中药抗炎机理研究进展

中药对各种类型的炎症有不同程度的抑制效应,主要从调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴功能,干扰花生四烯酸代谢,对炎症介质的作用,抑制白细胞趋化、移动和活化,抑制氧自由基的产生,影响细胞内第二信使以及抗血栓形成等方面抑制炎症。     

Kisspeptin对哺乳动物生殖调控的研究进展

Kisspeptin是由KISS1基因编码的一种神经肽。Kisspeptin与其受体是GnRH神经元上游的关键调节因子,通过调控GnRH释放刺激垂体促性腺激素的分泌。Kisspeptin在哺乳动物下丘脑、垂体和性腺等器官组织中表达,参与下丘脑-垂体-性腺(HPG)轴功能调控,在哺乳动物生殖过程中发挥重要作用。文章主要从下丘脑、垂体和性腺三个方面阐述Kisspeptin对哺乳动物生殖功能的调控作用,并就Kisspeptin在动物初情期启动、季节性繁殖和繁殖性能上的研究进行分析总结,以期为Kisspeptin在动物繁殖领域的研究和应用提供参考依据。     

速激肽及其受体基因在哺乳动物生殖领域的研究

速激肽族属于神经肽的一种,主要包括神经肽A和神经肽B。研究表明,速激肽通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴在人、鼠等哺乳动物繁殖功能调节方面发挥重要作用。文章对速激肽和其受体基因的功能特点和在动物繁殖生理方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

菟丝子总黄酮对生殖内分泌调节的研究进展

近年来,菟丝子在临床上经常用于治疗生殖内分泌类疾病,且作用效果显著。菟丝子是旋花科植物,具有毒副作用小、无耐药性、富含多种营养物质、成本低廉等优点,是纯天然的药用植物。菟丝子总黄酮是菟丝子中最有效的成分,具有止泻、滋补肝肾、益精壮阳和安胎等功效,不仅对雌雄动物生殖内分泌活动有调节作用,还对免疫、心脑血管等多个系统具有药理作用。动物的生殖内分泌活动主要由下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴调控,包括生殖激素的分泌以及精子的发生、卵泡的发育,对动物生殖繁育起着重要作用。绝大多数动物的生殖内分泌疾病都与下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴所调节的生殖激素以及生殖器官的发育状态有关,生殖激素可以通过直接或间接作用引起下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能性障碍疾病。鉴于目前经济动物禁用激素类药物,因此迫切需要研究安全有效低毒的中草药的作用及其机理,为其广泛应用奠定基础。文章介绍了菟丝子总黄酮主要的药理作用,并详细阐述了菟丝子总黄酮对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴不同级内分泌活动的调控作用,为今后进一步研究菟丝子总黄酮对下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴调控的作用靶点和作用机理提供参考。     

下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统在动物疾病中的作用

下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统作为人体内三大内分泌系统之一,通过对生殖激素的分泌调节,在动物机体的生育繁殖过程中具有极其重要的作用。但是随着人们对各种疾病发生机制的了解,发现下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统对生殖激素调节异常也会导致许多非生殖方面疾病的发生。相应的一些其他疾病也会通过影响下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统,导致生殖激素分泌异常,造成生殖方面的障碍。因此对于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴系统的研究越来越显得重要。     

光控制对肉鸽繁殖性能的影响

<正>1光控制影响肉鸽繁殖性能的机制1.1光的作用途径光通过生物体的不同组织系统(下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴)产生作用。这其中包括改变器官组织基因的表达、改变细胞的生化代谢-合成与分解,改变激素的分泌。最终改变调节生物节律的"生物钟"。     

抑制素、激活素与雌性动物繁殖生理

抑制素-激活素-卵泡抑素轴系统在动物繁殖生理中的作用日益突出,它参与调节下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴系统,调节腺垂体FSH的分泌和合成;并可作为自分泌或旁分泌因子调节卵泡的发育和成熟.本综述着重阐述INH、ACT在雌性动物生殖调控、卵泡发育中的作用及其在生产中的应用.     

对生长激素的免疫调控

动物生长是个复杂的代谢过程,受基因、激素、营养、环境等多方面的影响,这些因素直接或间接作用内分泌系统而实现对生长的影响。生长激素（GH）是由脑垂体分泌的激素,主要作用是促进RNA的合成,使器官得到生长和发育。动物的生长是由下丘脑一垂体一生长激素调节系统来调节。下丘脑分泌的生长激素释放因子（GRF）和生长素抑制激素（SS）属于高位调节因子,他们可以调节动物体内激素的整体水平,     

几种性激素类药物在家畜生产中的应用

性激素为性腺所分泌的甾体类激素,其产生和分泌受下丘脑-垂体前叶的调节,而体内性激素又通过反馈作用影响下丘脑-垂体前叶的机能,调节动物的生殖生理。常用的性激素类药物包括,促性激素类,如垂体促卵泡素(卵泡刺激素)、垂体促黄体     

