume areas.     

Assessing effects of transgenic Cry1Ac cotton on the earthworm Eisenia fetida

Transgenic insect-resistant cotton containing a synthetic version of the insecticidal toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki has been planted in China in a large scale and may have adverse impacts on soil organisms. The leaves of the transgenic cotton and the non-transgenic parental cotton were collected and their impacts on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida, were tested in laboratory studies. No significant acute toxicity on E. fetida from oral exposure to the transgenic cotton line, GK19, was detected. The average weight, numbers of cocoons and new offsprings of E. fetida in the GK19 groups were all higher than in the Simian3 groups, but the differences were not significant.     

不同类型棉田昆虫群落结构研究

运用群落生态学原理和方法,于2007年6月26日至8月20日系统调查了平作春棉田和夏棉田主要害虫的种群数量动态,并利用相对丰富度、优势度指数、优势集中性指数、多样性指数和均匀度分析了其群落结构和时间动态.结果表明:两类棉田昆虫群落组成较为丰富,由10目35科48种组成.其中春棉田昆虫群落为9目30科39种,夏棉田昆虫群落为10目30科43种;优势种是棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover.)、烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)和朱砂叶螨[Tetranychus cinnarinus(J(Bois)].在6月底至7月上旬春棉田优势种主要有朱砂叶螨,7月初数量达最多;两类棉田在7月中旬以后优势种均为棉蚜,7月底至8月中旬优势种均为烟粉虱.两类棉田昆虫群落的总个体数变化较大,但春棉田中昆虫群落和害虫亚群落总个体数始终高于夏棉田;春棉田害虫的相对丰富度较大,而夏棉田天敌的相对丰富度较大;两类棉田以寄生性天敌群落相似系数最高(0.949 4),植食性害虫群落最低(0.439 4);春棉田昆虫群落多样性指数最高为1.895 3,夏棉田昆虫群落多样性指数最高为2.095 1,均匀度的变化趋势与多样性指数变化基本一致,而优势集中性指数的变化趋势与多样性指数和均匀度的变化正好相反,优势集中性指数越大,多样性指数和均匀度越小.     

不同棉花间作模式中作物养分吸收和利用对间作优势的贡献

棉花间作能够解决棉花与粮食作物和蔬菜作物争地的矛盾,但是否有间作优势以及间作优势的作物营养基础是众所关心的问题。本研究在新疆石河子大学试验站设置棉花与花生、大豆、鹰嘴豆、洋葱、萝卜、线辣椒间作以及各个作物单作的田间试验,以期揭示以棉花为基础的间作体系的间作优势以及养分吸收和利用效率对间作优势的贡献。结果表明,棉花与鹰嘴豆、花生、洋葱、萝卜间作体系作物的吸氮量明显高于单作18%~74%,棉花与大豆和线辣椒间作体系作物的吸氮量低于单作10%和34%;棉花与大豆、鹰嘴豆、花生、洋葱、萝卜间作体系中作物吸磷量比单作增加5%~104%,棉花与线辣椒间作体系作物的吸磷量低于单作6%;棉花与花生、洋葱、萝卜间作体系中作物吸钾量高于单作20%~58%,棉花与大豆、鹰嘴豆和线辣椒间作作物吸钾量低于间作19%~22%。棉花与鹰嘴豆、花生、洋葱、萝卜间作以后土地当量比(LER)分别为1.02、1.30、1.12、1.68,都大于1,说明具有间作优势;棉花与大豆、线辣椒间作后LER分别为0.91和0.99,小于1,没有间作优势。棉花与花生、洋葱和萝卜间作体系氮磷钾吸收效率对LER的贡献分别为0.41~0.82、0.25~1.04和0.15~0.59,利用效率的贡献分别为0.35~0.04、0.03~0.14和0.16~0.01。结果表明,棉花与其他作物的间作优势在营养方面的基础主要来自于间作相对于单作吸收效率的增加,而不是利用效率的改变。     

Promotion of growth,yield and fiber quality attributes of Egyptian cotton by bacillus strains in combination with mineral fertilizers

