植物类化学物质对家禽氧化应激和免疫反应的潜在功能

植物化学物质存在于各种植物和真菌中,是一种非营养性化合物,对动物具有多种有益的生物活性。近年来,随着抗生素的限制,植物化学物质已被认为是家禽生产过程中应对挑战的首选。快速生长型肉用鸡品种在生长环境中受到应激时表现出较强的脆弱性,降低家禽生产性能的氧化还原平衡可能与免疫系统有关,因为氧化应激和炎症损伤是一个多阶段过程。本文首先讨论了氧化应激和炎症对家禽业的影响,其次综述了近年来植物化合物的抗氧化和免疫调节作用的研究进展。     

Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: oxidative stress in farm animals

Important infectious diseases in farm animals, such as pneumonia and enteritis, are thought to be associated with the so-called oxidative stress, i.e. a chemical phenomenon involving an imbalance in the redox status of the individual animal. The specifics of oxidative stress and how it may result in disease or be prevented are complex questions with no simple answers. However, the considerable literature on the subject suggests that many researchers consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms to be important early events in disease development. A particularly intriguing aspect is that, at least theoretically, oxidative stress should be easily prevented with antioxidants yet the use of antioxidants as therapy remains controversial. The present knowledge on oxidative stress in farm animals is the topic of this review.     

日粮核苷酸对动物肠道健康和免疫功能的影响及其在养猪生产中的应用

核苷酸作为营养素代谢补充剂在动物机体中发挥重要的生理生化作用。正常情况下,机体能通过内源途径从头合成核苷酸满足机体需要。然而,当动物处于快速生长或受到免疫应激、肠道损伤及氧化应激情况下,体内合成的核苷酸不能满足需要,需额外添加。本文结合国内外研究进展,从核苷酸的结构和来源及其消化、吸收和代谢入手,综述了日粮核苷酸对动物肠道健康、免疫功能的影响及其在养猪生产中的应用,旨在为日粮核苷酸在养猪生产中的应用提供理论指导。     

The pasteurella carriers in farm and laboratory animals

The development of bacteriological systematics during the latest three decades makes us also revaluate the data reported on the finding of certain microbial species in farm and laboratory animals. These experiments were upon the occurrence of pasteurellae in the nasal or nasopharyngeal mucus, the samples of which came from farms showing different epizootic situations.The biochemical analyses of suspected strains obtained by the direct cultivation of samples on blood agar yielded the following results:

1. 1. Pasteurellae occurred with different frequency in all of the animal species and their age groups independently of the health condition on the particular farm.

2. 2. The total findings suggest the specific occurrence of pasteurellae according to animal hosts, namely: in cattle, pigs and rabbits P. multocida; in domestic fowl P. multocida and P. gallinarum; in albino rats and mice P. pneumotropica and P. ureae; and in guinea-pigs P. ureae.

3. 3. On infested farms, significantly higher frequency of pasteurellae was observed in calves, runners, piglets and hens (P. multocida, in hens also P. gallinarum), while in sows and rabbits the findings varied at about the same level as on healthy farms.

4. 4. The average frequency of pasteurellae in individual host species can be expressed as the percentage of bacilli carriers, but it should be pointed out that these largely randomized examinations also covered farms where the results were invariably negative.

5. 5. The relation of carrier strains to infections by the pasteurellae is discussed and finally the chances of raising biologically healthy animals are considered.

