家畜营养缓释弹丸的研制及其在家畜瘤胃中的降解曲线

利用几缓释试剂加上几种赋形剂和微量矿物元素，按不同的处方进行合理配方，在弹丸模具中通过磨碎、混合、霁压等工艺成型为家畜营养缓释弹丸。将此弹丸每2枚分为一组，共分8组，分别称重后，经瘤胃瘘管投服给8只供试羊只，并且左右其降解的2.8，15,30,45,60,75和90d分别收集被降解后弹丸，置于65℃干烘箱内烘2h，室温放置12h后逐个称重；用直接投服的方法，将弹丸投服给另外6只供试羊只，分别在投饲后第60d和第90d时各屠宰3只供试羊收集弹丸。结果表明：家畜营养缓释弹丸在羊瘤胃中的降解率分别为0.97%，5.29%，16.17%，31.63%，34.26%，41.47%，43.76%和49.73%；采用直接投服的方法，在第60d、第90d屠宰时弹丸重量分别为 15.98克和13.80克。     

藏羊营养缓释技术的研究

对 3类营养缓释弹丸进行体外耐受性试验 ,结果表明 :A型弹丸具有良好的耐酸、耐碱、耐水、耐磨、耐压功能 ,B、C型次之。将A型弹丸每 2枚分为 1组 ,共分 8组 ,分别称重后 ,经瘤胃瘘管或直接灌服的方法 ,投服给 8只供试羊 ,并且在其降解的第 2 ,8,1 5,30 ,45 ,60 ,75和 90d分别收集被降解后弹丸 ,阴干后称重。结果表明 :A型反刍家畜营养缓释弹丸在羊瘤胃中第 2 ,8,1 5 ,30 ,45 ,60 ,75和 90d的降解率分别为 0 97% ,5 2 9% ,1 6 1 7% ,31 63 % ,34 2 6% ,41 47% ,43 76 %和 49 73 %。据此得出A型弹丸的有效降解率方程符合抛物线模型 :P =-0 0 0 0 9t2 +0 1 63 1t - 0 0 0 52 8,其中P为降解量 ,t为降解天数。由此方程可确定该缓释弹丸的有效降解天数为 60d。 60d内弹丸的降解量方程为P =0 1 0 91t +0 2 875 ,弹丸的降解量与降解天数呈强直线相关 (r=0 9698)。     

藏羊复合微量元素缓释技术的研究

以可溶性玻璃为基质,研制了3种营养缓释弹丸(A、B、C型),经体外耐受性试验,选择具有良好耐水、耐酸、耐碱、耐压、耐磨性能的1种A型缓释玻璃弹丸16枚,分8组,分别称重后投喂给8只供试羊,并在其2、8、15、30、45、60、75、90d收集被降解弹丸,阴干后称重,并测定瘤胃内容物微量元素释放量。结果表明,A型缓释玻璃弹丸在第2、8、15、30、45、60、75、90d的降解率分别为0.97%、5.29%、16.17%、31.63%、34.26%、41.47%、43.76%、49.73%;瘤胃内容物中Cu、Co、Se释放量比投喂弹丸前分别提高229.62%、299.96%和252.22%。其制作工艺技术可行,3种微量元素释放量能满足藏羊的营养需要。     

营养缓释弹丸在牦牛瘤胃内降解动态及对血清中Cu-Zn-SOD和GSH-PX活性的影响

通过检测投营养缓释弹丸前及投丸后第5、15、30、45、75、110和150d牦牛血清中铜锌过氧化物岐化酶（Cu-Zn-SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性水平以及弹丸的降解率,探讨自制缓释弹丸的控释效果和生物有效期。结果表明：血清中Cu-Zn-SOD和GSH-PX活性水平在投丸后第30d时均极显著升高（P〈0.01）,分别在第45d和75d时达最高水平,其后活性水平虽有所下降,但在第150d时仍然高于投丸前水平,两种酶活性变化曲线均呈现低—高—平稳下降的动态变化趋势。营养缓释弹丸在降解的第5、15、30、45、75、110和150d的平均降解率分别为：4.78%、12.90%、26.55%、31.40%、41.23%、50.33%和58.90%。降解曲线符合抛物线方程R=-0.0024t2＋0.7241t＋2.273。     

