陕北地区马铃薯品种比较试验

陕北地区马铃薯品种结构单一、退化严重、病虫害滋生,严重制约着当地马铃薯产业的快速发展,急需筛选出适宜当地气候与栽培模式的高产、优质、抗病新品种。2015～2016年,在陕北榆林、延安开展了5个品种7点次的品种比较试验,以当地主栽品种‘克新1号’为对照,对各参试品种的生育期、形态特征、块茎性状、经济性状及产量方面进行分析比较。结果表明,2015和2016年,7个试验点平均产量均与对照品种‘克新1号’达到极显著差异的品种为‘青薯9号’、‘陇薯7号’、‘陇薯13号’,2年分别较对照品种‘克新1号’增产43.19%、21.65%、28.45%和49.51%、21.88%、11.40%;经济性状方面,‘陇薯7号’、‘青薯9号’和‘陇薯13号’商品薯率分别为76.28%、75.11%和74.98%,略低于对照品种(78.53%),干物质含量分别为20.68%,20.05%和19.41%,高于对照品种(14.90%)。因此,这3个品种适宜在陕北地区大面积推广种植。     

旱区马铃薯新品种筛选试验

引进了11个马铃薯新品种,以当地品种‘定薯1号’为对照,对物候期、经济性状、产量及块茎品质进行了评价。各引进品种均较对照增产,其中‘鄂马铃薯5号’、‘宁薯14号’、‘中薯21号’和‘冀张薯8号’产量分别为44 933,39 224,37 501和36 270 kg/hm~2,较对照‘定薯1号’分别增产72.1%、50.3%、43.7%和39.0%,且综合性状表现较好,建议作为主粮化加工薯大面积推广种植;‘鄂马铃薯5号’和‘青薯10号’产量高,淀粉、干物质及粗蛋白含量高,还原糖含量较低,适合全粉加工;其他品种继续评价。     

张掖市高淀粉马铃薯新品种比较

为筛选出适宜张掖市种植的高产优质高淀粉马铃薯新品种,2014年引进10个马铃薯新品种(系)以‘陇薯3号’为对照进行了品种比较试验。结果表明,‘陇薯9号’、‘青薯10号’田间长势强、商品性好,块茎产量和淀粉产量高。‘陇薯9号’淀粉产量15 328 kg/hm~2,较对照‘陇薯3号’增产49.78%;‘青薯10号’淀粉产量15 188 kg/hm~2,较对照‘陇薯3号’增产48.41%。因此,这2个品种适宜在张掖市推广种植。     

马铃薯抗病增产优质中早熟新品种筛选试验

为筛选出适宜天水市灌溉区种植的中早熟抗病增产优质马铃薯新品种,以‘克新2号’为对照,对引进的9个马铃薯品种进行生物学特性、适应性、抗病性、商品性、产量等综合性状的比较。结果表明,‘希森6号’‘荷兰15号’‘冀张薯12号’表现出较好的适应性,块茎性状好,商品薯率高,增产增效明显;商品薯率分别为92.51%、93.20%、92.64%,产量分别为54 540,53 280和48 767 kg/hm~2,较对照分别增产22.32%、19.50%、9.37%,分别增收12 377.60,11 099.20和3 835.20元/hm~2,可考虑作为川水地区大面积示范推广种植的中早熟优势品种。     

陇中干旱区马铃薯新品种的引进和筛选

试验引进5个马铃薯品种,以‘新大坪’为对照,评价马铃薯的农艺性状、产量和抗病性。‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’田间生长势强,单株结薯数分别为7个和8个,芽眼浅,抗病性强,产量表现好,商品率高,较对照增产分别为22.99%和9.64%,差异达到显著水平。建议在种植当家品种‘新大坪’的同时,扩大推广‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’的种植面积。     

陇中干旱区马铃薯新品种的引进和筛选

试验引进5个马铃薯品种,以‘新大坪’为对照,评价马铃薯的农艺性状、产量和抗病性。‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’田间生长势强,单株结薯数分别为7个和8个,芽眼浅,抗病性强,产量表现好,商品率高,较对照增产分别为22.99%和9.64%,差异达到显著水平。建议在种植当家品种‘新大坪’的同时,扩大推广‘陇薯6号’和‘青薯9号’的种植面积。     

