隔沟交替灌溉在高原夏菜莴笋上的应用研究

在甘肃河西走廊高海拔冷凉区以莴笋＂太原笋＂为试材,研究了常规沟灌（CFI）、固定隔沟灌溉（FFI）、隔沟交替灌溉（AFI）对莴笋生长、生理特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,隔沟交替灌溉（AFI）模式下莴笋的茎粗、茎重、产量、叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率与常规沟灌（CFI）模式下无显著差异。AFI较CFI节水22.2%、水分利用率提高26.9%,实现了经济产量不降低。莴笋上应用隔沟交替灌溉技术具有较大的节水潜力。     

交替隔沟灌溉条件下玉米群体水氮利用研究

为探索交替隔沟灌溉条件下玉米优化水氮供给模式,通过遮雨棚内微区试验,研究了沟灌方式、灌水量和施氮量对玉米群体水氮利用的影响.结果表明:交替隔沟灌溉中水低氮处理的籽粒产量最高,是交替隔沟灌溉高水高氮处理的1.06倍.在相同水分和氮肥条件下,交替隔沟灌溉的籽粒产量分别是常规沟灌和固定隔沟灌溉的1.05、1.16倍.各因素对全氮累积总量的影响从大到小依次为:沟灌方式、施氮量、灌水量;灌水量对全氮累积总量影响显著.     

水氮耦合对温室番茄产量和水分利用效率的影响

以番茄为试验材料,设置固定隔沟灌和交替隔沟灌两种灌溉方式,每种灌溉方式设置2个灌水水平和2个施氮水平,共8个处理,展开不同水氮组合对温室番茄产量、平均单果重和水分利用效率影响的研究,结果表明:增加灌水量可提高番茄的产量和交替隔沟灌溉下番茄的平均单果重。降低灌水量或施氮量时,水氮必须满足一定比例才可增加番茄平均单果重和提高交替隔沟灌下番茄的水分利用效率。水氮耦合、氮是影响番茄产量、平均单果重和水分利用效率的主要因素。水是影响番茄产量、平均单果重和固定隔沟灌番茄水分利用效率的主要因素。灌溉方式是影响番茄产量和水分利用效率的主要因素。     

不同灌溉方式对制种玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了畦灌、常规沟灌、隔沟交替灌3种灌溉方式对制种玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,结果表明,不同灌溉方式下,制种玉米产量为8.73~10.87 t/hm~2,耗水量为349.7~625.0 mm,WUE为1.40~3.01kg/m~3。隔沟交替灌溉方式耗水量最低,畦灌方式最高,常规沟灌居中。相同灌溉定额条件下,隔沟交替灌制种玉米产量较常规沟灌增减幅度在-2.43%~10.24%。常规沟灌方式若能保证作物需水关键期的灌溉,适度减少灌水不会造成制种玉米减产。产量构成要素结果表明,行粒数、出籽率、穗长、穗粗、秃尖长、千粒重产量构成要素对产量的累积贡献率达85.54%。在甘肃河西地区,制种玉米全生育期灌水8次(苗期1次,拔节期2次,抽穗期1次,灌浆期2次,乳熟期2次),灌溉定额2 250 m~3/hm~2的隔沟交替灌溉方式(T6处理)能稳定提高产量和水分利用效率。     

不同沟灌方式对马铃薯生长发育及品质的影响

为研究不同沟灌方式对马铃薯生长发育的影响。设置交替隔沟灌溉(AFI)、常规沟灌(CFI)、固定隔沟灌溉(FFI)3种灌水处理,研究不同灌水模式下马铃薯茎粗、株高及叶面积的膨大速率、产量及其内在品质的变化,且用隶属函数值法进行综合评价。马铃薯在出苗35 d后,AFI处理的植株增长速率显然高于CFI和FFI两个处理;AFI鲜薯比其他两个处理增产10.43%、40.24%,商品薯率增加30%、48.43%;AFI处理下马铃薯淀粉、蛋白质含量显著高于CFI、FFI处理。通过隶属函数值法分析,将3种灌水方式下马铃薯产量及品质的各项构成要素及茎粗、株高、叶面积等10个指标综合评价,表现优良的是交替隔沟灌溉。在同一土壤水分水平下,交替隔沟灌溉在促进马铃薯的茎粗、株高及叶面积生长时优势显著,并且显著提高其经济产量和商品薯率,亦可改善其品质。     