生殖机能的环境调节——生殖神经内分泌学机理

一、前言生殖机能受下丘脑—垂体—性腺(H—P—G)轴这神经内分泌系统的控制。由下丘脑产生并释放到垂体门脉系统的促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH或LHRH)促进垂体分泌促性腺激素(GTH),进而控制性腺活动。性腺分泌的性激素又反过来影响下丘脑和垂体功能,也就是说性腺激素通过正、负反馈调节     

Distribution of neuromedin S and its receptor NMU2R in pigs

Neuromedin S (NMS) has been found to be involved in the regulation of the reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems in mammals. However, its function in pigs is currently not well understood. Thus, it is essential and important to characterize the central distribution of NMS mRNA and its receptor, neuromedin U receptor-2 (NMU2R), in pigs for clarifying its physiological functions. In this study, we found that NMS mRNA were densely distributed in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, hippocampus, and brain stem of pigs by in situ hybridization. Moreover, NMS and NMU2R mRNAs was also expressed in the alimentary organs, endocrine and lymphatic organs, and ovaries by semi-Q RT-PCR. All these results suggest that the NMS/NMU2R system plays an important role in modulating various physiological functions in pigs. This research provides useful information for predicting the physiological functions of the NMS/NMU2R system in pigs.     

免疫球蛋白调控动物胃肠道健康及微生物功能的研究进展

动物胃肠道被视为抵御外界病原体的一道重要屏障,胃肠道健康与动物机体健康密不可分。动物胃肠道中栖息着大量多样性的微生物种群,微生物之间的相互作用复杂且多样,微生物的功能和种类组成影响着胃肠道的稳态平衡。微生物群通过定植在胃肠道黏膜,在黏膜免疫系统发育中起着至关重要的作用,同时也对胃肠道健康与功能起着重要作用。调控胃肠道健康的方式有很多种,目前主要通过添加益生元、益生素等非营养物质和营养调控剂来调控胃肠道功能和维护胃肠道健康。但相较于其他营养调控剂来说,免疫球蛋白调控胃肠道的研究报道较少,属于新的免疫调控技术,其具有特异专一性、易生产且成本低、效果显著等优点。免疫调节是一种高效且相对安全的调节方式。作者介绍了4种免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA、IgY、纳米抗体)的主要理化性质,总结了现阶段免疫球蛋白对胃肠道功能调节的进展及展望,从而为应用免疫球蛋白调控动物胃肠道健康和促进营养代谢提供指导。     

The Effect of Experimental Cystitis and Iatrogenic Blood Contamination on the Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio in the Dog

The effect of experimentally induced cystitis and iatrogenic blood contamination on the urine protein/creatinine ratio (U P/C) was evaluated in 17 dogs. Before they were included in the study, all dogs were judged to be healthy on the basis of physical examination, serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine, complete urinalysis, and a U P/C less than 0.4. A single urine sample was contaminated with increasing quantities of canine fresh whole blood (PCV = 42%; total protein = 6.2 g/dl). When added blood was equal to or greater than 25% of the total urine sample volume, the U P/C exceeded 3.5, a finding consistent with nephrotic range proteinuria. When added blood was 10% of the total urine sample volume, the U P/C was less than 1.8. Eleven Beagles underwent routine laparotomy during which a cystotomy was done. The median U P/Cs on postoperative days 1 and 2 were significantly increased compared with preoperative values (P less than 0.05); no U P/C exceeded 2.0. Renal biopsies performed on postoperative day 3 eliminated renal proteinuria as a source of urine protein. Five dogs had bacterial cystitis experimentally induced. At 72 and 96 hours after bacterial inoculation, the median U P/Cs were significantly increased (P less than 0.05); individual values ranged from 1.5 to 40.8. Renal biopsies performed between 5 and 6 days after inoculation eliminated renal proteinuria as a source of urine protein. Cytologic evaluation of urine sediment in each group did not correlate with the magnitude of the increase in the U P/C. The U P/C significantly increased in each model of lower urinary tract inflammation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole, 3-methyleneindolenine-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues,lung lesions,and growth performance in feedlot cattle

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on growth performance, lung lesions, plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole (3MI), and 3-methyleneindolenine (3MEIN)-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues of feedlot cattle. ANIMALS: 256 crossbred steers; 64 cattle were used in experiment 1 and 192 cattle were used in experiment 2. PROCEDURES: A 2 X 2 factorial design was used for each experiment. Treatment factors were aspirin (0 or 3 g daily) and vitamin E (200 or 1,500 IU daily). Steers were housed in pens (8 steers/pen). Steers were slaughtered on days 59 and 138 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Lungs were grossly evaluated. 3MEIN-adduct concentrations were determined, and blood and pulmonary tissues. RESULTS: Treatment was not associated with improvement or adverse effects on weight gain, dry-matter intake, or feed efficiency in experiment 2. In experiment 1, 36 of 63 (57.1%) steers had lung lesions. Lesions were not associated with treatment or concentrations of 3MI and 3MEIN-adduct. Plasma 3MI concentration and concentrations of 3MEIN-adduct in blood and pulmonary tissues were 3.11 microg/mL, 0.51 U/microg of protein, and 0.49 U/microg of protein, respectively. Aspirin was associated with increased blood concentrations of 3MEIN-adduct for diets that did not contain supplemental vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Differences n performance of feedlot steers were not associated with treatment diet. It is possible that concurrent exposure of feedlot cattle to other factors typically associated with development of respiratory tract disease would affect these findings.     

