翠冠梨酶促褐变及其生化机制的研究

以翠冠梨为试材,对其贮藏过程中酶促褐变进行了研究。结果表明,翠冠梨在贮藏期间先进行酚类物质合成,后发生降解, 多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性呈先升后降趋势,酚类物质的减少和褐变同时发生,PPO促进酚类物质氧化,结果导致褐变。低温贮藏(0℃)能延缓果实衰老软化褐变。     

不同梨果实褐变特异性分析

以黄金梨、大香水、新梨七号为试材,研究了贮藏后梨褐变不同部位酚类物质含量和种类、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性及可溶性蛋白的关系。结果表明,梨果实中的酚类物质以绿原酸为主,果实褐变与酚类物质含量和多酚氧化酶活性,特别是二者在果实中不同部位的分布特性有关。黄金梨果心与其他部位比较具有较高的酚类物质含量和PPO活性。由果皮至果心CAT活性依次降低,而果皮中POD活性极大地高于其他部位。SOD的活性与褐变的直接关系不明显。     

套袋梨果实贮藏期间褐变生理机制研究进展

概述了贮藏期间套袋梨果实褐变生理机制的研究进展,分析了梨果实中酚类物质、酶活性和钙含量的变化与褐变之间的关系,旨在为综合控制采后套袋梨果实的褐变提供一定的理论依据。     

软儿梨冷冻贮藏过程酚类物质与多酚氧化酶的区域化分布

为研究冷冻贮藏中不同部位酚类物质和多酚氧化酶的分布特征,以青海省地方梨优良品种‘软儿梨’果实为研究材料,采用高效液相色谱法和比色法测定软儿梨果实后熟(室温)、冻藏(-18℃)和解冻(室温)3个时期的果皮、果肉中总多酚、绿原酸的含量和多酚氧化酶活性。结果表明:软儿梨果实后熟后,酚类物质果肉?果皮,多酚氧化酶则果皮?果肉;冷冻贮藏过程中,不同部位的酚类物质和多酚氧化酶均呈现不同程度的升高,但绿原酸在果皮急剧下降、果肉中略有增加。解冻后总体呈下降趋势,2个部位总酚、多酚氧化酶下降明显,而果皮中的绿原酸变化不大。研究表明:软儿梨果实后熟后,酚类物质和多酚氧化酶分布呈现区域化,冷冻贮藏加剧了酚类物质和多酚氧化酶活性的积累,导致了软儿梨冷冻贮藏后果皮先于果肉发生了褐变。     

超高压鲜榨梨汁褐变因素与控制研究

分析超高压鲜榨梨汁褐变的影响因素,探索褐变控制技术,以翠冠梨汁为对象,研究了成熟度、澄清、去心、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸处理对梨汁褐变的影响,测定了色泽、总酚、多酚氧化酶、糖度、酸度、pH值等指标。结果表明,八九成熟的翠冠梨榨汁不易褐变;300~600 MPa超高压处理会加速梨汁货架期褐变;PPO活性和总酚含量是影响鲜榨梨汁褐变的主要因素,而pH值是影响PPO活性的一个重要因素;澄清处理、去心处理可以降低PPO活性和总酚含量,一定程度上抑制梨汁褐变;柠檬酸会降低pH值,更接近PPO最适反应pH值,提高PPO活性,加速梨汁褐变;抗坏血酸可有效抑制PPO活性,防止梨汁褐变。因此,抗坏血酸是一种有效控制超高压梨汁褐变的方法。     

库尔勒香梨采后果实褐变与多酚氧化酶、酚类物质及细胞膜结构的关系

库尔勒香梨果实褐变是贮藏中经常发生的一种生理病害,与酚类底物和多酚氧化酶（PPO）含量、分布有关,还与细胞膜结构变化密切相关。对库尔勒香梨果实褐变机理及防止措施进行了较深的研究,结果表明：在气调贮藏中,库尔勒香梨果实褐变指数与多酚氧化酶（PPO）含量成正相关,与酚类底物含量成负相关,与细胞膜相对电导率成正相关。     

基于生存分析的翠冠梨货架期病害发病规律研究

以翠冠梨为试材,记录其货架期发病个数和发病时间,观察病害种类及其症状,采用KaplanMeier生存分析,并进行Log-Rank检验,研究采摘期和低温贮藏对翠冠梨货架期病害发病规律的影响。结果表明,翠冠梨采后货架期间极易发生病害,以轮纹病的危害最为严重,黑斑病和褐腐病次之;采摘期和出库时间对翠冠梨货架期平均发病时间的影响都存在着显著性差异(P0.05);采摘期越晚,货架期发病时间越早,晚采收1 d,其货架期平均发病时间提前0.248 d;出库时间越晚,货架期发病时间越早,多贮藏1 d,其货架期平均发病时间提前0.050 4 d,低温贮藏对平均发病时间的影响约为采摘期的1/5。因此,翠冠梨应"适时早采+低温贮藏",并注意适时出库,可以更好地控制病害发生,延长货架期,保持商品性。     

翠冠梨主要贮藏病害及其冰温贮藏技术的研究

以砂梨系统的翠冠梨为试验材料,用30μm厚的PE打孔袋包装,分别于（0±0.5）℃（CK）和（-1.5±0.5）℃（冰温）两个低温下贮藏120 d,研究贮藏过程中果实腐烂率、褐变率、品质和生理指标的变化。结果表明,翠冠梨在低温贮藏过程中的褐变程度较轻,可能与贮藏环境中较低的CO2浓度（〈0.2%）有关;但果实的腐烂问题较为严重,以侵染性病害黑斑病和褐腐病造成的腐烂为主;冰温贮藏可以显著降低果实的呼吸强度、相对电导率、PPO活性和MDA含量,延缓果实衰老,降低腐烂率和褐变率,保持果实较高的TSS、TA含量和硬度与脆度,贮藏期可以达到120d,而对照果实的贮藏期仅为90d。     

自发气调贮藏对采后翠冠梨糠心和品质的影响

以翠冠梨为试材,采用微孔袋(CK)和PVC保鲜袋自发气调(MA)包装,-2～-1℃贮藏180 d,研究贮藏过程中腐烂率、糠心率、硬度、比重、纤维素和木质素含量等指标的变化。结果表明:除腐烂外,翠冠梨易糠心,导致酥脆感下降,主要表现为硬度和比重下降,纤维素含量上升,以及"按压有明显吱吱声";翠冠梨可以耐受1.8%CO_2,未发生高CO_2伤害,这也是MA贮藏的首要和必要条件;MA贮藏对于翠冠梨腐烂和糠心具有显著的抑制作用。MA贮藏更有利于翠冠梨品质的保持,是一种长期贮藏的适宜方法。     

北青龙衣褐变机制的研究

北青龙衣在由鲜品到干品的贮藏期间会出现失水、颜色变深等褐变现象。研究该褐变过程发生的机制,为控制褐变、提高药材的稳定性提供试验依据。采用北青龙衣鲜果果皮,4℃低温贮藏,研究其褐变度(browning degree,BD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性变化、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、总多酚(total polyphenols,TP)、还原糖含量及维生素C(Vitamin C,VC)含量变化。试验数据显示果皮颜色变深、TP含量下降、PPO活性降低、PAL活性上升、SOD和POD活性先上升后下降、MDA含量升高、还原糖和VC含量下降。BD与PPO、SOD、POD活性和TP含量呈显著负相关,与PAL活性呈显著正相关,与VC和还原糖无显著相关性。北青龙衣贮藏过程中发生了酶促褐变和非酶褐变,且以酶促褐变为主,PPO在酶促褐变中可能起主要作用。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.