高寒牧区天然草地牧草干物质的瘤胃降解率动态变化

选用5只安装有瘤胃瘘管,体重和体质相近,健康无病的德国美利奴×小尾寒羊为试验羊只,采用瘤胃尼龙袋法测定2010~2012年不同月玛曲高寒草地天然牧草瘤胃降解率动态变化,结果表明,天然牧草在瘤胃中降解48h后其干物质瘤胃降解率趋于平缓。牧草瘤胃干物质降解率随生育期的推移先升高后降低,在6、7月出现了峰值,2010年7月,2011和2012年6月分别达到67.05%,60.9%和71.56%。此时牧草营养价值较高,完全可以满足家畜对营养素的需求,8、9月逐渐下降;不同年份相同草地牧草干物质降解率也不同。     

提高绵羊畜产品能力的探讨

在永昌县草原站尖山分站选择2岁、3岁、4岁供试羯羊各10只，供试当年羔羊由母羊群中于剪毛后选择20只，品种为一代杂种羊。各龄羊只体重相当，均分别编耳号。成年羯羊随轮牧羊群放牧。当年羔羊单独组群放牧，在每月中旬(15日左右)早晨空腹称重。     

山羊投服“VM营养缓释丸”保膘效果试验

将成年型“反刍家畜VM营养缓释丸”投服于山羊瘤胃内,经130d后,测定试验组（投药）每只羊平均掉膘2.75kg,对照组每只羊平均掉膘4.78kg,试验组比对照组少掉膘2.03kg,保膘效果非常明显。     

日粮添加酵母培养物对育肥羊生产性能、屠宰性能及脏器指数的影响

[目的]探究日粮添加酵母培养物对哈萨克羊育肥羊生产性能、屠宰性能及脏器指数的影响。[方法]将30只3月龄哈萨克羊公羊随机分为0 YC组（对照组）、20 YC组和40 YC组,每组10只。在相同的饲养管理条件下,0 YC组饲喂精粗（精料∶玉米青贮）比为70∶30的基础日粮,20 YC组、40 YC组分别在基础日粮中添加20、40 g/（d·只）的酵母培养物,进行为期31 d的试验。于试验第1天和第30天晨饲前对试验羊只称重,每天记录各圈舍的日粮投喂量及剩料量,计算试验期间的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比。于试验最后1天每组随机选取体重相近的5只哈萨克羊屠宰,测定屠宰性能指标;采集试验羊的内脏器官,计算脏器指数。[结果]各组羊只的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异（P>0.05）;20 YC组和40 YC组育肥羊的平均日增重与0 YC组相比分别提高了7.75%和5.67%,20 YC组的平均日采食量与0 YC组相比提高了4.23%,20 YC组和40 YC组育肥羊的料重比与0 YC组相比分别降低了3.40%和5.80%;20 YC组羊只的平均日采食量和平均日增重与40 Y...     

蛋白质补料提高反刍家畜粗料利用效率的试验

<正> 试验选用6月龄的陶赛特×美利奴的杂种阉羊(初重27.2±0.6公斤)8只。每只羊装有瘤胃和真胃瘘管,分别管理于代谢笼内。分两组,第1组饲喂基础饲料——大麦秸。第2组补加蚕豆19％。将日粮含N量从0.5％校正到1.1％。两组饲料均添加4.8％糖蜜制成颗粒饲料,自由采食。试验共45日,其中预试期15日,试验期30日,在后10日输入Cr—ED-TA,收集粪尿样品。最后三天,每隔2小时收集瘤胃、真胃的食糜样品,最后一昼夜每隔3小时采颈静脉的血液样品等测算营养生理变化。     

微量元素缓释丸对萨福克羊的应用效果

在产前1个月,把体况接近的40只萨福克母羊随机分成试验组和对照组。将微量元素缓释丸投喂于试验组羊的瘤胃内,让其缓慢释放。结果表明,投服缓释丸后37d,试验组羊被毛和血清中锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、硒(Se)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并且试验组羊所产的羔羊45日龄时被毛和血清中锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、硒(Se)含量也显著高于同时期对照组羔羊(P<0.05)。试验表明:该缓释丸对提高萨福克羊体内微量元素含量效果明显。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.