不同土壤水分条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生物学特性的影响

水肥耦合不仅可以维持草坪草的正常生长,而且可以减少一定的灌溉量。采用盆栽试验研究了不同土壤条件下硅对坪用高羊茅种子出苗及生长的影响。结果表明,不添加硅时,高羊茅种子适宜出苗时的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的４５％～６０％,植株生长适宜的土壤含水量应为饱和含水量的７５％以上;当土壤含水量大于或等于饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅不仅能够提前坪用高羊茅种子的初始出苗时间,缩短集中出苗时期,提高出苗率,而且能够显著促进高羊茅的株高和叶长生长,增加地上和地下生物量（P＜０．０５）,而当土壤含水量小于或者等于饱和含水量的４５％时,添加硅对高羊茅种子出苗和生长发育没有明显影响,说明添加硅对坪用高羊茅生长的有益作用受土壤含水量的约束;土壤含水量为饱和含水量的６０％时,添加硅处理中植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量与对照处理中土壤含水量为饱和含水量的７５％时植株的分蘖数、株高、叶长和生物量差异不显著,说明添加硅能降低高羊茅植株正常生长所需的土壤含水量,有利于节约灌溉量。     

内生真菌与高羊茅之间的共生关系

从内生真菌的涵义及其基本生物学特征出发,着重对国内外近10 年来有关内生真菌与高羊茅关系的研究情况作了综述,主要包括内生真菌对高羊茅生长发育及其抗逆性的影响、内生真菌对高羊茅植物群落及生态系统的影响等,并对内生真菌研究的实际意义及其应用前景作了总结。     

环渤海旱碱区冷季型草坪草引种筛选研究

针对环渤海低平原区较复杂的环境条件、恶劣的立地条件及目前草坪建植中存在的引种盲目、失败率高、寿命短等问题,通过对引进的4个草种37个品种的生育期、抗逆性、坪用价值等进行综合评价,鉴定出高羊茅为最适合的草种,草地早熟禾较适合,多年生黑麦草不适宜单播,可以和高羊茅以适当的比例混播,紫羊茅不适宜在该区种植。筛选出最优良的品种高羊茅为皇后、贝克,草地早熟禾为亨特、普通、兰神、奖品。     

丝茅侵入量对3种冷季型草坪草竞争力及生长潜力影响的差异

通过复合取代试验设计,设置5个侵入梯度,模拟丝茅入侵高羊茅、草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草3种冷季型草坪幼坪,测定草坪草单株生物量、相对产量、相对产量总和、攻击力和竞争力及株高、分蘖数、茎基和根系性状等指标,研究侵入量对3种草坪草竞争力及生长潜力影响的差异。结果表明,1)丝茅与草坪草为拮抗关系,3种草坪草相对产量、相对产量总和极显著受丝茅入侵的影响(P<0.01),随侵入量增加草坪草的攻击力指数和种间竞争力不断下降,草种是影响草坪草攻击力和竞争力的主要因子,丝茅侵入量次之,受影响顺序为高羊茅>早熟禾>黑麦草;2)丝茅草侵入对3种草坪草分蘖数、茎基性状和根系性状均有显著影响,对分生再生能力的影响顺序为早熟禾>黑麦草>高羊茅,对根长和根生物量影响顺序为黑麦草>早熟禾>高羊茅;3)幼苗期黑麦草的现实攻击力和竞争力显著大于高羊茅和早熟禾(P<0.05),丝茅入侵对黑麦草根系胁迫度显著大于高羊茅和早熟禾(P<0.05),致使其生长潜力降低;高羊茅竞争力和攻击力虽低,而茎基和根系性状受丝茅入侵影响显著低于黑麦草和早熟禾,保持了极高的潜在生长力;4)丝茅入侵对3种草坪草竞争力和生长潜力均有影响,必将导致草坪种群组成与结构的破坏。所以,加强草坪养护、防治丝茅入侵,是提高草坪品质、延长草坪寿命的根本途径。     

Effects of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in fescue on pregnant mares and foal viability.

Effects of the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in tall fescue on pregnant mares and foal viability were evaluated. Twenty-two mature pregnant mares were randomly chosen to graze either Kentucky-31 tall fescue that was free from A coenophialum (endophyte-free, EF) or tall fescue infected with A coenophialum (endophyte-present, EP) after the first 90 days of pregnancy through parturition. Concentrations of pyrrolizidine and ergopeptine alkaloids were significantly greater in EP grass, compared with EF pasture. Ten of 11 mares grazing EP pasture had obvious dystocia. Mean duration of gestation was significantly greater for the EP group, compared with the EF group. Foal survivability was severely reduced among mares grazing EP fescue with only 1 foal surviving the natal period. Udder development and lactation were low in mares grazing EP grass. The absence of clinical problems in mares grazing EF grass implicated the endophyte as the causative agent of reproductive problems and perinatal foal mortality in pregnant mares grazing endophyte-infected fescue grass. Caution should be exercised in allowing pregnant mares to graze pastures infected with the endophyte A coenophialum.     