育成猪对猪链球菌的免疫应答

取 7周龄长大杂交猪 12头 ,随机均分为试验组和对照组。试验组按每公斤体重 4.5亿个菌腹部皮下接种猪链球菌 C551 2 6复制猪链球菌病 ,接种后 0、7、14、2 1、2 8d,自前腔静脉采血 ,计数红、白细胞总数和白细胞分类 ,用硝基蓝四氮唑 (NBT)还原试验定量检测嗜中性粒细胞吞噬功能 ,噻唑蓝 (MTT)比色法检测外周血中淋巴细胞转化 ,单向免疫扩散法测定血清 Ig G浓度 ,5 0 %溶血试验测定血清中补体总活性 ,同时 ,用植物血凝素 (PHA)皮肤试验检测迟发型超敏(DTH)反应。结果表明 ,接种后 7d开始 ,试验组白细胞总数升高 ,接种后 14d嗜中性粒细胞百分含量低于对照组 ,淋巴细胞百分含量则升高 ;嗜中性粒细胞还原硝基蓝四氮唑 (NBT)能力均极显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,PHA诱导的淋巴细胞转化则极显著降低 (P<0 .0 1) ,DTH只在接种后 2 1d显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,血清中 Ig G总量接种后 7d降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,14d却极显著升高 (P<0 .0 1) ,此后恢复正常 ,血清补体总活性只在接种后 7d降低 (P<0 .0 5 )。可见 ,猪对猪链球菌的免疫应答除了常见的抗原抗体反应外 ,还表现在免疫细胞数及其功能的变化 ,以及补体活性的改变。     

Deoxynivalenol induces oxidative stress,inflammatory response and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium graminearum. It is one of the most common feed contaminants that poses a serious threat to the health and performance of dairy cows. This study investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of DON on bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC‐T). DON at different concentrations (0.25, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1 or 2 μg/ml) inhibited the growth of MAC‐T cells after 24 hr of exposure (p < .001). DON at 0.25 μg/ml increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage (p < .05); decreased glutathione (GSH) levels (p < .001), total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC; p < .01); and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (p < .01) in MAC‐T cells after 24 hr of exposure. We also observed that DON increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cells incubated for 9, 15 and 24 hr (p < .001). DON at 0.25 μg/ml triggered oxidative damage in MAC‐T cells. Furthermore, it induced an inflammatory response in the cells incubated for 9, 15 and 24 hr (p < .05) by increasing the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, cyclooxygenase‐2 and IL‐8. We further examined the effect of DON on apoptosis. DON prevented normal proliferation of MAC‐T cells by blocked cell cycle progression in 24 hr (p < .001). In addition, the apoptosis rate measured using annexin V‐FITC significantly increased (p < .05) with increase in the mRNA expression level of Bax (p < .01) and increase in the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio (p < .01) in cells incubated for 24 hr. In summary, DON exerts toxic effects in MAC‐T cells by causing oxidative stress, inducing an inflammatory response, affecting cell cycle and leading to apoptosis.     

氨基酸代谢与免疫反应

炎症反应和感染性疾病均可改变机体的蛋白质和氨基酸需要,导致动物采食量下降、生长受阻和肌肉消耗,这主要是因细胞因子(如IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α)的增加而改变了蛋白质代谢。在免疫反应中,氨基酸将发生重分配并主要用于合成参与炎症和免疫反应的蛋白质以及参与免疫细胞增殖和其他免疫反应的重要化合物。免疫系统的活化可干扰机体正常的生理反应并导致对某些特殊氨基酸的需要量增加。本文主要综述了某些特殊氨基酸(通常是必需氨基酸)在免疫反应中的重要作用。     

中链脂肪酸调控猪禽生理代谢和健康的研究进展

中链脂肪酸(MCFA)是一类由6～12个碳原子构成的饱和脂肪酸,主要包括已酸、辛酸、癸酸和月桂酸.MCFA及其衍生物是良好的抑菌剂、防腐剂和饲料添加剂,在化工、化妆品、医药、畜牧等行业广泛应用.文章综述了MCFA的理化性质、消化代谢特征以及脂质代谢调节、杀菌、抗炎等生物学功能,为MCFA在猪、禽养殖中的应用提供参考.     

Effects of polyphenol‐rich plant products from grape or hop as feed supplements on the expression of inflammatory,antioxidative, cytoprotective and endoplasmic reticulum stress‐related genes and the antioxidative status in the liver of piglets

