金脉刺桐嫩枝上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿分布规律研究

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim是重要外来入侵害虫,危害刺桐属多种植物。本文调查研究了金脉刺桐嫩枝上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿的数量分布和空间格局。结果显示,金脉刺桐嫩枝上靠近生长点(芽头)一端刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿数量较多,15 cm以内占90%以上,距离越远越少,其虫瘿数量比率(Y)和枝条长度(X)关系方程为Y=72.577e-0.138X。对频次分布的分析结果显示,刺桐嫩枝上虫瘿主要以虫瘿集体形式出现。获得的虫瘿空间格局主要参数平均拥挤度M*、丛生指数I、聚块性指数M*/M等均显著大于1,表明虫瘿是聚集分布且聚集程度较强。建立的Iwao M*-M方程为M*=1.75+3.51M、Taylor幂函数法则模型为lg s2=0.554+1.828lgx珋。     

刺桐姬小蜂成瘿过程中虫瘿内几种酶的活性变化

为探究刺桐叶片在刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim成瘿过程中几种酶的变化情况,测定了虫瘿初始形成期、成长分化期、成熟期和开裂期4个发育阶段超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性变化。结果表明:虫瘿的形成显著提高了寄主叶片的SOD、CAT、POD、PPO活性;其中SOD、CAT、PPO活性主要体现在虫瘿组织上,开裂期酶活性均达到最大,分别为对照的5.36、5.28、19.73倍;PPO活性随虫瘿发育不断增加,而SOD、CAT活性分别在成熟期、成长分化期都有所下降;POD活性则主要表现在非虫瘿组织上,且每个时期显著高于对照,到开裂期为对照组的2.16倍。结果表明了刺桐对刺桐姬小蜂的为害产生了一定的防御反应。     

杂色刺桐叶片上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿的分布与抽样技术

本文调查并分析了杂色刺桐(Erythrina variegata Linn.)叶片上刺桐姬小蜂(Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim)虫瘿的分布规律,结果表明:叶片上的虫瘿主要分布于靠近叶柄的主脉两侧下部区域,多以1~2个虫瘿联体的形式存在;杂色刺桐叶片上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿呈聚集分布,分布形式为负二项分布,分布的基本成分为个体群,且个体群大小随着虫瘿密度的增加而增大;虫瘿具有密度依赖性,聚集是昆虫本身习性和环境共同引起的。根据Iwao的方法,本文还确定了虫瘿最适抽样模型和最适抽样量,并列出了序贯抽样表。     

林木害虫刺桐姬小蜂风险分析

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinael Kim）是我国大陆新发现的有害生物，根据刺桐姬小蜂的国内分布状况、潜在经济危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性和危险性管理难度等方面对其进行了风险分析，结果表明刺桐姬小蜂为我国风险中度偏高的有害生物。作者提出了检疫管理及除治措施。     

刺桐姬小蜂的防治试验

本文报道营林措施和化学药剂防治刺桐姬小蜂的试验结果,以剪除受害枝叶后钻孔施药或根埋施药的防治效果最好,防治效果达到96.0%～97.1%.单独使用树体杀虫剂的防治效果只有79.0%,单独采取剪除受害枝叶的防治效果为93.8%.     

新入侵有害生物刺桐姬小蜂初报

2005年7月25日，深圳出入境检验检疫局技术人员在深圳市日常疫情调查时发现一景区杂色刺桐（Erythrina variegata）叶片上布满虫瘿，取样送实验室检验。经对虫样检查和饲养观察，虫瘿内有大量蜂类幼虫和蛹。7月28～31日共收集到寄生蜂成虫362头。根据该虫的形态特征、寄主和危害特点，鉴定为刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythinae Kim，英文名为erythria gall wasp，我国台湾省称为刺桐釉小蜂），为中国大陆新纪录种。8月6日，该虫鉴定结果分别得到浙江大学和中国科学院寄生蜂专家复核确认。     

刺桐姬小蜂的发生、危害与检疫

刺桐姬小蜂是一种新入侵的有害生物,专一危害刺桐属植物。近两年陆续在美国夏威夷、中国台湾等地严重发生,2005年7月中国大陆首次发现该虫。本文分别介绍了刺桐姬小蜂的发生、传播、危害、鉴定、生物学特性和防控检疫等。     

溴甲烷对刺桐姬小蜂的熏蒸效果

研究了溴甲烷熏蒸对刺桐姬小蜂的检疫处理效果。研究结果表明,刺桐姬小蜂的死亡率随熏蒸剂量增加而增高。在同一剂量处理下,虫瘿外刺桐姬小蜂的死亡率显著高于虫瘿内刺桐姬小蜂的死亡率。当熏蒸剂量≥40 g/m³时,刺桐姬小蜂幼虫、蛹和成虫均全部死亡。在推荐熏蒸剂量处理下,刺桐植株未受到不利影响。     

刺桐姬小蜂在中国的适生区分析

运用CLIMEX的气候相似系数法,对入侵害虫刺桐姬小蜂在中国的适生区进行了分析和预测,结果表明:中国大陆有18个省区45个市、县(地区)适合该虫生存,大体分布于18.14°N～36.00°N,98.30°E～121.36°E范围内,这些地区也是刺桐属植物的主要分布区。     

深圳刺桐姬小蜂的发生与为害

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus eryhrinae Kim）2005年7月在深圳首次发现。2005年8月，农业部、国家林业局和国家质检总局联合发布第538号公告，将刺桐姬小蜂列为中华人民共和国进境植物检疫有害生物和全国林业检疫性有害生物，并采取限制刺桐植物进口和检疫控制措施。因此，深圳市有关部门组织开展了全市范围的刺桐姬小蜂疫情普查和扑灭行动。     

刺桐姬小蜂检疫与防控技术

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim）是2005年7月在中国大陆发现的重要外来入侵物种，对刺桐属植物造成严重为害，已被列为中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物和全国林业检疫性有害生物。本文观察了该虫的羽化、取食、寿命、产卵、越冬等生物学习性；研究了该虫检疫处理和田间防治技术。     

Efficacy of systemic insecticides on the gall wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae in wiliwili trees (Erythrina spp.)

