兔脑一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性神经元的形态、结构和分布

应用MADPH—d酶组织化学技术，对兔脑一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元的形态、结构和分布进行了研究。结果显示：①NOS阳性神经元呈蓝色，细胞核不着色，突起染色很清晰；神经元胞体大多呈多角形、梭形，还有一些呈圆形或卵圆形等。②NOS阳性神经元几乎分布于家兔的各个脑区，包括大脑皮质、小脑、丘脑下部、中脑和脑桥。小脑分布最集中，而延髓分布较少。以上结果表明，NOS阳性神经元及其催化产生的一氧化氮（NO）与中枢神经系统的诸多功能有关。     

兔脑NOS阳性神经元的总体分布和形态、结构的研究

为研究一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元在各年龄段家兔脑内的分布规律及其衰老性变化，用NADPH-d组织化学技术，观察了一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在家兔脑内的分布和形态。结果显示：在家兔的小脑、大脑皮质、丘脑下部、中脑、脑桥等处有较多的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元分布，延髓分布极少。NADPH—d阳性神经元呈蓝色，细胞核不着色，突起染色都很清晰。表明一氧化氮与中枢神经系统的诸多功能有关。     

不同年龄山羊小肠肌间神经丛NOS神经元形态和分布的比较

用NADPH-黄递酶组织化学方法对15日龄、4月龄和12月龄山羊小肠肌间神经丛中NOS阳性神经元形态和分布进行了比较研究。结果显示，山羊小肠肌间神经丛中NOS阳性神经元和阳性神经纤维形成清晰的三级网状结构，NOS阳性神经元形态各异，聚集在一起构成大小不等的神经节。神经丛中NOS阳性神经元的密度随年龄增长而降低，3个年龄段（从小到大）分别为27．07、20．80、16．18个／mm^2；神经元总数增加，分别为1．86×10^6、4．06×10^6、4．41×10^6个；在各个年龄小肠NOS阳性神经元密度均以空肠较低，神经元总数在各年龄均以空肠最多；山羊小肠肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经元胞体面积、胞核面积发育前期增加，后期减小；核质比随年龄下降，15日龄与4月龄和12月龄之间差异显著（P〈0．05）．小肠不同肠段的NOS神经元胞体、胞核面积分布随年龄出现一定变化，相同年龄小肠各段神经元核质比差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

犊牛小肠肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经元的发育学变化

用NADPH-黄递酶组织化学方法对1、4和6月龄利杂犊牛小肠肌间神经丛NoS阳性神经元的形态、分布和数量进行了比较研究。结果显示，利杂犊牛小肠肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经元和阳性神经纤维形成清晰的三级网状结构，NOS阳性神经元形态各异，聚集在一起构成大小不等的神经节。小肠各段神经丛中NOS阳性神经元的密度随年龄增长而降低；4月龄到6月龄犊牛空肠肌间神经节的NOS阳性神经元数量变化与十二指肠和回肠相比变化较大；4月龄以空肠的肌间神经丛NOS阳性神经元的核质比（为0．16）最小，回肠与空肠的核质比差异不显著（P〉0．05），回肠、空肠与十二指肠的核质比差异显著（P〈0．05），6月龄空肠的核质比（为0．25）最大，但小肠各段的核质比相互间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。证实，犊牛小肠各段肌问神经丛NOS阳性神经元核质比的发育变化可能与其功能的变化有关。     

新生羔羊瘤胃PGP9.5、一氧化氮合成酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元定位分析

应用连续组织切片,采用免疫荧光染色的方法,使用3种抗体:蛋白基因产物9.5(PGP9.5)、一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE),分别对新生羔羊瘤胃内的所有神经元、氮能和胆碱能神经元进行定位分析。结果:PGP9.5、NOS和AChE阳性反应广泛分布于神经元胞体和神经纤维中。阳性神经元胞体在黏膜下未发现,但成群出现在肌间神经节内。阳性神经元胞体数目PGP9.5最多,其次是胆碱能,氮能最少。阳性神经纤维成簇分布在神经节内和节间形成神经束,并且延伸到环纵肌内。阳性神经纤维密度PGP9.5最多,其次是氮能,胆碱能最少。另外,一些阳性神经纤维经常围绕在血管周围,甚至延伸入瘤胃上皮。PGP9.5、NOS和AChE神经元和纤维在新生羔羊瘤胃内有广泛的分布,该结果提示其分布模式可能与功能的适应直接相关。     

IFN-γ在大鼠腰骶髓段脊髓内的分布

为进一步探讨免疫－神经－内分泌三大系统之间的关系，用免疫组织化学SP法，对大鼠腰骶髓段脊髓内IFN－γ样免疫反应产物的分布进行了研究。结果表明，IFN－γ样免疫反应产物广泛分布于腰骶髓段脊髓各板层，其中背角I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ层，中间带骶髓副交感运动核、后连合核，腹角Ⅸ层内可见到较高密度的阳性胞体和树突。中间带和腹角内的阳性胞体的树突还伸向外侧索和腹索，有时可达脊髓边缘。本试验证明了IFN－γ在腰骶髓段脊髓内的分布，从而在细胞水平为“免疫神经内分泌网络”学说提供了形态学依据。     

