不同时期鸡胚胎体外培养的比较研究

试验采用代用蛋壳体外培养方法进行了不同时期鸡胚胎换蛋壳培养的研究。结果显示：体外受精卵体外培养发育率为10％。X期胚胎体外培养的孵化率为1．2％；孵化1日龄的胚胎体外培养的孵化率为7．9％；直接去1／4壳的鸡胚孵化率为3．7％；鸡胚胎换蛋壳以后，添加6～8札的稀蛋白对换壳鸡胚发育比较适宜。     

在代用蛋壳中培养的鸡胚血浆碱性磷酸酶（ALP）的测定

将正常孵化７２ｈ的鸡胚转移到代用蛋壳内培养。鸡胚在非己的代用蛋壳中生长发育直至孵化。一部分表现出不同程度的缺钙症状。本实验测定了孵化至１７ｄ的鸡胚血浆ＡＬＰ活性，经ｔ检验，对照组和实验组的ＡＬＰ活性差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明在代用蛋壳中培养的鸡胚体内缺钙引起ＡＬＰ代偿性增加。     

雏禽防病先抓免疫

禽类是经过胚胎发育和出世发育两个不同阶段进行繁衍的,免疫接种对禽类防病有重要作用。 胚胎免疫 又称超前免疫,对鸭,鸡、鸽、鹅等禽类新城疫免疫效果突出。家禽受精卵在蛋形成过程中就开始发育。小生命受卵黄膜、蛋壳膜、蛋壳的保护,一般有害病菌很少侵入。但当温度突破生理性温度(20℃)时,蛋壳膜、蛋壳上的污     

鸡胚胎干细胞及其应用研究进展

鸡胚胎干细胞是一种多能性干细胞,从X期胚盘分离胚盘细胞或早期鸡胚的生殖嵴分离原始生殖细胞,经体外长期抑制分化培养可得到鸡胚胎干细胞。为维持细胞在培养过程中的未分化状态,需要采用饲养层细胞培养,同时设计合理的培养液配方并添加多种抑制分化或促进增殖的细胞因子。通过碱性磷酸酶活性检测、胚胎表面特异性抗原检测、分化试验及嵌合体试验等方法,可对鸡胚胎干细胞进行准确鉴定。文章主要就鸡胚胎干细胞的分离、培养与鉴定方法的研究进展及其应用前景进行简要综述,为进一步发展更高效的鸡胚胎干细胞培养体系并应用于生产实践提供一定的借鉴。     

英国育出世界上第一批试管鸡

英国爱丁堡试验站的研究人员,已成功地育出世界上第一批人工孵化的试管鸡。这是生产超型鸡的第一步。鸡卵是在试管内受精,并在胚胎后期放入空蛋壳内使之存活(空蛋壳的顶部用塑料覆盖)。采用这种蛋壳技术,使鸡在蛋壳内生长发育22天后孵     

家鸡胚胎的体外和蛋壳内培养技术

1.将72小时的家鸡胚胎移至无壳培养或“代用”蛋壳中,以研究培养这些鸡胚至“出雏”的可能性。 2.在孵育的前半期摇晃鸡胚培养可促进鸡胚生长。 3.移至鸡的或其他禽的“代用”蛋壳中的鸡胚都成功地“出雏”。 4.在代用蛋壳中可形成正常的绒毛尿囊膜,从而能形成有功能的蛋白囊并实现蛋壳的重吸收。 5.在“代用”蛋壳中生长的鸡胚略小于对照鸡胚,但其他方面均正常。 6.本技术为遗传工程实验提供了机会。     

鸡胚胎干细胞的离体培养与鉴定

为探讨鸡胚胎干细胞的培养条件及鉴定方法,本试验以鸡胚成纤维细胞为饲养层,以高糖DMEM为基础培养基并添加SCF、bFGF、mLIF等抑制分化的细胞因子,离体培养鸡x期胚盘细胞。结果显示,该培养体系可以获得典型的呈集落状生长的细胞克隆,传至第4代仍可检测到胚胎干细胞的特定表面抗原SSEA-1;细胞克隆经悬滴——悬浮培养可形成拟胚体,并检测到中、内、外3个胚层的特异性基因CH-T、TTR、和β-activin的表达。结果表明,本试验培养出具有多分化潜能的鸡胚胎干细胞。     

孵化期间乌骨鸡种蛋水钙变化研究

孵化期间，鸟骨鸡种蛋内蛋黄和蛋清的含水量变化呈互补性，即蛋黄含水多时．蛋清含水少，而胚胎的含水量是逐渐减少的。12日龄前，蛋壳、蛋清、蛋黄内钙含量变化相对较小，12日龄后，蛋壳内的钙比蛋清、蛋黄内的钙变化大，且成为胚胎发育过程中的主要钙源。试验还发现，孵化前蛋黄内的水、钙含量和出壳时剩余蛋黄内的水、钙含量相差不大，但18日龄前后，蛋黄内的钙大幅度上升，证实蛋黄有富集钙的功能。鸟骨鸡胚胎的生长在9日龄前是缓慢的，9日龄以后是快速的，且胚胎的重量与孵化时问的关系呈指数式回归。     

鸡常见胚胎病及其防治

鸡胚胎病是指鸡在胚胎发育过程中所出现的疾病。有效控制鸡的胚胎病,对提高受精率、出雏率、健雏率及提高鸡的生产力和养殖效益都有十分重要的意义。对鸡常见胚胎疾病的病因、疾病类型以及防治措施进行了综述。     

鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞的体外培养

旨在对影响鸡胚胎原始生殖细胞（PGCs）体外培养、传代过程的各种影响因素进行探讨。将分离到的19期鸡胚胎生殖腺的PGCs在以鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）为饲养层，添加细胞因子的培养体系中进行培养、传代。经冷冻保存的PGCs在添加细胞因子的培养体系中能增殖，并具有分化能力。从细胞形态、集落形态、增殖生长能力、核型检测、碱性磷酸酶测定等方面对培养过程中的鸡胚胎PGCs进行检测。结果表明，采用传至3代的CEF为饲养层，多次离散法进行传代所获得的5代鸡胚胎PGCs不但能有效维持PGCs的未分化状态和正常二倍体核型，也具有其作为多能性胚胎干细胞的一系列特征。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.