基于小波变换的代谢网络比较方法

针对集合论的全网络比较方法仅考虑节点本身的特性这一缺陷,提出了一种新的代谢网络比较方法,能同时考虑到节点在网络拓扑结构属性方面的差异.该方法综合了7种代谢网络拓扑中心性,应用主成分分析方法选取主成分,设计了主成分分量的序列化方法,运用小波变换来研究代谢网络结构特征曲线,建立模糊函数比较不同物种的代谢网络.该方法能定量地分析代谢网络拓扑结构的相似度.通过对相似度数据分析,揭示了代谢网络的物种特异性;发现了同一进化阶段物种的代谢网络相似度远高于不同进化阶段物种之间的相似度,为代谢网络进化研究提供了数学基础.     

Life and the evolution of Earth's atmosphere

Harvesting light to produce energy and oxygen (photosynthesis) is the signature of all land plants. This ability was co-opted from a precocious and ancient form of life known as cyanobacteria. Today these bacteria, as well as microscopic algae, supply oxygen to the atmosphere and churn out fixed nitrogen in Earth's vast oceans. Microorganisms may also have played a major role in atmosphere evolution before the rise of oxygen. Under the more dim light of a young sun cooler than today's, certain groups of anaerobic bacteria may have been pumping out large amounts of methane, thereby keeping the early climate warm and inviting. The evolution of Earth's atmosphere is linked tightly to the evolution of its biota.     

A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles

The efficiency of many energy storage technologies, such as rechargeable metal-air batteries and hydrogen production from water splitting, is limited by the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We found that Ba(0.5)Sr(0.5)Co(0.8)Fe(0.2)O(3-δ) (BSCF) catalyzes the OER with intrinsic activity that is at least an order of magnitude higher than that of the state-of-the-art iridium oxide catalyst in alkaline media. The high activity of BSCF was predicted from a design principle established by systematic examination of more than 10 transition metal oxides, which showed that the intrinsic OER activity exhibits a volcano-shaped dependence on the occupancy of the 3d electron with an e(g) symmetry of surface transition metal cations in an oxide. The peak OER activity was predicted to be at an e(g) occupancy close to unity, with high covalency of transition metal-oxygen bonds.     

The large, oxygen-rich halos of star-forming galaxies are a major reservoir of galactic metals

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) is fed by galaxy outflows and accretion of intergalactic gas, but its mass, heavy element enrichment, and relation to galaxy properties are poorly constrained by observations. In a survey of the outskirts of 42 galaxies with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph onboard the Hubble Space Telescope, we detected ubiquitous, large (150-kiloparsec) halos of ionized oxygen surrounding star-forming galaxies; we found much less ionized oxygen around galaxies with little or no star formation. This ionized CGM contains a substantial mass of heavy elements and gas, perhaps far exceeding the reservoirs of gas in the galaxies themselves. Our data indicate that it is a basic component of nearly all star-forming galaxies that is removed or transformed during the quenching of star formation and the transition to passive evolution.     

Social insect networks

Social insect colonies have many of the properties of adaptive networks. The simple rules governing how local interactions among individuals translate into group behaviors are found across social groups, giving social insects the potential to have a profound impact on our understanding of the interplay between network dynamics and social evolution.     

植物暗适应叶的放氧动力学(Ⅰ)——光声放氧动力学

用光声光谱仪检测结果表明 ,暗适应叶在光诱导期间出现非常复杂的光声瞬态放氧 ,产生了一种称为氧峰(oxygengush)的现象 .该文利用自制的光声仪对暗适应菠菜叶在光诱导期间出现的光声瞬态放氧与暗适应时间关系 ,远红光、饱和光预处理以及高浓度CO2 对光声瞬态放氧的影响 ,光声热信号与光声放氧信号之间的关系作了初步研究 .推测由两个组分组成的氧峰与其动力学可能反映光系统Ⅱ的状态     

The rise of oxygen over the past 205 million years and the evolution of large placental mammals

On the basis of a carbon isotopic record of both marine carbonates and organic matter from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary to the present, we modeled oxygen concentrations over the past 205 million years. Our analysis indicates that atmospheric oxygen approximately doubled over this period, with relatively rapid increases in the early Jurassic and the Eocene. We suggest that the overall increase in oxygen, mediated by the formation of passive continental margins along the Atlantic Ocean during the opening phase of the current Wilson cycle, was a critical factor in the evolution, radiation, and subsequent increase in average size of placental mammals.     