水氮耦合对温室番茄光合和蒸腾速率的影响

试验设置固定隔沟灌和交替隔沟灌两种灌溉方式,每种灌溉方式设置2个灌水水平和2个施氮水平,共8个处理,展开不同水氮组合对温室番茄光合特性影响的研究。结果表明:追肥前番茄叶片光合速率日变化呈"双峰"曲线,追肥后出现"双峰"和"单峰"两种曲线。追肥前后番茄的蒸腾速率日变化均呈"单峰"曲线。追肥前,交替隔沟灌均能提高番茄叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率,高水处理表现得更显著。追肥后,交替隔沟灌比固定隔沟灌能显著提高番茄叶片的蒸腾速率,交替隔沟灌高水或固定隔沟灌低肥处理均可明显提高番茄的蒸腾速率。     

交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根长密度分布及水分利用

为了探明交替隔沟灌溉和常规沟灌条件下玉米根长密度的分布规律及水分利用效率(WUE),研究了2种沟灌方式下玉米根长密度的空间分布和水分利用情况。结果表明,玉米根长密度在根区水平向和垂向呈指数分布。交替隔沟灌溉促进了玉米根系的水平向伸展和下扎深度,常规沟灌在垄位的大密度根系分布集中在20～60cm。交替隔沟灌溉增大了根系下扎深度,有利于根系吸收深层土壤水分,在非充分供水条件下提高了作物的水分利用效率,交替隔沟灌溉水分利用效率较常规沟灌提高5%以上。     

沟灌方式和施肥水平对甜糯玉米产量、土壤养分和酶活性的影响

在补充灌溉条件下,通过田间试验,研究不同沟灌方式和施肥水平对甜糯玉米产量、土壤养分和酶活性的影响,以探讨广西地区甜糯玉米节水节肥模式,从而提高其水肥利用效率和保持土壤质量。试验设3种沟灌方式,即常规灌溉(CF),交替沟灌(AF)和固定沟灌(FF),和3种施肥水平,即低肥(F1,N 150kg/hm2和P2O575kg/hm2),中肥(F2,N 180kg/hm2和P2O590kg/hm2)和高肥(F3,N 210kg/hm2和P2O5105kg/hm2)。结果表明:与CF相比,AF处理在一定程度上增加玉米鲜产量、土壤速效养分含量,但是明显增加两个时期土壤脲酶活性,开花期转化酶活性以及F2时开花期和F3时成熟期过氧化氢酶活性;FF处理增加开花期土壤转化酶活性和F3时成熟期过氧化氢酶活性。与F1相比,AF时,F2和F3时玉米鲜产量略有增加,土壤脲酶和转化酶活性以及2个时期土壤过氧化氢酶活性显著增加;FF时,F2和F3比F1显著增加成熟期土壤转化酶和开花期脲酶活性。因此在本试验条件下,交替沟灌和中肥水平处理是较理想的水肥组合模式。     

沙漠绿洲区不同灌水方式条件下玉米灌溉制度研究

在石羊河流域干旱缺水的民勤县连续进行了 4年田间试验 ,研究了大田地膜玉米畦灌、常规沟灌、交替隔沟灌溉和宽垄沟灌 4种灌水方式下的灌溉定额及其对产量和水分利用的影响 ,拟定了不同灌水方式下的灌溉制度 ,得出交替隔沟灌溉方式下灌水 7次 ,次灌水定额为 30 0 m3/hm2 ,灌水时间为拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、抽穗期、灌浆始、灌浆中、乳熟期的灌溉制度为该地区推荐采用的最优方案。     

