青贮玉米秸饲喂奶牛效果研究

采用在奶牛日粮中分别加入青贮玉米秸和玉米秸对比试验的方法，经过30d锔喂试验，表明试验组比对照组日均产奶高1．24kg,差异显著（P＜0．05）。     

水稻秸整株青贮对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响

采用单因素试验设计,将30头健康的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组,水稻秸整株青贮分别以0、25％、50％（干物质基础）3个比例添加饲喂奶牛60d（预试验15d,正式试验45d）探讨水稻秸整株青贮对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,水稻秸整株青贮可以代替一定比例的玉米青贮,并且对奶牛生产性能的影响差异不显著（P〉0．05）。同时水稻秸青贮添加量为25％（II组）和50％（Ⅲ组）的试验组每天每头奶牛的生产成本比玉米青贮的（I组）组生产成本降低了1．92元（人民币）和3．82元（人民币）,相对应的收入每天每头牛增加了3．48元（人民币）和4．56元（人民币）。     

青贮金针菇对荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放及原生动物数量的影响

文章旨在研究不同水平青贮金针菇及尿素对奶牛养分消化率、瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放及原生动物数量的影响。试验选择15头荷斯坦奶牛[(542±68)kg],随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。试验一共设计5种日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮,各处理组分别在基础饲粮中添加青贮金针菇,处理1组(90%青贮金针菇,10%玉米秸秆),处理2组(90%青贮金针菇,9%玉米秸秆,1%尿素),处理3组(80%青贮金针菇,20%玉米秸秆),处理4组(80%青贮金针菇,19%玉米秸秆,1%尿素)。试验期分为2周适应期和1周数据收集期。饲粮中添加青贮金针菇较对照组显著提高了酸性洗涤木质素的摄入量(P<0.05);金针菇添加水平和尿素对干物质和其他营养素的摄入量无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,在处理组日粮中添加青贮金针菇显著增加总短链脂肪酸(SCFA)和丙酸含量(P<0.05),但乙酸含量及乙酸与丙酸比值显著降低(P<0.05)。添加青贮金针菇和尿素对短链脂肪酸含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。日粮添加80%青贮金针菇和1%尿素时,乙酸浓度显著高于未添加尿素组(P<0.05);青贮金针菇日粮添加尿素显著降低了瘤胃丁酸含量(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,在日粮中添加青贮金针菇可显著降低瘤胃原生动物总数(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加青贮金针菇可导致荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃原生动物总数逐步减少(P<0.05)。青贮金针菇日粮组中螺旋体数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲喂青贮金针菇的荷斯坦奶牛较对照组显著降低了甲烷排放量(P<0.05)。综上所述,用金针菇废弃底物与尿素、玉米秸秆混合日粮可以提高奶牛日粮的营养价值,日粮添加青贮金针菇显著降低了奶牛瘤胃原生动物种群和肠道甲烷排放量。     

The effect of quality of grass and maize silage on the intake and performance of beef cattle

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of incorporating high (HMS) and low (LMS) maturity maize silages into diets based on low (LGS) and high (HGS) feed value grass silages offered to beef cattle. Seventy-two continental cross-bred steers were used in a 14-week continuous design, randomised block experiment. The six treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial design incorporating the LGS and HGS offered as the sole forage, along with each of the two grass silages offered in a 60:40 ratio (DM basis) with the HMS and LMS. All diets were supplemented with 3 kg/head/day concentrates. Total daily DM and metabolisable energy intakes were higher (P < 0.001) for diets based on HGS compared to those based on LGS. Intakes were similar (P > 0.05) between diets containing LMS and HMS, both of which were higher (P < 0.001) than diets containing grass silage as the sole forage. Highest DM intakes were recorded with a mixture of HGS and HMS (P < 0.05 or greater). Cattle offered diets containing HGS had higher live-weight gain (P < 0.05), final live weight, carcass gain and carcass weight (P < 0.001) than those offered diets containing LGS. Feed conversion efficiency, assessed on a carcass gain basis, was poorer (P < 0.05) with diets containing LGS compared with those containing HGS, though differences between diets containing either LMS or HMS and GS as the sole forage were not significant (P > 0.05).     