Orexin B在猪中枢神经系统的分布定位

本试验采用免疫组织化学方法对10头苏钟猪中枢神经系统Orexin B的分布定位进行了研究。结果表明,Orexin B免疫阳性神经元和纤维在猪下丘脑、脑干和脊髓均有分布。在下丘脑,阳性神经元和纤维分布于视前区、视交叉上核、室旁核、室周核、背内侧核、穹隆周核、乳头体核、外侧区和后区,其中以穹隆周区、背内侧核、未定带和下丘脑后区分布较密集,以视前区、视交叉上核、下丘脑外侧区和乳头体核分布较稀少。在脑干,阳性神经元分布于蓝斑、前庭神经核、下橄榄核、孤束核和疑核。在脊髓,阳性神经元较少,主要分布于颈部脊髓背角第Ⅳ层。此外,在斜角带、隔区、终纹床核等部位观察到密集的阳性纤维分布。本试验为进一步研究Orexin B的生理功能奠定了基础。     

猪颈前神经节脊髓颈部和胃内Leptin长形受体mRNA的分布定位

用原位杂交法研究了10头长白猪(n=5)和梅山猪(n=5)颈前神经节、脊髓颈部和胃内Ob—Rb mRNA的分布定位。实验结果表明，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元位于长白猪和梅山猪颈前神经节、脊髓颈部和胃内。在颈前神经节，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元散在分布，胞体呈圆形或卵圆形。在脊髓颈部，Ob—Rb mRNA标记神经元分布于背侧角和腹侧角，以背侧角分布密集。在胃内，Ob—Rb mRNA标记细胞分布于黏膜层和黏膜下层。长白猪和梅山猪上述结构内Ob—Rb mRNA的分布定位无明显差异。     

神经生长因子及其受体TrKA在山羊脊髓发育中的表达特点

运用免疫组织化学超敏 SP法对山羊胎儿脊髓发育中神经生长因子 (nerve growth factor,NGF)及其高亲和力受体 Tr KA的表达及其功能进行了系统的研究和探讨。结果显示 ,山羊胎儿脊髓灰质中存在 NGF及其受体 Tr KA,于 6周龄胚就可检测到 ,随胚龄增加 ,其表达范围及免疫反应着色程度逐渐增强。 NGF主要分布于腹角和背角的神经细胞 ,反应产物主要定位于胞质和突起 ;Tr KA的分布主要以腹角及胶状质为主 ,反应产物主要定位于胞核 ,后期胞质及突起也可见到阳性反应。在山羊胎儿脊髓白质中也可观察到 NGF及 Tr KA免疫阳性反应 ,其发育后期更为显著 ,阳性反应主要分布于神经胶质细胞核、神经纤维的轴索及雪旺氏细胞。结果提示 ,NGF不仅对交感和感觉神经元的发育起作用 ,而且还与腹角运动神经元的发育有关     

兔脑nNOS阳性神经元的分布和形态结构

用SABC免疫组织化学技术,观察了神经元型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）阳性神经元在家兔脑内的分布和形态。结果显示,在家兔的大脑皮质、小脑、中脑、脑桥等处有较多的nNOS免疫阳性神经元分布,延髓分布较为稀少。nNOS免疫阳性神经元呈棕褐色,着色主要位于胞浆内,细胞核着色较淡,nNOS阳性纤维大多呈棕色串珠样。表明一氧化氮作为神经递质,可能与脑的调控功能有关。     

Localization of Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 mRNA in the Dorsal Root Ganglion of the Pigeon (Columba Livia)

Our previous study showed localization of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) mRNA in neurons of the pigeon spinal cord, suggesting glutamatergic input from intrinsic and extrinsic origins. The present study examined localization of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) mRNA to confirm an extrinsic origin of glutamatergic neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). GluR1 and GluR2 mRNAs were examined in DRG and spinal cord to seek projection regions from VGLUT2 mRNA‐expressing neurons. VGLUT2 mRNA was expressed in most DRG neurons and labelling intensity varied from weakly to intensely. Intense VGLUT2 mRNA expression was mainly seen in medium to large neurons. GluR1 and GluR2 mRNAs were expressed in the dorsal horn and GluR2 mRNA signal was also seen in the marginal nucleus. The results suggest that the pigeon DRG has an extrinsic glutamatergic origin that project to the dorsal horn and marginal nucleus of the spinal cord.     

Comparison of localization of the neurokinin 1 receptor and nitric oxide synthase with calbindin D labelling in the rat spinal cord

A comparison of the localization of the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor and nitric oxide synthase with calbindin D labelling in the lumbar spinal cord was carried out in the rat using immunocytochemistry. Considerable regional variations were observed. Application of the antibody to calbindin D resulted in dense staining in laminae I and II and light staining in the other laminae. Occasional scattered cells were seen in the deep laminae and in the lamina X, the ventral horn and the lateral spinal nucleus. The results indicate that neurones expressing calbindin D, NK1 receptor and NOS are three separate populations in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord.     

