赣南地区森林生态保护与乡村振兴政策建议——以崇义县为例

森林为人类社会提供丰富的物质产品,在维持地球生命系统平衡方面发挥着无可替代的作用。本文聚焦赣南地区的森林生态保护与乡村振兴实践,以江西赣州市崇义县杰坝乡和赣南树木园为例,从探索高质量可持续发展的乡村旅游模式、打造人文生态资源依托型乡村和加快山水林田湖草沙系统治理与修复等三方面提出了发展方向,针对“双碳”背景下可持续利用森林资源促进乡村振兴重点提炼出4个可能的实现路径：（1）发展森林碳汇经济,提高森林碳储量和碳利用效率;（2）发掘特色农产品,搭建特色品牌产业链;（3）开发森林生态旅游,促进具有赣南特色的乡村振兴工作;（4）搭建政产学研用创新平台,努力推动经济社会整体协同发展。     

基于国土空间规划视角的自然保护区生态旅游空间布局研究

自然保护区发展生态旅游是对“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念的有效践行,生态旅游空间布局是自然保护区生态旅游可持续发展的指南。基于国土空间规划视角,以西藏珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区为研究对象,采用文献研究法、实地调研法、跨学科研究法等研究方法,界定生态旅游空间范围、划定生态旅游功能分区、搭建生态旅游空间结构,从打造丰富多元的旅游产品、加强建设旅游解说餐饮住宿设施、推出富有特色的旅游商品等3个方面提出生态旅游提质升级建议,旨在为该保护区生态旅游的提质升级提供决策支撑。     

三明森林旅游产业发展的思考

三明正在全力打造“中国绿都———三明”整体旅游形象,以生态旅游、休闲度假旅游、红色旅游产品开发为重点,提出了发展森林旅游的指导思想、发展原则、发展目标、建设布局和对策建议。     

浙江安吉践行“两山”理论打造“竹文化+”生态旅游品牌实践分析

浙江安吉是“两山”理论发源地,位居“中国十大竹乡”之首,竹文化在安吉历史悠久、底蕴深厚。基于近年来安吉竹产业及生态旅游发展实践,研究了“竹文化+”生态旅游的安吉现象。研究表明：竹文化提升安吉生态旅游的竞争力,生态旅游为竹文化注入新动力,“竹文化+”生态旅游模式推动乡村振兴;但还存在着竹文化研究不够系统深入、竹文化与生态旅游结合不紧密、产业深度开发不足等问题。为促进竹文化与生态旅游的深度融合,有必要积极开展有组织的竹文化挖掘整理工作,重点培育以竹文化为特色的旅游企业、景点,实现全域融合发展,串点连线全域特色旅游,实现安吉“竹文化+”生态旅游的特色化、品质化。     

利用自然资源优势创建高品位生态旅游"后花园"

充分利用江西自然旅游资源优势，发展生态旅游，创建“后花园”，把生态旅游业建成支柱产业，振兴江西林业。     

吉林省生态旅游的发展趋势与发展对策

生态旅游作为“回归大自然”的“绿色旅游”已成为一种旅游时尚。吉林省有着丰富的生态旅游资源,发展生态旅游潜力巨大。吉林省生态旅游的大格局是以东部长白山为龙头、松花江沿江旅游带为龙身,以西部查干湖、向海为龙尾。本文讨论了吉林省发展生态旅游的有利条件,展望了吉林省生态旅游的发展趋势,提出了吉林省发展生态旅游的对策。     

对发展青海高原生态旅游业的思考

就如何充分依托文明的特色优势资源,做大做强做优生态旅游产业,提高生态旅游业的综合效益,打造“高原旅游名省”进行了分析,提出了发展思考。     

生态旅游和绿色增长在灵寿的双丰收

日前,总投资16亿元的河北省灵寿县漫山生态旅游项目正式开工建设。该项目位于灵寿县南营乡漫山村,规划用地约1548亩,总建筑面积约37万平方米,为省重点旅游开发项目。该项目依托独特的山水景观,形成以山水生态旅游为主体,以原真山水和养生度假为特色,旅游与乡村协调可持续发展的旅游格局,项目的建设将为灵寿旅游业的发展注入新的活力,成为河北省会石家庄     

寿宁县犀溪文化生态旅游探析

分析了福建省寿宁县犀溪文化生态旅游资源,包括漂流、千年名村和特有民俗、古建筑、山水风光、红色旅游等,着重对森林旅游资源及存在的问题进行分析,并提出了寿宁县犀溪文化生态旅游发展策略.     

西双版纳生态旅游资源分类及评价

西双版纳傣族自治州旅游资源十分丰富,知名度较高,独特性较强。对西双版纳生态旅游资源按地文景观、水域风光、生物景观、气候景观、遗址遗迹、建筑与设施、旅游商品、人文活动进行分类。按照旅游资源评价标准对其生态旅游资源的生物多样性、风情独特性、区位优越性进行评价和分析。提出争取政策倾斜,编制旅游规划,做好生态旅游产品开发和打造西双版纳旅游品牌等建议。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.