Effect of the type of silage on milk yield,intake and rumen metabolism of dairy cows grazing swards with low herbage mass

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of herbage allowance (HA) and type of silage supplemented (TS) on milk yield, dry matter intake (DMI) and metabolism of dairy cows in early lactation. Thirty‐six Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows were allocated to four treatments derived from an arrangement of two HA (LHA = 17 or HHA = 25 kg of DM/cow/day) and two TS (grass (GS) or maize (MS)). Herbage allowance had no effect on DMI or milk yield. Rumen pH and NH₃‐N concentration were not affected by HA. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen (microbial protein (MP)) was affected by HA with 21.5 and 23.9 g microbial nitrogen per kg ruminal digestible organic matter for LHA and HHA, respectively (P < 0.05). Supplementation with MS showed higher values of milk yield by 2.4 kg/cow/day (P < 0.001), milk protein content by 0.10 % (P < 0.023) and herbage DMI by 2.2 kg/cow/day, and showed lower values for milk urea compared to GS (P < 0.001). The former results suggest that TS had a greater effect on milk yield, total feed intake and energy intake than increase in herbage allowance; however, increase in HA had greater effects on MP than TS.     

苹果发酵物对奶牛产奶性能和疾病的影响

将有益微生物接种到以苹果渣为主的培养基中进行有氧和无氧培养,制成颗粒状苹果培养物。对高产奶牛进行饲喂试验表明,用苹果发酵物代替等量的甜菜或苹果发酵物和甜菜粕同时使用,奶牛分别增产鲜奶1.89和1.90千克/头·日,同时乳脂、乳蛋白质、乳固体物都有上升趋势,奶牛发病率明显下降。苹果发酵物是一种新型反刍动物饲料。     

Effect of replacing corn with brown rice grain in a total mixed ration silage on milk production,ruminal fermentation and nitrogen balance in lactating dairy cows

Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of substituting corn grain with brown rice (BR) grain in total mixed ration (TMR) silage on milk yield, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen (N) balance. The TMR silages were made from the ensiling of TMR containing (dry matter basis) 50.1% forage in rice silage and corn silage combination, and 49.9% concentrate. The grain portion of the diets contained 31.2% steam‐flaked corn, 31.2% steam‐flaked BR or an equal mixture of corn and BR. Dietary treatments did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield and milk fat, protein and lactose yields. The ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. The urinary N excretion decreased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to increased levels of BR, with no dietary effect on N intake, N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. Our results indicate that steam‐flaked BR is a suitable replacement for steam‐flaked corn in dairy cow diets, and that it can be included in rations to a level of at least 31.2% of dry matter without adverse effects on milk production, when cows were fed rice silage and corn silage‐based diets.     

水氮互作对青贮玉米产量和青贮品质的影响

为探究水氮互作对青贮玉米(Zea may)产量、青贮后营养品质和发酵质量的影响,提高青贮玉米综合利用价值,以青贮玉米国审品种北农青贮368为试验材料,在田间条件下设置传统灌溉量(2 250 m3·hm?2, W1)、节水10% (2 025 m3·hm?2, W2)和节水20% (1 800 m3·hm?2, W3) 3个灌溉水平;传统施氮量(420 kg·hm?2, N1)、减氮10% (378 kg·hm?2, N2 )和减氮20% (336 kg·hm?2, N3) 3个施氮水平,对青贮玉米产量、青贮料的营养品质和发酵效果比较分析,并对相对饲用价值进行评价。结果表明：灌水量为2 025 m3·hm?2、施氮量为378 kg·hm?2 (W2N2)的组合青贮玉米干物质产量最高(22.78 t·hm?2),与传统水肥用量(W1N1)相比增产5.02%,水氮互作对青贮玉米干物质产量影响显著(P < 0.05)。青贮料经袋式青贮周年保存后, W1N1、W2N2和W2N3处理干物质损失率均低于1.0%。不同水氮处理对青贮后中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、淀粉和粗灰分含量影响显著(P < 0.05),对粗脂肪含量影响不大。经长期保存的青贮料pH稳定在4.0左右,相对饲用价值为136.04～164.35,乳酸含量为3.33%～4.34%,乙酸含量为1.63%～2.29%。节水减氮处理不同程度提高了乳酸含量,其中W2N2处理乳酸含量最高。W2N2和W3N3处理的乙酸含量显著低于其他处理(P < 0.05)。综合青贮玉米产量、干物质含量损失率和青贮品质等参数,本研究条件下理想水氮处理为W2N2,在该处理下可获得较高的产量和较好的青贮品质。     

苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能及乳品质的影响

试验旨在探讨苜蓿青贮料替代不同比例苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能、乳品质、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及经济效益的影响。选取体重、产奶量、胎次相近的健康泌乳中期中高产中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂4.0 kg苜蓿青干草,试验A、B组分别用4.4,8.8 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0和4.0 kg等干物质的苜蓿青干草,正试期64 d。结果表明,1)各组间干物质采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),B组产奶量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),A组与对照组、B组间差异不显著(P>0.05); 2)用50%,100%的苜蓿青贮料替代等干物质的苜蓿青干草,其乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖均有所改善,但只有B组的乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余指标各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);3)A、B组与对照组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率、钙表观消化率无显著性差异(P>0.05),A、B组间粗蛋白和磷表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),但是粗蛋白表观消化率均显著低于对照组、磷表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);4)苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草其血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血尿素氮、血糖、二氧化碳结合力等指标没有显著性改变(P>0.05);5)试验A、B组经济效益均有所增加,其中A组的净增收益最高,为0.61元/(头·d)。综上,用4.4 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0 kg苜蓿青干草对中高产奶牛是适宜的,能提高其生产性能,改善乳品质,增加收益。     

Effects of grass hay proportion in a corn silage‐based diet on rumen digesta kinetics and digestibility in dairy cows

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of six levels of orchardgrass hay (GH) proportion (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% of dry matter) in finely chopped corn silage (CS)‐based diets on digesta kinetics of CS and GH in the rumen. Six non‐lactating, rumen‐cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Ruminal digesta kinetics was measured by ruminal dosing of feed particle markers (dysprosium for CS, erbium for GH) followed by fecal sampling. The increase of GH proportion had a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) on total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber. The proportion of GH did not affect the particle size distribution of rumen digesta, total weight of dry matter or NDF in the rumen. The rates of large particle size reduction in the rumen for CS tended to increase linearly with increasing GH proportion (P = 0.077). A quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was found with increasing the GH proportion for the ruminal passage rate of small GH particles, but not for CS particles. The results suggested that associative effects between CS and GH could be generated on rumen digesta kinetics when cows were fed a CS‐based diet with an increased proportion of GH.     

Effects of maize (Zea mays L.) silage feeding on dry matter intake and milk production of dairy buffalo and cattle in Tarai, Nepal

To identify the effects of whole crop maize silage (MS) as a substitute for rice straw (RS) on feed intake and milk production of mid-late lactating buffalo and cattle in Tarai, Nepal, eight Murrah and eight Jersey-Hariana were fed the basal diet, RS ( ad libitum ) with concentrate (0.68% of bodyweight [BW] on a dry matter [DM] basis). A 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment was conducted in each animal species with graded levels of MS substitution for RS (0%, T1; 33%, T2; 67%, T3 and 100%, T4). The MS had higher digestibility and total digestible nutrient (TDN) than RS. The DM intake per BW of the both species was highest in T3. The substitution of MS for RS increased the crude protein intake and the TDN intake in the both species. Although the buffalo showed the highest milking performance in T4, the cattle showed no significant differences in their milking performance among the treatments. The substitution of MS for RS improved the feed intake and milk production in the buffalo. On the other hand, the milk yield was not raised in the cattle, though the feed intake was increased by the substitution.     