不同沟灌方式及沟向条件下地面光温分布规律

探讨不同沟灌方式及沟向下地面光温分布规律,通过地面不同点位处的太阳辐射和温度测定,研究南北沟向和东西沟向垄作玉米田在交替隔沟灌溉(AFI)和常规沟灌(CFI)方式下的光温变化.结果表明,东西沟向时地面太阳辐射量高于南北沟向23.05~122.48 W/m2;同一沟向条件下,AFI的地面平均太阳辐射量高于CFI约80.23 W/m2.地表温度的变化规律与地面太阳辐射一致,东西沟向时日平均地表温度比南北沟向提高了0.60~3.46℃;同一沟向条件下,交替隔沟灌溉的地表温度比常规沟灌提高了2.23℃左右.东西沟向和交替隔沟灌溉增加了地面光热资源,因此,可以通过栽培方式或灌溉方式的改变调节田间光热环境以适应不同作物的生长需求.     

Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India

A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2, 2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield, thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils.     

不同沟灌方式对玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响

交替隔沟灌溉和固定隔沟灌溉玉米的蒸腾速率较常规灌溉明显下降,光合速率有降低但降幅不大。交替隔沟灌溉玉米的叶片水分利用效率最高。随着土壤含水率的增大,不同处理玉米的光合速率和蒸腾速率都趋于增大。交替方式和固定方式玉米的光合速率增幅比常规灌溉大,叶片水分利用效率大于常规灌溉。     

Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas

Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CU_s) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation. Received: 16 October 1999     

交替隔沟灌溉对温室黄瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响

日光温室黄瓜生产中一直存在灌水量大,水分浪费严重等现象,针对这一问题,该试验以津育5号黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L）为试材,就交替隔沟灌溉和交替隔沟亏缺灌溉对日光温室黄瓜生长、灌溉水去向、水分利用效率和节水效果等的影响进行了研究。结果表明,交替隔沟灌溉减少了土壤水分的深层渗漏、土壤表面水分蒸发,植株蒸腾速率也略有下降,而植株光合作用没有受到明显影响,使同化产物有利于向果实分配,产量与对照持平,果实商品性和营养品质也有所提高。交替隔沟灌溉可节水37%～48%,作物水分利用效率提高47%～82%。此法简便易行,控漏减蒸效果明显,节水显著,在目前日光温室生产条件下极具推广应用价值。     

灌水方式与施钙水平对盆栽番茄产量和品质的影响

分别在喷施氯化钙溶液质量分数为0%、0.3%、0.5%、0.8%、1.0%条件下进行3种不同灌水方式即常规全根灌溉(CI)、分根区固定灌溉(PRD)和分根区交替灌溉(APRI)的盆栽试验,测定番茄产量和品质.结果表明,分根区交替灌溉(APRI)番茄植株长势、果实产量和品质均显著优于分根区固定灌溉(PRD)和常规全根灌溉...     

Partial rootzone irrigation increases water use efficiency, maintains yield and enhances economic profit of cotton in arid area

Partial rootzone irrigation (PRI) can substantially reduce irrigation amount and has been demonstrated as a promising irrigation method for crops in arid or semiarid areas. Many earlier researches have shown that PRI reduces leaf transpiration by narrowing stomatal opening. In this study we verified the hypothesis that PRI can also save irrigation water by substantially reducing soil evaporation. Field experiment was conducted in an arid area where cotton production almost completely relies on irrigation. Water was applied to furrows in the cotton field either alternatively (AFI, alternative furrow irrigation), or evenly to all the furrows (CFI, conventional furrow irrigation), or to one fixed furrow in every two (FFI, fixed furrow irrigation). Our results show that surface evaporation constitutes a large fraction of the irrigation water loss from cropped field (more than 20%), and with the two PRI treatments nearly 40% of the evaporative water loss is saved. Transpiration accounted for 48%, 58% and 57% of the total amount of irrigation respectively for the CFI, AFI and FFI treatments. This result suggests that PRI increases the proportion of applied water that is transpired, and therefore leads to a higher water use efficiency than regular irrigation. Overall, when irrigation was reduced by 30%, the average final yield loss of AFI was only 4.44%, a non-significant reduction statistically. The FFI had a significant reduction in yield of 12.01% in comparison to CFI. Moreover, PRI brings in earlier flowering and a higher economical return due to early harvested cotton. This indicates that the final economical output could compensate for the loss of cotton yield due to water-saving. With very little extra cost to implementation, PRI proves a very promising method in cotton production in arid zone.     