淀粉加工型马铃薯新品种‘垦薯1号’的选育

‘垦薯1号’马铃薯新品种是黑龙江八一农垦大学以гибрид128-6为母本,брянскийнадежный为父本杂交选育而成。2013年经黑龙江省农垦总局种子管理局审定推广,品种审定编号为:垦审薯2014001号。该品种为中晚熟淀粉加工型品种,2010~2011年参加黑龙江农垦总局区域试验,两年平均产量为34 553 kg/hm2,比对照品种‘克新12号’增产19.60%。2012~2013年参加黑龙江农垦总局生产试验,两年平均产量19 766 kg/hm2,较对照品种‘克新12号’增产13.51%。块茎干物质含量23.69%~25.52%,淀粉含量17.69%~19.52%,维生素C含量89.60 mg/kg鲜薯,还原糖含量0.19%。田间茎叶中抗晚疫病,块茎高抗晚疫病,抗PVX和PVY病毒。‘垦薯1号’适合黑龙江垦区种植。     

除草剂对马铃薯不同品种的安全性研究

为探明除草剂对马铃薯的安全性,选用甘肃省目前主要种植的13个马铃薯品种,系统研究3种茎叶喷雾除草剂砜嘧磺隆、嗪草酮和灭草松以及3种土壤处理除草剂二甲戊灵、利谷隆和精异丙甲草胺对马铃薯不同品种的安全性。结果表明,25%砜嘧磺隆WG 2 g/667m²（有效成分用量,下同）苗期茎叶喷雾对‘青薯9号’‘陇薯6号’和‘陇薯7号’3个马铃薯品种相对安全（2级药害）,对‘大西洋’‘克新1号’‘费乌瑞它’‘黑金刚’‘LK99’‘荷兰15号’‘冀张薯8号’‘丽薯6号’‘新大坪’和‘陇薯10号’10个品种有严重药害（4级药害）。70%嗪草酮WP 56 g/667m2（有效成分用量,下同）苗期茎叶喷雾对‘青薯9号’‘陇薯6号’和‘陇薯7号’3个马铃薯品种相对安全（2级药害）,对‘大西洋’‘克新1号’‘费乌瑞它’‘黑金刚’‘LK99’‘荷兰15号’‘冀张薯8号’‘丽薯6号’‘新大坪’和‘陇薯10号’10个品种有严重药害（4级药害）。70%嗪草酮WP 56 g/667m²苗期茎叶喷雾对‘陇薯7号’‘黑金刚’和‘新大坪’3个品种具药害或毁灭性药害（3级或5级药害）,对‘费乌瑞它’相对安全（2级药害）,对‘丽薯6号’‘冀张薯8号’‘青薯9号’‘LK99’‘陇薯6号’‘陇薯10号’‘荷兰15号’‘大西洋’和‘克新1号’9个品种安全（1级药害）。480 g/L灭草松AS 120 mL/667m2苗期茎叶喷雾对‘陇薯7号’‘黑金刚’和‘新大坪’3个品种具药害或毁灭性药害（3级或5级药害）,对‘费乌瑞它’相对安全（2级药害）,对‘丽薯6号’‘冀张薯8号’‘青薯9号’‘LK99’‘陇薯6号’‘陇薯10号’‘荷兰15号’‘大西洋’和‘克新1号’9个品种安全（1级药害）。480 g/L灭草松AS 120 mL/667m²苗期茎叶喷雾对13个供试马铃薯品种很安全或安全（0级或1级药害）。330 g/L二甲戊灵EC 99 mL/667m2苗期茎叶喷雾对13个供试马铃薯品种很安全或安全（0级或1级药害）。330 g/L二甲戊灵EC 99 mL/667m²、50%利谷隆WP175 g/667m2、50%利谷隆WP175 g/667m²和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC 192 mL/667m2和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC 192 mL/667m²播后苗前土壤处理对13个品种均很安全（0级药害）。研究结果对指导马铃薯田除草剂科学合理使用具有重要意义。     

张掖市淀粉加工型马铃薯品种比较试验

通过对8个马铃薯品种进行生物学特性、适应性、丰产性和商品性的比较试验,以期筛选出适宜于张掖市种植的优质淀粉加工型马铃薯品种。结果表明:8个参试品种的生育期在104~141 d,均在当地无霜期之内,能够正常收获。‘青薯9号’和‘青薯2号’产量表现较好,块茎产量分别较‘大西洋’(CK)增产57.2%和38.8%;淀粉产量分别较对照增加2 091 kg/hm2和1 615 kg/hm2。经试验初步筛选出‘青薯9号’和‘青薯2号’可作为该地区淀粉加工型马铃薯品种推广。     

旱作区马铃薯品种引进筛选试验

马铃薯是天水市的主要粮食作物,有较大的种植面积,而优良品种是保证其高产稳产的重要基础。为了筛选适宜天水旱作区种植的高产抗病马铃薯品种,试验引进11个马铃薯品种,以‘陇薯6号’为对照品种,进行品种比较试验。结果表明,‘晋薯16号’和‘陇薯13号’产量较对照‘陇薯6号’增产32%以上,且产量差异极显著,综合农艺性状好,建议在天水旱作区推广应用。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.