"饲用玉米-黑麦草"草地农业系统的研究--不同密度对青贮饲用玉米生产效果的影响

采用小区试验方式,在施肥水平、管理条件一致的情况下,研究了不同种植密度对青贮饲用玉米Zeamays产量和品质的影响。结果表明:不同的栽培密度对青贮饲用玉米产量和品质都有影响,采用85 cm×15 cm和65 cm×25 cm播种密度(即61 530~78 450株/hm2)的青贮玉米产量高,品质较好,效益最高,差异达到极显著水平,为四川省青贮饲用玉米的大田生产提供了重要的依据。     

青贮紫花苜蓿对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮和血液生化指标的影响

在苜蓿（Medicago sativa）中添加5%的糖蜜,并进行苜蓿大窖青贮和饲喂试验,研究以青贮苜蓿（试验组）替代相同干物质量（DM）的苜蓿干草（对照组）对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,给奶牛饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于提高奶牛干物质采食量（Dry Matter Intake,DMI）、日产奶量和乳脂率,试验后期乳蛋白含量有所下降,但差异均不显著（P0.05）;乳尿素氮（Milk Urea Nitrogen,MUN）及尿液尿素氮（Urinary Urea Nitrogen,UUN）含量均呈现下降趋势,血浆尿素氮（Plasma Urea Nitrogen,BUN）先下降后上升,其中试验组MUN和BUN低于对照组（P0.05）,UUN则高于对照组,在试验后期,试验组和对照组UUN分别为48.35和27.52 mmolL-1,差异显著（P0.05）;谷丙转氨酶（Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartate Transaminase,AST）和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline Phosphatase,ALP）含量均为试验组高于对照组,差异不显著（P0.05）;血浆中总蛋白（Albumin,ALB）和葡萄糖（Glucose,GLU）含量试验组逐渐降低,且低于对照组,但差异不显著（P0.05）;胆固醇（Chinese Hamster Ovary,CHO）的含量试验组逐渐升高,对照组逐渐降低,在试验后期分别为3.64和2.82 mmolL-1（P=0.059）,差异最大。总之,饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于改善奶牛的生产性能和机体代谢能力,由于美拉德反应的发生,试验后期降低了苜蓿青贮饲料营养物质在奶牛体内的代谢利用效果。     

饲草玉米不同生育期的产量、品质和青贮利用研究

对墨西哥大刍草、玉草3号和玉草6号3种不同类型饲草玉米在孕穗期、抽雄期和吐丝期的产量、青贮品质及其营养价值进行了分析。结果表明:品种和生育期对鲜、干草产量有显著影响,而二者之间的交互作用对鲜、干草产量影响不显著;3个品种鲜、干草产量均在吐丝期最高,其中,玉草6号鲜、干草产量极显著高于玉草3号和墨西哥大刍草。从抽雄期及以后,所有饲草玉米干物质(DM)含量均达20%以上,符合青贮对水分的要求。粗蛋白(CP)含量从孕穗期到吐丝期逐渐降低,变幅为8.19%DM~12.80%DM;各时期CP含量均以玉草6号最高,玉草3号和墨西哥大刍草CP含量差异较小。可溶性糖(WSC)含量在孕穗期最高,纤维含量随生育期延长均呈上升趋势。青贮发酵品质在不同生育期差异显著,孕穗期pH值为3.69,乳酸(LA)含量为7.00%DM,发酵品质最优。品种主效应分析表明,玉草6号发酵品质最好,玉草3号和墨西哥大刍草差异不显著。综合分析品种和生育期对青贮发酵品质和营养成分的影响,玉草6号在孕穗期青贮,相对饲用价值达103.28,发酵品质和营养价值最好;玉草3号和墨西哥大刍草在抽雄期青贮发酵品质和营养价值最佳。     

不同发酵类型青贮菌制剂对青贮发酵的影响

在许多国家,青贮饲料是牲畜的重要饲料形式.不同发酵类型的青贮菌制剂会对青贮发酵产物的营养品质、有氧稳定性和动物采食量产生重要的影响.笔者就青贮发酵菌制剂的筛选标准,同型、异型乳酸发酵菌种组成做了介绍,主要就同型、异型和混合3种乳酸发酵对青贮产物的品质影响及作用机理进行分析和综述.     