隔沟交替灌溉研究进展

隔沟交替灌溉是以通过改善作物根信号功能、光合作用、蒸腾作用和气孔导度等生理特性,进而提高作物产量为目的的一项高效节水灌溉技术。介绍了隔沟交替灌溉技术发展概况,系统阐述隔沟交替灌溉的作用机理,主要包括根系系统的吸收补偿功能、农田土壤水分消耗和水分利用效率变化3个方面,明确了该技术在作物栽培中的应用效果与发展前景。隔沟交替灌溉可显著提高作物产量和水分利用效率,在优质高产节水型农业生产中具有重要意义。      

Effect of improved cultural practices on crop yield and soil salinity under relatively saline groundwater applications

The salinity in the root zone increases with the application of relatively saline groundwater. Therefore, a limited water supply coupled with high pumping cost and salinity hazards, makes it more important than ever that irrigation water be used efficiently and judiciously. In the present study, farmer's practices of irrigation application methods (Field 1) were compared with the water saving techniques (Field 2) for crop yield and salinization for two years with maize–wheat–dhanicha cropping pattern. For maize crop, regular furrow method of irrigation was used in Field 1 and alternate furrow method of irrigation was used in Field 2. For wheat experiments, basin irrigation method of water application was compared with bed and furrow method. For dhanicha, basin irrigation was applied in both the fields. The results showed that about 36% water was saved by applying irrigation water in alternate furrows in each season without compromising the maize crop yield. The salt accumulation in root zone in alternate furrow field was less than that in regular furrow field. The salinity level near the surface increased substantially in both the fields. The water saving in wheat crop under bed and furrow was 9–12% in both seasons. The salinization process in both fields during wheat crop was almost same except redistribution of salts throughout the root zone in basin field of wheat. The salinity developed in root zone during two major growing seasons was leached in monsoon.     

灌水施氮方式对玉米生育期土壤NO3--N时空分布的影响

在干旱区大田条件下,以制种玉米"金西北22号"为供试材料,采用交替灌水、固定灌水、均匀灌水和交替施氮、固定施氮、均匀施氮二因素三水平的完全组合方案,在拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期对0~100 cm土层分层监测植株正下方、植株正南侧和植株正北侧的土壤NO_3~--N含量。结果表明:监测时期内,植株南、北两侧较植株下和0~40 cm土层较40~100 cm土层的土壤NO_3~--N含量时空分布受灌水施氮方式影响更大。固定灌水固定施氮下,水氮同区时土壤NO_3~--N在施氮侧下移,而水氮异区时土壤NO_3~--N在施氮侧累积。灌浆期,40~80 cm土层的植株下,与均匀灌水相比,交替灌水下不同施氮方式的土壤NO_3~--N含量减少9.9%~14.4%。交替灌水均匀施氮或交替灌水交替施氮使得土壤NO_3~--N在较长时间内维持在0~40 cm土层周围,成熟期二者0~100 cm土层的土壤NO_3~--N残留量相近,但较其他处理减少11.7%~27.3%。综上,交替灌水均匀施氮或交替灌水交替施氮使玉米生育期土壤NO_3~--N含量时空分布比较合理,成熟期土壤NO_3~--N残留量较低。