加丽素红对海兰蛋鸡生长及产蛋性能的影响

试验探讨加丽素红对海兰蛋鸡生长及产蛋性能的影响,为加丽素红在畜牧养殖业中的合理使用提供依据。试验采用随机分组的方法,设立一个对照组、两个剂量组(分别添加80和8 000 mg/kg加丽素红)。每组海兰蛋鸡36只,分别饲喂基础饲料和添加不同剂量加丽素红的饲料。结果表明,通过对鸡的体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比等生长性能指标的统计分析,加丽素红对上述指标无显著影响;通过对开产蛋重、产蛋率、平均蛋重等产蛋性能的统计分析,加丽素红对上述指标无显著影响;但加丽素红可以使蛋鸡的开产日龄提前。     

加丽素红对海兰蛋鸡色泽及肉质营养影响的研究

本研究旨在评价加丽素红对海兰蛋鸡色泽和肉质营养品质的影响。试验将108只海兰蛋鸡分为3组，每组36只，设立一个对照组，两个剂量组，剂量组分别饲喂添加加丽素红80和8000mg/kg的饲料。结果显示，加丽素红可显著提高鸡脚胫色泽RYCF值（P <0.05）；对鸡体皮肤、肌肉、脂肪的红度a*、黄度b*值有显著提高作用（P <0.05），同时对鸡体肌肉、脂肪的亮度有显著降低作用（P <0.05）；通过对水分、灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸等营养指标及pH、嫩度、失水率的统计分析发现，加丽素红对上述指标无显著差异（P> 0.05）。     

加丽素红对鸡体部分组织器官的影响研究

为了研究加丽素红对受试动物海兰蛋鸡的组织器官的影响,评估该饲用着色剂在畜牧业中的应用价值,试验采用22周龄(156日龄)健康的海兰蛋鸡为试验动物,随机分组,并分别投喂不同剂量(按体重0,0.08,8 g/kg)的加丽素红饲养30 d后,将受试鸡处死并采集部分器官进行病理组织学观察。结果表明:加丽素红可在海兰蛋鸡腹脂肪组织、肌肉组织、肝脏和肾脏等部位形成沉积;与对照组相比,试验浓度的加丽素红对海兰蛋鸡腹脂肪组织、肌肉组织、肝脏和肾脏造成了不同程度的损伤;加丽素红的沉积和对组织的损伤具有一定程度的浓度依赖性。说明加丽素红对海兰蛋鸡组织器官有一定程度的影响,其安全性有待进一步评价。     

加丽素红对鸡尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮的影响

本试验旨在研究加丽素红对鸡尿酸(RUIC)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)等肾脏功能指标的影响。选取90只19周龄健康海兰鸡,随机分为对照组(0 mg/kg)、低剂量组(80 mg/kg)和高剂量组(8000 mg/kg),饲喂30 d后,休药30 d,每10 d测量1次肾脏功能指标。给药期和休药期各剂量组3项指标与对照组相比均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结果提示,若海兰鸡长期食用含有加丽素红的饲料,则可能导致鸡痛风病、肾脏病变。     

加丽素红对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响

选用160只360日龄的京红1号蛋鸡,随机均分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,探讨日粮中不同加丽素红添加量(15,30,60 mg/kg)对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清生化指标的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加不同剂量的加丽素红会显著降低蛋鸡的饲料转化率(P0.05),而对蛋鸡的其他生产性能、血清生化指标均无显著性影响(P0.05)。对于蛋品质,试验组蛋黄色度与对照组比较有极显著性差异(P0.01),对其他指标均无显著性影响;说明加丽素红能明显增加蛋黄色度,可以作为外源性色素添加剂,但是不会对蛋鸡的健康产生危害。     

饲料着色剂加丽素红对蛋鸡内分泌激素水平的影响研究

为了研究饲料着色剂加丽素红对海兰蛋鸡内分泌激素水平的影响,试验采用化学发光法对饲喂添加加丽素红饲料的海兰蛋鸡血清中胰岛素(ISN)、生长激素(GH)、雌二醇(E2)、促黄体生成激素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、孕酮(P)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)含量进行测定。结果表明:饲料着色剂加丽素红对蛋鸡胰岛素、甲状腺素、促卵泡激素、孕酮、雌二醇等激素代谢水平有影响;生长激素、促黄体生成激素、三碘甲状腺原氨酸含量虽有一定变化,但无统计学意义。     