施肥及生长调节剂对高羊茅种子产量的影响

在辽宁省大连市普兰店地区研究氮肥、氯丁唑和调嘧啶对高羊茅种子产量及其构成要素的影响。结果表明,该地区的气候条件有利于高羊茅的生殖生长和种子发育。施氮后种子产量较对照明显提高,其中以施氮量120kg/hm²(春季施氮量占总施肥量3/4),种子产量最高,可达2473kg/hm²。在抽穗初期使用调嘧啶可显著降低种子的落粒性,减轻收获风险。     

不同氮处理和弱光下高羊茅生长及其碳氮代谢特征

氮肥的施用量对弱光下草坪的坪用质量影响较大.为探究弱光和不同氮素水平对草坪草高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)生长和碳氮代谢的影响,试验设置自然光照和弱光两个光照梯度,以及低氮(1?mmol·L?1)、中氮(6?mmol·L?1)和高氮(18?mmol·L?1)?3个氮素水平,通过研究光氮互作对高羊茅形态...     

Effects of fescue toxicosis on reproduction in livestock.

Fescue toxicosis in livestock is due to ingestion of endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum) -infected tall fescue. Understanding mechanisms responsible for decreased calving and growth rates, delayed onset of puberty, and impaired function of corpora lutea in heifers at puberty consuming endophyte-infected fescue is an emerging field in reproductive toxicology. The condition decreases overall productivity through a reduction in reproductive efficiency, reduced weight gains, and lowered milk production. Reproduction in cattle may be further compromised by winter coat retention, increased susceptibility to high environmental temperatures, and light intolerance. Endocrine effects in steers associated with infected tall fescue include reduced prolactin and melatonin secretions and altered neurotransmitter metabolism in the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and pineal glands. Ewes have decreased prolactin and lengthened intervals from introduction of the ram until conception. The endophyte induces prolonged gestation, thickened placentas, large, weak foals, dystocia, and agalactia in pregnant mares. Ergot peptide alkaloids, produced by the endophyte, are suggested as the primary cause of fescue toxicosis. These compounds reduce prolactin, increase body temperatures, and have powerful vasoconstrictive effects. Neurohormonal imbalances of prolactin and melatonin, with restricted blood flow to internal organs, may be the principal causes of aberrant reproduction, growth, and maturation in livestock consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue.     

氮磷钾肥对高羊茅扩展性和根系特性的影响

通过3因素3水平田间正交试验,研究了氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)肥对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)单株扩展性和根系特性的影响,以期为西北地区高羊茅草坪合理施肥提供依据。结果表明:N肥是影响高羊茅地上扩展的主要因素,N肥施量越大,植株越高,覆盖面积和地上植物量越大,分蘖随N肥施量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,10 g/m²N肥高羊茅的分蘖数最多;P肥是影响高羊茅地下扩展的主要因素,P肥施量越大,根系越深,地下植物量、根系表面积和根系体积越大,根系扩展幅度随P肥施量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,10 g/m²P肥高羊茅的根系扩展幅度最大,3种肥料对地上、地下和综合扩展性的影响大小顺序分别为N>K>P、P>N>K和N>P>K;处理组合N₁₅P₁₅K₈,即15 g/m²N肥15 g/m²P肥、8 g/m²K肥是促进高羊茅地上扩展的最佳施肥组合,处理组合N₅P₁₅K₁₂,即5 g/m²N肥15 g/m²P肥12 g/m²K肥是促进高羊茅地下扩展的最佳施肥组合,处理组合N15P10K4,即15 g/m²N肥10 g/m²P肥4 g/m²K肥是促进高羊茅综合扩展的最佳施肥组合。     

冷季型草坪草在环渤海旱碱区的适应性评价

针对环渤海低平原区较复杂的环境条件、恶劣的立地条件及目前草坪建植中存在的引种盲目、失败率高、寿命短等问题，通过对引进的4个草种37个品种的生育期、抗逆性、坪用价值等进行综合评价，结果表明：高羊茅为最适合的草种，草地早熟禾较适合，多年生黑麦草不适宜单播，可和高羊茅以适当的比例混播，紫羊茅不适宜在该区种植。筛选出最优良的高羊茅品种为皇后、贝克，草地早熟禾为亨特、普通、兰神、奖品。     

Influence of endophyte-infected tall fescue on serum prolactin and progesterone in gravid mares.