Effect of Humidity on Broiler Health and Corresponding Measures

With the development of intensive broiler raising, the influence of environmental factors on broiler health are increasingly prominent. Relative humidity is one of the most important indicators of broiler house environment.But in the production process of broiler farming,it is often neglected on the management of humidity in house. Neither low humidity nor high humidity is conducive to the healthy growth of broilers. It is of great significance to strengthen the monitoring of the humidity in broiler houses and study the effects of relative humidity on the health of broiler for guiding the rational control of the humidity in broiler houses and the development of healthy breeding. In this paper, we summarized and analyzed the effects of relative humidity on thermal regulating,growth performance, reproductive performance, blood parameters, meat quality and respiratory tract of broilers, and the monitor and control measures of humidity in the poultry house, aimed to provide a reference for further research on the mechanism of relative humidity affects broiler health and rational regulation of humidity in broiler house.     

湿度对肉鸡健康的影响及应对措施

随着肉鸡养殖集约化的发展,环境对肉鸡健康的影响越来越突出。湿度是肉鸡舍环境的重要指标之一,然而在肉鸡饲养生产过程中常常忽略对湿度的管理。低湿或高湿都不利于肉鸡的健康生长。加强对肉鸡舍湿度的监测及研究湿度对肉鸡健康的影响对指导鸡舍湿度的合理调控和健康养殖的发展具有重要意义。作者通过总结和分析舍内湿度对肉鸡热调节、生长性能、繁殖性能、血液指标、肉品质及呼吸道等方面的影响及舍内湿度的监测和管理方法,为深入研究湿度对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制及合理调控肉鸡舍湿度提供参考。     

畜禽消化道细菌群体感应及相关调控技术研究进展

群体感应是一种微生物细胞间的通讯机制，它在细菌毒力因子表达、生物发光、孢子形成、生物膜形成等方面起关键调控作用。近年来陆续发现畜禽消化道菌群同样存在有群体感应现象。鉴于消化道菌群对畜禽消化、生理代谢、免疫功能等的重要作用，针对畜禽消化道细菌群体感应进行研究及调控对于提高畜禽生产水平及保障畜禽健康等均具有重要的意义。本文简述了细菌群体感应的分类及作用，介绍了国内外学者对不同畜禽消化道中细菌群体感应的研究发现，归纳并总结了当前细菌群体感应相关的调控手段及其可能机制，以期为畜禽养殖中消化道细菌群体感应的研究及相关应用提供参考依据。     

Clinical availability of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase index in dogs with urinary diseases

Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was examined in healthy dogs and dogs with urinary diseases, and its clinical usefulness as an indicator of urinary diseases was discussed. Twenty-eight healthy dogs and 20 dogs with urinary diseases were used. Urinary NAG activity was measured using p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide as substrate, and expressed as units per gram of urinary creatinine (NAG index). Urinary NAG index in urine of healthy dogs was 3.2+/-2.4 U/g, and NAG index in the dogs with chronic renal failure or lower urinary tract infection accompanied by pyelonephritis was higher than that in healthy dogs. However, the dogs with lower urinary tract infection without pyelonephritis showed normal values of NAG index. Some dogs with diabetic mellitus showed elevated values of NAG index when control of blood sugar was not successful. Increase of NAG index was observed in some dogs with pyometra before increases of BUN and serum creatinine concentration. Therefore, NAG index in urine seems to be a good indicator for urinary diseases in dogs.     

Renal effects of medetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with special reference to its diuretic action

Renal effects of the selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, medetomidine, were investigated in anesthetized dogs. Animals were administered medetomidine 20 and 40 microg/kg intravenously (IV) and 80 mug/kg intramuscularly (IM) or 1 ml of saline IV. Urine and blood samples were collected before and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following medetomidine injection. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine volume (U(v)), urine osmolality (U(osm)), free water clearance (C(H2O)), fractional clearance of sodium (F(Na)), plasma osmolality (P(osm)), plasma glucose levels and plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentrations were measured. The results showed that IV administration of medetomidine initially increased MABP 5-15 min followed by long-lasting decrease. The initial hypertension was not observed after IM administration, which was accompanied by a more profound hypotensive effects. RBF, GFR, U(v), C(H2O) increased after IV injection and decreased after IM. Medetomidine increased FNa and Posm and decreased U(osm). Plasma glucose levels initially increased and subsequently decreased. Plasma ADH concentration was decreased by IV injection but increased by IM administration. Our data imply that: 1) IV administration of medetomidine at dose rates of 20 and 40 microg/kg results in profound diuresis up to 2 hr; 2) Suppression of ADH release from the CNS is one of the mechanisms of medetomidine-induced diuresis although it may not be the principal one.     

寡糖对断奶仔猪肠道内环境的作用及其应用研究

本文就仔猪消化道微生物区系的建立,早期断奶后仔猪消化道微生物区系的改变,寡糖对仔猪肠道内环境的调节作用及其在断奶仔猪生产上的应用研究作一阐述。