Comparison of localization of the neurokinin 1 receptor with AMPA-type glutamate receptors in the rat spinal cord

With the cloning of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isaxole propionic acid (AMPA)-type receptor subunits, it is now possible to localize these receptor subunits in the spinal cord. Comparison of the neurokinin 1 receptor distribution with that of non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1-4), considered to be AMPA-type, was investigated in rat spinal cord by immunocytochemical methods. Different patterns of immunolabelling were observed with the antibodies to the GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits in the lumbar spinal cord. Immunolabelling with antibodies to both GluR1 and GluR2/3 revealed intensive staining in the dorsal horn, while staining for GluR2/3 and GluR4 was dense in the motor neurons of the ventral horn. These results suggest that in the rat spinal cord AMPA-type receptors vary their composition according to the region where they are expressed. Neurokinin-1-receptor-expressing neurons in the dorsal horn do not appear to express the GluR4 subunit, however, whether they express the GluR1, GluR2/3 receptors subunits could not be determined.     

Variable Effects of Nitrous Oxide at Multiple Levels of the Central Nervous System in Goats

The direct and indirect effects of nitrous oxide (N₂O) on the nociceptive responses of lumbar dorsal horn neurons, and the indirect effects on midbrain reticular formation (MRF) neurons and thalamic neurons were determined in goats anaesthetized with isoflurane. The technique used enabled the differential delivery of N₂O to either the torso or the cerebral circulation, thus allowing assessment of the direct spinal and indirect brain effects of N₂O. Systemic delivery of N₂O appeared to have divergent effects, facilitating (4/11) or depressing (7/11) the responses of dorsal horn neurons. Such divergent effects were also observed when N₂O was differentially delivered to the circulation in the torso (i.e. the spinal cord). Likewise, MRF and thalamic responses to noxious stimulation were variably affected by administration of N₂O to the torso, with some cells facilitated (7/13 MRF neurons, 3/8 thalamic neurons) and others depressed (6/13 MRF neurons, 5/8 thalamic neurons). It appears that N₂O has variable effects on the caprine CNS. The facilitatory action of N₂O might partially explain why it is a relatively weak anaesthetic.     

Spinal projections of cat primary afferent fibers innervating caudal facet joints

The spinal projections of afferent fibers innervating the facet joints between caudal vertebrae were examined by the use of anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). Experiments were performed on 5 adult cats in which spinal dorsal roots below the 2nd sacral segment (S2) on the right side were cut. Injections of WGA-HRP into the caudal facet joints gave rise to extensive cranio-caudal distribution of WGA-HRP positive products along the spinal cord, indicating that many afferent fibers innervating unilateral facet joints terminate bilaterally in laminae I-II, V-VI and X of the thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal spinal cord. These afferent fibers may convey a series of sensory information from the caudal facet joints to the spinal cord.     

出生前山羊颈段脊髓运动神经元的发育

应用HE染色和超薄切片技术研究第6周到出生前山羊脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体的发育变化。结果表明：1．出生前山羊脊髓腹角运动神经细胞发育包括未分化期、不成熟期、发育成熟期和成熟期4个阶段。2．发育过程中，山羊脊髓运动神经元细胞核的体积持续增长；常染色质增加，异染色质减少且趋边分布；核仁数量减少，中央核仁在第8周形成，以后逐渐发育成熟；核膜渐趋成熟。3．山羊脊髓运动神经元胞体内膜系统的发育变化的规律与神经元的发育阶段相适应。     

The autoradiographic binding of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate to muscarinic receptors in the spinal cord of the sheep

Autoradiography of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate was used to demonstrate the distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine binding in the spinal cord of sheep. Binding was confined to the grey matter of the cord, and was most densely distributed in the substantia gelatinosa region of the dorsal horn, the lamina X region around the central canal, the intermediolateral columns and in various regions of the ventral horn. The use of specific M1 and M2 receptor subtype ligands, pirenzipine and 4-DAMP indicated that both receptor subtypes were present in most regions of dense binding.     

A familial peripheral neuropathy and glomerulopathy in Gelbvieh calves

Nine Gelbvieh calves originating in four herds and clinically presenting with rear limb ataxia/paresis had histopathologically confirmed peripheral neuropathy and a proliferative glomerulopathy. Degenerative lesions were severe in peripheral nerves, dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots, and less marked in dorsal fasciculi of the spinal cord. Cell bodies of spinal ganglia were minimally diseased; ventral horn neurons occasionally had central chromatolysis and nuclear displacement. Glomerular lesions ranged from mild mesangial hypercellularity to glomerulosclerosis. Pedigree analysis of affected animals from one herd indicated a strong familial relationship and probable hereditary basis for the syndrome.