BACKGROUND: Erythrina gall wasp (EGW), Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim, was first found on Oahu Island, Hawaii, in April 2005. Its rapid spread and infestation in wiliwili trees (Erythrina spp.) have brought an urgent need to suppress its population. Little is known about the control of EGW in wiliwili trees.RESULTS: Among the systemic insecticides abamectin, dinotefuran and imidacloprid, applied via trunk injections or soil drenches, injections of imidacloprid showed better control of EGW in wiliwili trees. All the imidacloprid injection treatments had varying levels of effectiveness against EGW, but not the soil drench. The levels of imidacloprid were higher in lower canopies than those in the other parts within a tree. Imidacloprid remained detectable 1 year after treatment. The trees injected with the products IMA-jet and Merit 200 SL via Arborjet had lower infestation severity ratings for the entire growth season and carried more imidacloprid than those with Imicide via Mauget or Pointer via Wedgle injections.CONCLUSION: The results indicate that, among the three insecticides tested, imidacloprid is most effective against EGW in the trees. Concentrations of imidacloprid in the leaves need to be 4 mg kg(-1) or higher for good EGW control.     

γ-射线辐照处理对刺桐姬小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

为了探索刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim的检疫处理方法,研究了γ-射线辐照处理对刺桐姬小蜂发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,经0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4kGyγ-射线辐照处理20min后,刺桐姬小蜂幼虫化蛹率和蛹的羽化率均显著降低。成虫活动减弱、寿命缩短,交配次数、怀卵量和产卵量随处理剂量增高而降低,γ-射线辐照处理虫瘿后,刺桐姬小蜂羽化出蜂数和出蜂率随处理剂量增加而显著减少。雌雄成虫对γ-射线的抵抗力不同,在相同剂量辐照处理下,雄虫的死亡率显著高于雌虫。处理剂量越高,性比就越高。     

Anselmella malacia, a new pest wasp (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) reared fromSyzygium samarangense in Malaysia

A new pest wasp,Anselmella malacia Xiao & Huang sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is described fromSyzygium samarangense Merr. & Perry. The larvae ofAnselmella are phytophagous and develop as seed-eaters of some species ofSyzygium. This is the first record of anAnselmella species reared fromSyzygium samarangense. The type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

Hymenoptera wasps associated with the Asian gall wasp of chestnut (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Calabria,Italy

The parasitoid complex of the Asian chestnut gall wasp Drycosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu was studied in Calabria (Italy). A total of 14 different species of parasitoids were collected, of which three are recorded on the Asian gall wasp for the first time. The composition of the parasitoid complex collected in Calabria was compared with that reported from Italy and from Europe. The altitude of the sites of collection seemed to have an effect on the distribution and abundance of the single species of parasitoids.     

Infestation potential of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in different natural populations of Castanea sativa Miller: an experimental ex situ test

The Asian chestnut gall wasp was accidentally introduced in Italy in 2002 and spread across Europe in the following years, becoming a serious threat for chestnut cultivations and rural economies of many countries. Exploring the variation in susceptibility of the host genetic resources is crucial to face the spreading of this pest. We used an experimental approach for testing the differential susceptibility within and between populations of European chestnut. For doing this, we compared both the infestation level and the rate of immune individuals in trees from populations of Spain, Italy, and Greece. We found that the level of infestation is not significantly different in the different provenances but that a higher rate of immune trees occur in Greece. Our results suggest that two different contingents of trees compose Greek populations: one major group of trees with the same susceptibility as the other populations and a second minor group of trees resistant to gall wasp infestation. Our data lay the basis for improving the currently adopted measures to mitigate gall wasp impacts.     

寄生美洲大蠊卵鞘的浅沟长尾啮小蜂记述（膜翅目：姬小蜂科）

本文用图文简要记述了从美洲大蠊卵鞘中育出的浅沟长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus asthenogmus（Waterston）的形态特征。这是该蜂在我国的首次报道，有望今后用于蜚蠊的生物防治。     

短梗长尾啮小蜂雌性生殖系统结构与卵巢发育特点

关于短梗长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus brevipedicellus卵巢结构和发育的相关研究在国内外尚无报道。本研究对短梗长尾啮小蜂的雌性生殖系统结构、卵子形态及卵巢发育特点进行了观察。结果表明,短梗长尾啮小蜂雌性内生殖系统由1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1条中输卵管、受精囊、毒囊等组成;雌性外生殖器由产卵管、产卵管鞘、内瓣和外瓣构成。同时,短梗长尾啮小蜂属于卵育型寄生蜂,雌蜂初羽化时卵巢内只含有少量成熟卵子,随着营养的补充和时间的推移,成熟卵子和总卵子数量逐渐增加,并在羽化后72 h数量达到最高值。此外,研究发现,卵巢管内成熟卵子数量和总卵子数量与雌蜂的体长均呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.936和0.941。以上研究结果为科学合理地研究和开发利用短梗长尾啮小蜂提供了理论基础。