基于技术生命周期的专利发明人合作网络演化分析——以电子白板领域为例

科研人员及其合作关系组成的合作网络,反映着技术创新活动的特征模式以及相关技术领域的发展趋势,对决策者制定技术发展战略具有重要意义。以中国电子白板领域的专利数据为例,在技术生命周期理论的基础上利用复杂网络分析方法,重点研究发明人合作网络在不同生命周期阶段的拓扑特征以及各阶段过渡过程中合作网络结构的演化特点。研究发现:随着技术发展,团队数量和合作数量持续上升但合作网络整体日益稀疏,其中成长期的合作网络最为活跃。证明技术创新过程中科研人员的合作行为与技术发展之间紧密相关,技术生命周期的过渡使得对应合作网络发生演化,而合作网络的演化也可能是推动或阻碍技术发展的原因之一。     

太湖地区种植制度的演变及其对当前种植结构调整的意义

系统分析了太湖地区种植制度的演变过程，即从一年一熟水稻向麦稻两熟演变，麦稻两熟制向麦稻及经济作物多熟制发展，双季稻的发展和稻田种植多样性的形成，归纳出若干对当前种植结构调整有意义的启示。     

里塘河亚洲苦草分布特点及光照因子影响分析

2012年对上海市临港新城里塘河水体状况和亚洲苦草(Vallisneria natans)分布特点进行了调查,并研究了不同光照强度对亚洲苦草生长及光合放氧速率的影响。调查结果表明,里塘河透明度为80~100 cm,苦草生物量按生长在水深20~30 cm、30~60 cm、60~90 cm、90~120 cm 4个范围计算,随水深增加先增大后减小,其中60~90 cm水深范围内亚洲苦草生物量最大。苦草密度与水深成负相关,而平均叶长与水深呈正相关,河道近岸苦草密集,中间最深处无水草生存。室内进一步研究表明,平均每株生物量、分蘖数、平均根长、光合放氧速率均随着光照强度降低而降低(P0.01),10μmol/(m2·s)为临界光照强度,这时亚洲苦草生物量开始出现负增长,其光合放氧速率为10.52μmol/(g·h),仅为80μmol/(m2·s)光照强度组的22.79%。该研究表明河道苦草分布深度与透明度深度相一致,进一步揭示了低光条件下苦草群落难以繁殖扩散的原因。     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3对盐地碱蓬和小花碱茅幼苗生长的比较研究

研究不同浓度NaCl和Na2CO3对耐盐植物盐地碱蓬和耐碱植物小花碱茅幼苗生长、叶片光合放氧速率、叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的升高,盐地碱蓬的鲜干重、光合放氧速率以及SOD活性都出现先升高后降低的趋势,而叶片中MDA含量仅在高盐度下增加;小花碱茅的鲜干重、光合放氧速率以及SOD活性不断降低,MDA含量不断增加。而随着Na2CO3浓度的增加,盐地碱蓬和小花碱茅的鲜干重、光合放氧速率、SOD活性都不断降低;而MDA含量不断增加,但盐地碱蓬的变化幅度大于小花碱茅。结果表明Na2CO3对2种植物的胁迫都要大于NaCl对二者的胁迫。     

Oxygen-mediated diffusion of oxygen vacancies on the TiO2(110) surface

Defects such as oxygen vacancies play a crucial role in the surface properties of transition metal oxides. By means of time-resolved, high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we unraveled an adsorbate-mediated diffusion mechanism of oxygen vacancies on rutile TiO2(110). Adsorbed oxygen molecules mediate vacancy diffusion through the loss of an oxygen atom to a vacancy and the sequential capture of an oxygen atom from a neighboring bridging oxygen row, leading to an anisotropic oxygen vacancy diffusion pathway perpendicular to the bridging oxygen rows.     

The photosynthetic unit of hydrogen evolution

A study of the absolute photoproduction of hydrogen by autotrophically grown Chlorella vulgaris with single-turnover flashes of light indicates that (i) while the Emerson and Arnold photosynthetic unit has the value chlorophyll: oxygen approximately 1700 : 1, the hydrogen analog of this unit has the value chlorophyll: hydrogen approximately 1400 : 1, and (ii) whereas the yield of oxygen from dark-adapted algal cells is zero on the first flash and then undergoes damped oscillations of period 4 about the steady-state value, the corresponding yield of hydrogen is fixed at the steady-state value from the first flash onward. These observations suggest that in the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic hydrogen evolution (i) the light reaction is at least 60 percent as efficient as the corresponding oxygen evolution reaction as measured by the ability to utilize absorbed visible quanta, and (ii) there are no sequential, photoproduced, metastable intermediates as there are in the case of oxygen evolution. Therefore, a minimum of two reducing equivalents from two different photosystems must have access to a common pool in producing molecular hydrogen if these photosystems each produce one electron per single-turnover flash.     