Recent studies have shown that supplementation of plant products rich in polyphenols exerts anti‐inflammatory effects in the small intestine and improves feed conversion in piglets. This study aimed to investigate whether dietary polyphenols have also anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotective effects in the liver of piglets. For this end, relative mRNA concentrations of eight genes involved in proinflammatory pathways, eight genes involved in the antioxidative and cytoprotective system, six genes of phase I and phase II metabolism and 15 genes of the unfolded protein response (triggered by stress of the endoplasmic reticulum) in the liver of pigs fed diets supplemented with either 1% of grape seed and grape marc meal extract (GME) or 1% spent hops (SH) as sources of polyphenols were determined. Relative mRNA concentrations of almost all these genes, with few exceptions, in the liver of pigs supplemented with GME or SH did not differ from those in the liver of control piglets. Gene expression data were validated by consideration of concentrations of some selected proteins of these pathways which also did not differ between piglets supplemented with GME or SH and control piglets. Moreover, concentrations of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and tocopherols as well as the total antioxidant capacity in liver and plasma did not differ between pigs supplemented with either GME or SH and control piglets. Overall, this study shows that supplementation of GME or SH as sources of polyphenols does not influence hepatic pathways linked to inflammation, the antioxidant and cytoprotective system, stress of the endoplasmic reticulum and the xenobiotic system in healthy piglets.     

氧化应激对奶牛的危害及其防治

氧化应激是当机体遭受到体内外各种有害刺激时,氧化系统和抗氧化系统失衡,自由基的产生量超过机体的清除能力,抗氧化系统不能及时清除过多的自由基而造成的。氧化应激与多种疾病的发生相关。奶牛的代谢水平高,更易发生氧化应激。本文就奶牛氧化应激的产生、氧化应激对奶牛的影响以及如何抑制奶牛氧化应激做一综述。     

The use of cultured hepatocytes from goats and cattle to investigate xenobiotic oxidative metabolism

The oxidative metabolism of aldicarb (ALD), a carbamate pesticide, and fenbendazole (FBZ), an anthelmintic, was studied using cultured hepatocytes obtained from 4 goats and a bullock and incubated with ALD (50 mol/L) and FBZ (10 mol/L). The parent compounds and the metabolites were measured by HPLC. Both compounds are metabolized at the sulphur atom via two sequential oxidations, first to the sulphoxide (aldicarb sulphoxide and oxfendazole, respectively) and then to the sulphone. Oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulphone from FBZ, and aldicarb sulphoxide from ALD were found in both species. Aldicarb sulphone was not produced by the hepatocyte preparations from the bullock. The good correlation obtained comparing the in vitro results of FBZ metabolism with published in vivo dat obtained on FBZ kinetics in the same species confirmed the usefulness of in vitro models for predictive analysis of in vivo xenobiotic biotransformations.Abbreviations ALD aldicarb - ALDSON aldicarb sulphone - ALDSOX aldicarb sulphoxide - BSA bovine serum albumin - ID internal diameter - EGTA ethylene glycol bis(-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - FBZ fenbendazole - FBZSON fenbendazole sulphone - HBSS Hanks' balanced saline solution - HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography - LDH lactate dehydrogenase - MFO mixed function oxidase - NCS newborn calf serum - OXF oxfendazole - WME Williams' Medium E     

A review of experimental approaches to the analysis of emotional behaviour and their relation to stress in farm animals

The aims of the present paper are firstly to review the methods and techniques that have been developed to analyse and quantify the variables that can produce psychological distress; and, using an integrated approach, with examples where possible, to consider the significance of the information available relating to the keeping of domestic animals under present husbandry conditions. Secondly, suggestions for future research relevant to evaluating and improving farm animal welfare are discussed.     

Antiradical function of sulfhydryl residues and oxidative stress markers in dairy cattle plasma

The antiradical function of sulfhydryl (SH) residue in dairy cattle plasma and the relationship of SH residue concentrations to other oxidative stress markers, ascorbic acid and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in plasma were investigated. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.6) and SH residues in dairy cattle plasma decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in vitro by the addition of peroxyradicals at 38°C, depending on incubation periods. The decrease of GSH concentration with the peroxyradical solution was partially protected by the addition of sodium ascorbate solution. A positive and significant correlation with SH residues and albumin concentration in the fresh plasma obtained from 15 dairy cattle was observed (P < 0.05). The SH residue concentration was not correlated with the TBARS concentration in plasma. The total ascorbic acid and SH residues concentration in the plasma correlated positively but not significantly (P < 0.10). These results suggested that SH residues in dairy cattle plasma play important part in the antiradical function.     