中华宫廷黄鸡肤色的研究

本文着重研究添加加丽素、球虫病、放养、圈养等因素对中华宫廷黄鸡皮肤颜色的影响。饲料中添加加丽素黄60mg/kg,加丽素红50mg/kg时，脚胫颜色达到9－10．4个色级，比对照组提高4－6个色级。70日龄彻底驱虫出售时，皮肤颜色可以提高2－3个色级，放养的圈养鸡色级高2．2－4．5色级。     

不同来源色素添加剂对儋州鸡生长性能和皮肤着色效果的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同来源色素添加剂对儋州鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及皮肤着色效果的影响。选用210只体重相近的150日龄儋州鸡，随机分为7组，每组5个重复，每个重复6只鸡。对照组儋州鸡饲喂基础饲粮，Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别在基础饲粮中添加10 mg/kg加丽素红+20 mg/kg加丽素黄、20 mg/kg加丽素红+40 mg/kg加丽素黄，Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组分别在基础饲粮中添加100、200 mg/kg姜黄提取物，Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组分别在基础饲粮中添加500、1 000 mg/kg万寿菊提取物。试验期28 d。结果显示，与对照组相比，各试验组儋州鸡生长性能和屠宰性能差异不显著（P>0.05）。试验第28 d，Ⅱ组和Ⅵ组儋州鸡背部皮肤的黄度（b*）值显著高于对照组（P<0.05），Ⅱ组儋州鸡腹部皮肤的b*值显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，Ⅳ组儋州鸡的腹脂率显著降低（P<0.05）。研究表明，饲粮中添加3种色素添加剂均可不同程度地提高儋州鸡背部和腹部皮肤着色。     

苜蓿素对AA肉仔鸡免疫指标的影响

为研究不同剂量的苜蓿素对AA肉仔鸡免疫指标的影响,选取1日龄AA肉仔鸡120只,随机分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组基础日粮中分别添加150、300、450 mg/kg苜蓿素。分别于28、35和42 d从每组取10只鸡进行采血,测定血清球蛋白含量;取法氏囊和脾脏,称重并计算免疫器官指数;采用MTT比色法测定T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力。结果表明,基础日粮中添加300 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂28 d,能够显著提高AA肉仔鸡法氏囊指数（P〈0.05）;添加450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂28 d,能够显著提高AA肉仔鸡血清球蛋白含量和免疫器官指数（P〈0.05）。添加300 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂35 d,能够显著提高AA肉仔鸡血清球蛋白含量、免疫器官指数（P〈0.05）,显著促进B淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.05）;添加450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂35 d,能够显著提高血清球蛋白含量、脾脏指数（P〈0.05）,显著促进T淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.05）,极显著促进B淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.01）。添加300和450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂42 d,能够极显著提高AA肉仔鸡法氏囊指数（P〈0.01）;添加450 mg/kg苜蓿素饲喂42 d,能够显著促进B淋巴细胞增殖（P〈0.05）。结果提示,日粮中添加苜蓿素能够提高多项AA肉仔鸡免疫指标,以添加450 mg/kg效果最优。     

日粮添加地衣芽孢杆菌对热应激蛋鸡产蛋率和血清激素水平的影响

为研究地衣芽孢杆菌对热应激蛋鸡产蛋率和血清激素水平的影响,选择120只60周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为5组。经过14d的预试期后,开始正式试验,试验期为12d。1组饲养于21℃并饲喂基础日粮;另外4组饲养于34℃,饲喂基础日粮并在日粮中添加0、500、1000和1500mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌干粉(2×1010CFU/g)。测定蛋鸡每日产蛋率,并放免测定试验期的6、12d蛋鸡的血清激素水平。结果显示,热应激降低了蛋鸡的产蛋率(2～9d)(P<0.05),1000mg/kg地衣芽孢杆菌能提高热应激蛋鸡的产蛋率(2、5、6和9d),降低血清促肾上腺激素和皮质酮水平(6和12d)(P<0.05),提高促卵泡激素水平(6d)和孕酮水平(6和12d)(P<0.05),表明地衣芽孢杆菌能对热应激蛋鸡产蛋率和血液激素水平产生有益影响,1000mg/kg为最佳剂量。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.