不同水平的青贮饲料对饲喂稻草秸秆奶牛瘤胃微生物数量和微生物蛋白合成的影响

本试验的目的是确定饲粮中青贮银合欢添加水平对奶牛瘤胃微生物种群、氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择12头初始体重为163±16 kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛,随机分为4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。基础日粮以100%的水稻秸秆为原料,处理组分别用30%、60%和100%的青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆,奶牛自由采食水稻秸秆和青贮银合欢,每天按照体重的0.2%补充浓缩料。结果表明,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆组奶牛瘤胃微生物群,尤其是纤维素分解菌、蛋白分解菌和厌氧真菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),各组对淀粉分解菌群无显著影响(P>0.05)。原生动物种群数量随日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的增加呈线性下降(P<0.05)(P<0.05)。此外,氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成均随着日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的升高而升高(P<0.05),其中以60%青贮银合欢组最高。结论:在本试验基础上,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆可以显著提高奶牛体内的微生物数量和微生物蛋白的合成。     

青贮构树叶替代牧草在奶牛生产上的应用价值

本研究旨在探讨青贮构树叶作为功能性饲料原料替代牧草在奶牛生产上的应用,评估其对奶牛泌乳性能、乳成分、乳脂肪酸组成及机体抗氧化性能的影响.试验将平均初始体重为(571.89±28.88)kg、泌乳量(32.08±1.03)kg的96头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头,各组奶牛分别饲喂含有0、5％、10％...     

宁夏地区种植苜蓿、青贮玉米的效益分析

为了对苜蓿Medicago sativa的长效生态、绿色环保等方面作一推广介绍,对宁夏干旱地区常见的苜蓿、青贮玉米Zea mays 种植模式进行调查分析.结果表明,苜蓿干草和折干后的青贮玉米的生产成本基本接近,分别为179.1和183.3元/t;两者产生的经济效益也很接近,分别为4 521和4 369元/hm2;从营养价值分析,苜蓿的粗蛋白产量为1 939.2 kg/hm2,青贮玉米的粗蛋白产量为1 744.1 kg/hm2,苜蓿具有明显优势;从间接效益和生态效益分析,苜蓿更为突出.另外,通过开展饲用植物新品种的选优和加强饲草的栽培管理能够提高牧草产量与品质,延长苜蓿的利用年限也是降低生产成本的有效方法.     

不同阻氧能力青贮袋对玉米青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为研究青贮袋阻氧能力对玉米青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响,试验将青贮饲料分别装在氧气透过量为2962.41、70.25、64.36、6.03cm^3/(m^2·24h·0.1MPa)4种青贮袋内(PE-50、SSOB-50、PAOB-50、EVOHOB-50),在30d和60d后进行取样检测,对其发酵品质、主要微生物和有氧稳定性进行分析。结果表明:发酵时间与青贮袋阻氧能力的交互作用对pH、水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、干物质损失、乳酸、乙酸、NH3-N含量及酵母菌数量均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。增加青贮袋的阻氧能力可有效提高青贮玉米品质,延长有氧稳定时间。在发酵60d时,EVOH青贮袋内酵母菌数量最少,降至1.81lgcfu/gFW,pH最低,为3.74,有氧稳定时间显著高于尼龙和聚乙烯青贮袋,达到297h。综上,选用EVOH青贮袋贮存的青贮玉米效果最好。     

苜蓿与玉米秸秆混贮研究

以二茬苜蓿和玉米秸秆为原料,研究乳酸菌制剂、纤维素分解酶制剂、绿汁发酵液、乳酸菌制剂和纤维素分解酶及绿汁发酵液和纤维素分解酶的复合添加对苜蓿与玉米秸秆混合青贮品质的影响。结果表明,苜蓿与玉米秸混贮可以提高青贮保存性能;苜蓿与玉米秸各混贮比例处理均获得良好效果;在苜蓿、玉米秸混贮中使用添加剂可以进一步提高青贮品质;各处理均显著降低了丁酸含量(P＜0.05),同时pH值均小于或接近于4.2,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.05); 乳酸菌制剂+纤维素分解酶处理组效果最好,在3个混贮组中,该处理的V-Score青贮质量评价均得到了良好的等级;添加纤维素分解酶使NDF含量显著下降,平均下降了3.77%(P＜0.05);7∶3混贮组中添加纤维素酶制剂显著提高了青贮饲料的CP含量(P＜0.05),提高了6.0%。