香菇多糖的免疫调节作用及在家禽上的应用

香菇多糖是从香菇中提取分离的一种活性多糖,具有较强的免疫活性作用。本文综述了香菇多糖的免疫调节作用及其在家禽中的应用效果。     

茶多酚的生物学功能及其在禽生产中的应用

本文对茶多酚的生物学功能及其在禽生产中的应用作一综述。     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

陕西省榆林市口蹄疫免疫抗体检测

为评估陕西省榆林市O型、AsiaI型和A型口蹄疫的免疫抗体水平,比较单次免疫和加强免疫后的抗体水平和变化趋势,在陕西省榆林市采集55个规模场和120个散养户强制免疫后的猪、牛、羊血清共计2310份,用液相阻断ELISA法检测口蹄疫免疫抗体。结果显示:羊O型、Asia?型,猪O型,牛O型、AsiaI型和A型口蹄疫平均免疫抗体合格率分别为(57.12±4.8)%、(64.66±4.2)%、(66.46±2.02)%、(56±5.98)%、(57.9±1.66)%和(64.29±4.26)%;规模场中,只有羊AsiaI型和猪O型口蹄疫抗体合格率达到70%以上,而散养户的全部口蹄疫抗体合格率均低于70%,差异极显著(P≤0.01);规模场首免1个月后进行加强免疫,发现抗体合格率全部由低于70%升高至80%以上,差异显著(P≤0.01)。结果表明,榆林市的整体口蹄疫免疫效果较差,只有规模场的羊AsiaI型和猪O型口蹄疫抗体合格率达到70%以上,因此需要对这些免疫不合格畜群进行加强免疫,只有这样方能实现有效的免疫保护。本研究为了解本地区口蹄疫免疫效果,以及免疫程序制定和进一步做好口蹄疫防控工作提供了参考。     

The stress of weaning influences serum levels of acute-phase proteins, iron-binding proteins, inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and leukocyte subsets in Holstein calves

The purpose of our study was to investigate changes in immunological parameters induced by weaning stress (including milk restriction) in calves. Fifteen Holstein calves were subjected to weaning at 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected at -14, -7, -2, 1, 3, and 5 days post-weaning (DPW; 0 DPW = 42 days). Weaning caused significant (p < 0.01) increases in the neutrophil (NE):lymphocyte (LY) ratio at 5 DPW with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of LYs. The concentration of acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) also increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 3 and 5 DPW compared to -2 DPW. Levels of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after weaning. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α and cortisol levels were elevated (p < 0.05) at 3 DPW, while those of serum interferon-γ decreased (p < 0.05) at 1 and 3 DPW compared to levels observed before weaning. Weaning significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the percentage of CD25⁺ T cells in the peripheral blood. In conclusion, weaning stress affected the NE:LY ratio along with the levels of acute phase proteins, lactoferrin, cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of calves. Weaning stress may induce an acute phase response possibly through the elevation of cortisol production and modulation of inflammatory cytokines.     

芝麻素对氟胁迫下斑马鱼头部抗氧化功能和免疫相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨芝麻素对氟胁迫下斑马鱼头部抗氧化功能和非特异性免疫的影响,采用半静态法,将驯养后的斑马鱼,随机分为对照组(CK)、1 g/kg芝麻素组(S1)、2 g/kg芝麻素组(S2),80 mg/L氟胁迫组(F)、1 g/kg芝麻素组+80 mg/L氟胁迫组(FS1)、2 g/kg芝麻素组+80 mg/L氟胁迫组(FS2),分别在试验进行45、90 d时取斑马鱼头部,并对头部组织中的活性氧(ROS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)进行测定。结果表明,与F组比较,饲粮中添加芝麻素的FS1和FS2组斑马鱼头部ROS、MDA含量明显下降(P<0.05),而SOD活性明显上升(P<0.05),免疫相关酶ACP和AKP活性明显上升(P<0.05)。由此可见,饵料中添加一定剂量的芝麻素后,可以在一定程度上缓解氟胁迫对斑马鱼头部造成的氧化应激和免疫毒性作用。