Abstract

Implementation of proper management practices using biological approaches is important to maintain soil quality and cotton yield in sandy desert soils of Egypt. This experiment was conducted at the Agriculture Experimental farm, Kafer El-Sheikh governorate, Cotton Research Institute of Egypt during 2016–2017 seasons to study the effect of inoculation with bacterial strains of Bacillus circulance (BC) and Bacillus megatherium (BM) and their co-inoculation in combinations with 50% and 100% of recommended dose fertilization (RDF) on growth, yield, and fiber properties of Egyptian cotton Giza-94. Results showed that all important morphological attributes of cotton such as plant growth, number of fruit sympodial branches, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, lint cotton yield and fiber properties significantly increased with the increase rate of RDF, and inoculation of cotton seeds with the bacterial strains exerted additive effects. The highest increase of cotton yield was observed at the combined use of bacterial strains BC?+?BM with 50% RDF followed by BC?+?BM with 100% RDF treatment which attributed on the cotton yield increase by 33% and 15% compared to the respective control. The application of Bacillus strains as a biofertilizer could be an alternative option to reduce considerable amounts of chemical fertilizers input by enhancing nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and, thereby, improves cotton productivity.     

Impact of the use of biofertilizers on cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) crop under irrigated agro-ecosystem

High nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing, phytohormones producing isolates of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter and Pseudomonas were used as inoculants for cotton. Important cultures were selected on the basis of their effect on root/shoot length and chemotactic behaviour. Selected bioinoculants were earlier tested for their beneficial properties like nitrogen fixation (ARA), ammonia excretion, IAA production etc. These bio-inoculants were further tested for phosphate solubilization property. Various chosen strains were tested with Desi (HD 123) and American (H 1098) cotton under field conditions (as for wheat). Plant height and boll weight were determined at the time of harvesting whereas survival rate of inoculated bacteria was determined after 30, 80 and 130 days respectively. In the year 2000–01, on the basis of boll number and boll weight plant^?1 AVK 51 (36; 76.2?g plant^?1), HT 57 (27; 56.9?g plant^?1), AC18 (33; 61.5?g plant^?1), Ala 27 (36; 61.4?g plant^?1) and Pseudomonas (34; 71.3?g plant^?1) were identified as significant both for American and desi cotton varieties. Highest survival rate was observed with Mac 68 (33.4 × 10⁵) followed by HT54 (31.5 × 10⁵) after 30 days of sowing, which decreased after 80 days and remained constant up to 130 days. This trend was observed with all the cultures. Similar results were observed in 2001–02. 25?kg ha^?1 N saving was observed with A. chroococcum (AVK51) bioinoculant for cotton crop.     

Mycorrhizal inoculation enhances growth and nutrition of cotton plant

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) inoculations may improve growth and nutrient uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant. Although the importance of mycorrhizal symbioses for growth and nutrient acquisition of cotton plant is known, less is known about mycorrhizal dependency on P and Zn nutrition under low Zn fertile soil conditions. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different of P and Zn fertilizer addition on cotton plant growth as well as Zn and P uptake. Sterilized and non-sterilized low Zn fertile Konya series soil was treated with different levels of P and Zn. Soils were inoculated with two mycorrhizae species like Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus etunicatum after sterilization. Results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth and nutrient uptake has significant effect when soil was sterilized. Cl. etunicatum mycorrhizae species has greater effect than Fu. mosseae mycorrhizae species. Root colonization increased 23–65% due to mycorrhizal amendment. The shoot: root ratio increased by 13 and 22% for non-sterile and sterile condition respectively in mycorrhiza amended soil. Mycorrhizal dependency varies 1–55% and 3–64% for non-sterile and sterile soil respectively on mycorrhizae, P and Zn amended soil. Mycorrhizal dependency analysis showed that cotton plant in both sterile and non-sterile soil conditions depends on mycorrhizae species, P nutrition, however is less depend on Zn nutrition. This study concluded that the inoculation of cotton plant with selected mycorrhizae is necessary under both sterile and non-sterile soil conditions.