Thirty mares in late gestation were used in a 3-yr study to assess effects of the tall fescue endophyte Acremonium coenophialum on serum prolactin (PRL) and progesterone. Two paddocks of each treatment, 0 or 100% infected 'Kentucky 31' tall fescue, were grazed by the mares for 21 d. Blood was collected three times per week until parturition. At 7-d intervals, mares were challenged with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) while grazing and blood was collected postinjection. Mares grazing 100% infected tall fescue (E+) had decreased serum PRL compared with mares grazing the 0% infected tall fescue (E-) in 2 of 3 yr. Within 8 d postgrazing, serum PRL for E+ mares equaled or surpassed values of the E- mares. Serum PRL was not different during the 3rd yr. In response to TRH, serum PRL rate of increase was similar between treatments but remained elevated (P less than .01) in the E+ mares at the 180-, 240-, and 300-min sample times. Serum progesterone was lowered (P less than .05) by E+ but increased to control values within 10 d postgrazing. It is concluded that serum PRL and progesterone in the gravid mare were decreased by the presence of A. coenophialum in 'Kentucky 31' tall fescue grass but normal levels were reestablished within 2 to 3 wk.     

硅对不同抗性高羊茅耐盐性的影响

为研究不同盐生境下硅对不同抗盐品种高羊茅 (抗性强的XD和抗性弱的K31)耐盐性的影响,采用盆栽试验研究了添加硅对不同盐生境下两个高羊茅品种形态指标和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明:两个高羊茅品种的株高、分蘖数、叶片数、叶长、叶宽、地上含水量和生物量均随盐浓度增加呈降低趋势,而SOD、CAT和POD活性呈先增加后降低趋势,其中盐浓度为150、100 mmol·L^-1时XD和K31的保护酶活性分别达到峰值。添加硅显著增加了两个高羊茅品种的株高、分蘖数、叶片数、叶长、地上含水量、地上生物量、SOD、CAT和POD(P<0.05),但两个品种高羊茅对硅响应存在盐浓度分异,具体表现为:盐浓度≤50 mmol·L^-1时添加硅显著增加了XD分蘖数和叶片数(P<0.05),而对K31无显著影响;盐浓度≤100 mmol·L^-1时加硅显著增加了XD的株高、叶长、地上生物量、SOD和CAT活性,盐浓度为150、200 mmol·L^-1时,加硅显著增加了K31的株高、叶长、地上生物量、SOD、POD和CAT活性(P<0.05);硅仅在盐浓度≥200 mmol·L^-1时显著增加了K31的地上含水量(P<0.05),而对XD地上含水量在任何盐浓度下均无显著影响。说明添加硅能够增强高羊茅的耐盐性,而且增强程度因盐浓度和高羊茅品种存在分异,在较高盐渍化条件下,硅对抗盐性较弱品种耐盐性增强的幅度大于抗盐性较强品种,使得抗盐性较弱的高羊茅品种能够通过添加硅肥而适应盐浓度较高的盐渍化土壤,扩大其适应范围成为可能。     

高羊茅应答盐胁迫的AtSOS途径基因的效应分析

本研究在2015年采用基因工程技术改良高羊茅耐盐性,通过种植转基因耐盐草坪草达到改良土壤改善生态环境的目的。以草坪草成熟种子诱导的胚性愈伤组织为受体,通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥AtSOS途径基因AtSOS1、AtSOS2-AtSOS3和AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3分别导入高羊茅爱瑞3号中,经PCR检测、Southern blotting分析和RT-PCR鉴定,获得了能稳定表达的转基因株系。以转不同组合AtSOS基因的高羊茅植株和野生型植株为材料进行盐处理,每次处理重复3次,测定其生理生化指标、株高、Na⁺、K⁺离子含量、叶绿素含量,结果显示,盐胁迫下转基因植株的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性都显著高于对照植株,而丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量的增加幅度均显著低于对照植株;盐胁迫下转基因和野生型植株叶片中的Na⁺、K⁺含量都增加;盐胁迫下所有植株的株高均呈下降趋势,各株系的叶绿素含量也减少,但是转基因(AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3)植株的叶绿素含量增加。转AtSOS基因的高羊茅通过发挥AtSOS途径的作用,促进了植物体内Na⁺的外排,减轻了盐胁迫所导致的伤害,提高了植物的耐盐性。     

Alterations in hemograms and serum biochemical analytes of steers after prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue

The objective of the current study was to delineate changes that occur in serum analytes and blood cellular elements in cattle that graze endophyte-infested (Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue. Tall fescue is grown on more than 35 million acres (14.2 million ha) of pasture in the United States, and three-fourths of the pastures are infected with the endophyte at a 60% or greater level. Tall fescue toxicosis caused by endophyte-produced ergot alkaloids continues to be the most important grass-related disease in the United States, in terms of economic loss to animal producers. However, the agronomic attributes of tall fescue make it an attractive forage species because of its ability to withstand cool temperatures, drought, poor soil conditions, and intensive defoliation from herbivore species, including insects. Tall fescue toxicosis is a complex disease and the need exists to understand the mechanisms of the toxic effects in order to institute effective, prophylactic control measures. Our group previously reported changes that occur in serum biochemical analytes of cattle that graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. An additional year's worth of data have been added, strengthening and corroborating these data. Consistent and significant changes associated with tall fescue toxicosis during the 3-yr study included decreased serum concentrations of cholesterol, globulin (increased albumin/globulin ratio), prolactin, total protein, and copper. The activity of alanine aminotransferase was decreased in serum, whereas an increase in serum concentrations of creatinine and total bilirubin occurred. The present report also documents comparative hemograms of cattle that grazed endophyte-infected or endophyte-free tall fescue over a prolonged period. The mean erythrocyte counts were increased in cattle that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were decreased, as were mean eosinophil counts. Thus, repeatable changes have been identified that occur in serum biochemical and blood cellular values of cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue that will aid in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, these consistently altered parameters can be used to assess the effectiveness of potential prophylactic treatments.     

Endophyte-Free Tall Fescue Potential for Pastures on Fertile Clay Loam Soils in Central Louisiana

Although endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars have been recognized as lacking persistence on droughty, infertile, sandy Coastal Plain soils, they have continued to be recommended for the more fertile and heavier bottomland soils in Louisiana. Two pasture experiments were conducted to assess animal performance on, and persistence of, endophyte-free genotypes on the fertile soil of central Louisiana. In the first experiment, performance of young, growing, crossbred beef cattle on AU-Triumph and Forager tall fescue pastures was compared with that on Marshall annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) using put-and-take stocking over three growing seasons. In the second experiment, year-round stocking and stocking only in the cool season, with and without fall hay harvest, were compared with set-stocked AU-Triumph tall fescue pastures for 2 yr. Individual animal performance on annual ryegrass at 0.74 kg/d was greater than that on the two tall fescue cultivars, which averaged 0.57 kg/d and did not differ from each other. Although animal performance was affected by management of AU-Triumph tall fescue in the first year of grazing, responses in the second year did not differ. Only 2 or 3 yr of productive grazing were obtained from endophyte-free tall fescue in these experiments on central Louisiana clay loam soil. Disease damage from Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. contributed to stand loss and appeared to hasten deterioration from summer stress and invasion by aggressive warm-season grasses. Results of these experiments and reports from other locations in Louisiana indicate that endophyte-free tall fescue is not sufficiently adapted for use as a pasture plant, even on the more productive Louisiana soils.     

草坪型高羊茅幼苗对基质铅污染的生理生化响应

为探索植物对重金属的修复作用以及自身对重金属污染的生理效应,以基质盆栽高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗为试验材料,比较分析了不同铅胁迫下,高羊茅的生理生化效应.结果表明:随着胁迫时间的延长,不同铅浓度下的高羊茅叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性整体变化为先升后降,POD变化趋势较为缓慢,表明低浓度或短时间内铅可快速诱导高羊茅保护酶活性.叶绿素总量变化为低浓度(500,1000 mg·L^-1)下先增加后下降,高浓度下则为持续下降,表明高羊茅可能通过增加叶绿素来适应低铅胁迫,而高浓度下则失去了这种调节能力.3个铅浓度下的丙二醛(MDA)含量与胁迫时间及胁迫浓度均为正相关,表明随着胁迫浓度和时间的增加,细胞膜脂过氧化作用加强.脯氨酸含量在500,1000 mg·L^-1铅浓度下随时间增加为先降后升,1500 mg·L^-1浓度下则相反,但均高于对照,表明经铅胁迫后细胞的渗透调节能力增强.3个浓度下的可溶性糖含量变化均随时间表现出降-升-降,最终显著降低,整个变化过程低于对照.因此在铅胁迫过程中,这些生理特性的变化表明在低铅胁迫时高羊茅表现为积极适应和抵抗,而在高铅胁迫下则表现为忍耐和受损.     