社会支持网对失地农民职业转型影响的实证研究——以湖北省武汉市为例

分析了失地农民社会支持网络对其职业转型的影响,在此基础上提出了促进其职业转型的对策。     

采用变温X射线衍射技术对六方钛酸钡陶瓷材料的结构监控

对于由冷压陶瓷技术所开发的纯六方Ba（Ti0.95Fe0.05）O3-δ陶瓷，采用变温XRD技术测量该陶瓷在不同温度下的XRD谱，鉴定晶体结构．澄清了六方钛酸钡（BaTiO3）介电陶瓷材料的晶体结构是否在BaTiO3的居里温度（n=130℃）发生结构相变，并验证开发的变温X射线衍射（XRD）技术在无机粉体材料结构监控的可行性．结果表明：BaTiO3陶瓷在Tc发生四方-立方的结构相变，以45°附近两个分立的（002）／（200）衍射峰演变为单一对称的（200）衍射峰为标志；而六方Ba（Ti0.95Fe0.05）O3-δ陶瓷直到300℃都不发生结构相变．对于六方Ba（Ti0.95Fe0.05）O3-δ陶瓷，升高温度并不能导致吸附环境氧来填充氧空位，Fe3＋Vo-Fe3＋缺陷复合体所维持的晶格电中性仍占据统治地位，六方-立方结构相变不发生．该项研究为变温XRD技术在工业生产上对无机粉体材料的监控应用提供了技术依据．     

基于组合式神经网络的柴油机性能评估预测模型

在分析发动机结构参数和运转参数对发动机性能影响的基础上,提出了一种基于组合式神经网络的柴油机性能状态评估预测模型.该模型首先运用动态聚类法将大样本分成若干小组,然后分别用于子网络训练.性能评估时,运用模糊识别法选择相关的子网络进行评估分析.实例验证表明,这种模型能有效解决大样本下神经网络训练速度慢和难以收敛的问题,提高柴油机性能评估预测精度.     

Evolution of a vertebrate social decision-making network

Animals evaluate and respond to their social environment with adaptive decisions. Revealing the neural mechanisms of such decisions is a major goal in biology. We analyzed expression profiles for 10 neurochemical genes across 12 brain regions important for decision-making in 88 species representing five vertebrate lineages. We found that behaviorally relevant brain regions are remarkably conserved over 450 million years of evolution. We also find evidence that different brain regions have experienced different selection pressures, because spatial distribution of neuroendocrine ligands are more flexible than their receptors across vertebrates. Our analysis suggests that the diversity of social behavior in vertebrates can be explained, in part, by variations on a theme of conserved neural and gene expression networks.     

Genetic properties influencing the evolvability of gene expression

Identifying the properties of gene networks that influence their evolution is a fundamental research goal. However, modes of evolution cannot be inferred solely from the distribution of natural variation, because selection interacts with demography and mutation rates to shape polymorphism and divergence. We estimated the effects of naturally occurring mutations on gene expression while minimizing the effect of natural selection. We demonstrate that sensitivity of gene expression to mutations increases with both increasing trans-mutational target size and the presence of a TATA box. Genes with greater sensitivity to mutations are also more sensitive to systematic environmental perturbations and stochastic noise. These results provide a mechanistic basis for gene expression evolvability that can serve as a foundation for realistic models of regulatory evolution.     

农业文化遗产保护与社会经济发展之关系研究

本文试图在分析发展中国家向发达国家过渡时经济与文化协调发展规律的基础上,研究国民经济发展与农业文化遗产保护之间所存在的关系,通过建立农业功能演变的数学模型,期待找出农业功能从古代的多功能向单一功能转变的原因,并且结合中国国情,提出农业文化遗产保护与发展若干建议。     

传统价值观认同度初探

国民价值取向的发展与演变是政府制定经济与社会政策的重要基础,直接关系到构建和谐社会的策略。在从传统社会向现代社会转型的过程中,中国传统的基本价值观念发生了哪些变化,当今人们对传统价值观的认同度如何,不同群体的价值观念有何差异等问题值得探讨。通过对问卷所收集的数据进行统计分析,对影响价值观的认知体系做尝试性的探讨,调查结果表明,现阶段民众对传统价值观仍有较高的认同度,但不同群体之间的代际差异显著。