基于转录组数据库的高羊茅HD-ZipⅠ转录因子的鉴定及表达模式解析

高等植物特有的同源异型-亮氨酸拉链蛋白(HD-Zip)家族转录因子在调控植物发育与逆境响应中起着重要作用。以生产中广泛应用的冷季型草高羊茅为研究材料,利用其目前已有的转录组序列,在Bioedit软件构建本地数据库。以水稻14个HD-ZIP I蛋白序列作为搜索请求,搜索本地数据库获得高羊茅中对应序列。结合序列分析及PCR克隆技术得到高羊茅13个HD-Zip I类成员的全长序列。系统进化树及MEME结构域分析发现,高羊茅13个HD-Zip I成员与水稻HD-Zip I家族成员进化关系接近,蛋白结构域的数目及排布方式也基本一致。采用荧光定量PCR技术分析短期及长期聚乙二醇6000模拟的干旱处理下11个FaHD-Zip I基因在高羊茅根颈中的mRNA相对表达水平。结果表明,短期干旱胁迫下,除FaHOX4和FaHOX6外,其余基因相对表达水平均发生一定程度的上调或者下调,且FaHOX22的响应程度最大;长期干旱胁迫下,所有基因的表达水平均在7或者14 d上调,FaHOX22在14 d时的表达水平比对照上调76.3倍。为基因组序列缺乏的非模式植物快速有效地进行基于转录组数据库的基因家族克隆及其功能研究提供了一种很好的方法。     

Mefluidide treatment of tall fescue pastures: forage quality

Spring application of a plant growth regulator, mefluidide, to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pastures grazed from May to September reduced (P less than .05) available DM and digestible OM per hectare by 51 and 41%, respectively, compared to untreated pastures. However, seasonal averages for N, Ca and P content and in vitro OM disappearance (OMD) were greater (P less than .05) and NDF was lower (P less than .05) in tall fescue from mefluidide-treated pastures than in untreated pastures. Compared to hand-clipped samples, esophageal extrusa of tall fescue was 63% higher (P less than .05) in N (2.7 vs 1.7%) and 26% lower (P less than .05) in NDF (52.6 vs 69.9%) than hand-clipped tall fescue samples, regardless of treatment. Extrusa and hand-clipped herbage samples were similar (P greater than .10) in OMD during May and September, but OMD of extrusa was greater (P less than .05) during June, July and August compared to clipped samples. As a consequence of preventing stem elongation and seedhead formation earlier in the growing season, mefluidide treatment of tall fescue maintained forage quality at a higher level during midsummer.     

Thiamin supplementation and the ingestive behavior of beef cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue

Livestock grazing endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams)-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) perform poorly due to tall fescue toxicosis, especially when animals are under heat stress. In order to determine whether thiamin promotes recovery from tall fescue toxicosis, 1 or 0 g of thiamin per day, as mononitrate, was fed orally to adult Angus (Bos taurus) cows (380 +/- 8 kg) grazing either tall fescue pasture with and without endophyte or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A tethered grazing system employing a split-plot design was used to estimate intake and components of ingestive behavior. No significant differences attributable to thiamin supplements were seen in rates of intake and biting, grazing time and intake per bite when cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue during the first 4 d of exposure. When cows grazed endophyte-infected (greater than 95%) tall fescue with 2,091 micrograms/g loline alkaloids after 4 d of exposure, the untreated animals ingested herbage dry matter (DM) at 1.19 kg/h, whereas the cows receiving thiamin ate 1.57 kg/h (P less than .05). Cattle achieved these rates of DM intake by forming bites of 1.0 and 1.2 g DM at 24 and 26 bites/min when treated with 0 and 1 g of thiamin per day, respectively. Thiamin supplements had no effect on ingestive behavior of cows grazing endophyte-free tall fescue or alfalfa after exposure to these forages for 4 d. Responses to thiamin generally were greater when cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue were exposed to heat stress. Oral thiamin supplementation may alleviate tall fescue toxicosis of beef cattle during warm weather.     

转SOS基因高羊茅的耐盐性鉴定

试验以转SOS基因的高羊茅和野生型高羊茅为材料,测定其在盐碱胁迫下的叶绿素含量、丙二醛、脯氨酸和抗氧化酶活性指标,并测定种植转基因高羊茅和野生型高羊茅前后土壤的理化性质。结果表明,转基因的高羊茅在盐碱胁迫下,叶绿素的含量、脯氨酸的含量和抗氧化酶的活性均高于野生型,丙二醛含量低于野生型;种植野生型高羊茅和转基因高羊茅后,土壤中的pH、碱化度均逐步降低,且种植转基因高羊茅后土壤中的pH、碱化度降低的幅度更大,说明转基因高羊茅植株的耐盐碱性较好,并且在一定程度上改善了土壤的理化性质。