大通煤矸石充填复垦区不同植被类型土壤碳排放动态

2011年7月至2012年3月,利用LI-8100土壤CO2通量系统测定了淮南市大通煤矸石充填复垦区草地、灌丛、小乔木林、大乔木林土壤呼吸强度及其相关影响因子.结果显示,煤矸石充填复垦区4种植被类型下土壤呼吸强度的昼夜及季节变化均呈单峰曲线形式,最大值出现在夏季的12:00-16:00间,最小值出现在冬季的4:00左右;不同植被类型下土壤呼吸强度差异显著(p＜0.05),且土壤呼吸强度有强到弱的顺序呈现:草地＞灌丛＞小乔木林＞大乔木林.4种植被土壤CO2-C年释放通量分别为(999.74±62.26) g/(m2· a),(908.49±72.41) g/(m2· a),(869.22±56.23) g/(m2· a),(726.10±63.01) g/(m2· a),故考虑植被的碳减排效应,在煤矸石充填复垦区可以多种植乔木、灌木,而尽量少植人工草坪;复垦区土壤呼吸除受植被类型影响外,主要受10 cm土层土壤温度的影响,各植被类型土壤呼吸强度对土壤温度的指数模型均可以解释88％以上的土壤呼吸变异;草地、灌丛、小乔木林、大乔木林碳排放对温度的敏感性Q10值分别为:2.57,2.71,2.96和3.67.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸及其与温度和水分的关系

[目的]分析黄土丘陵区不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率释放特征,为揭示该区域不同立地类型C循环特征奠定基础。[方法]采用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量系统于2014年11月至2015年7月,对标准径流小区红豆草、苜蓿、撂荒地和梯田苜蓿、沙打旺5种地类土壤呼吸速率及其地表温度、土壤温度(5cm)、土壤含水量进行观测。[结果](1)土壤呼吸速率日变化表现为昼高夜低的单峰型曲线,与温度的变化趋势一致,年均土壤呼吸速率表现为:沙打旺(梯田)2.27μmol/(m^2·s)>红豆草1.79μmol/(m^2·s)>苜蓿1.77μmol/(m^2·s)>苜蓿(梯田)1.62μmol/(m^2·s)>撂荒地0.77μmol/(m^2·s);(2)土壤呼吸速率呈现明显的季节变化特征,夏季最高,春季和秋季次之,冬季最低。夏季与春、秋、冬3季土壤呼吸速率差异显著(p<0.05);(3)土壤呼吸速率与地表温度和土壤温度(5cm)的相关性均达到显著水平(p<0.05)。除撂荒地外,各样地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度(5cm)的相关度均高于其与地表温度的相关度,各样地土壤温度(5cm)Q10值介于1.94~3.00;(4)土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量之间线性相关不显著(p>0.05),但与土壤温度(5cm)和土壤含水量的交互作用显著相关(p<0.01)。[结论]梯田土壤呼吸速率总体表现优于坡地,裸露地表在恢复植被的过程中,土壤环境质量显著提升。     

喀纳斯自然保护区林地和草地土壤呼吸速率差异及影响因素

为了研究新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区森林生态和草地生态系统与大气的相互作用,分析土壤呼吸速率的时空变异特征及与影响因子的关系,2012年及2013年5月上旬至9月上旬利用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8150对林地和草地两种植被类型土壤的呼吸速率日动态进行了全天连续自动监测,研究了两类土壤呼吸速率在生长季各月日的变化规律。结果表明:林地和草地生态系统土壤呼吸速率在植被生长季内均呈现较明显的单峰曲线型日变化,其月最大值均出现在7月,林地土壤呼吸速率的最大值(2.43μmol/(m~2·s))显著高于草地土壤呼吸速率最大值(1.55μmol/(m~2·s)),且各月林地生态系统的土壤呼吸速率均明显高于草地,波峰出现在北京时间17:00—18:00,波谷出现在北京时间9:00—10:00,草地最小值出现在6月(0.35μmol/(m~2·s)),而林地最小值出现在5月,其呼吸速率仅0.71μmol/(m~2·s),且整个生长季白天大于晚上,全天以呼出CO_2为主。植被生长季内林地和草地土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的变化趋势相似,具有显著的正相关性,但与土壤含水量的变化没有这样的趋势。     

5种不同植被下的土壤呼吸特征及其影响因素

土壤呼吸速率是反映陆地生态系统功能的重要指标之一。采用土壤碳通量测量系统LI-8100A 对甘肃省玉门镇饮马农场5种不同植被类型土壤(裸地、葵花、小麦、孜然、茴香)呼吸速率、空气湿度、土壤温度、水分等影响因素的日动态变化规律进行了监测,分析了不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征及与环境因素的相关关系。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤呼吸速率明显不同,5种植被类型土壤呼吸速率的日平均值大小顺序为:茴香[7.710±1.705 μmol/(m2·s) ]＞ 小麦[5.266±0.953 μmol/(m2·s)] ＞ 葵花[5.237±0.568 μmol/(m2·s) ]＞ 孜然[3.504±0.431 μmol/(m2·s)] ＞ 荒地[2.567±0.666 μmol/(m2·s)] 。对于有植被覆盖的地块,土壤呼吸速率的日变化呈现先减小,后逐渐增大,在13:00 — 15:00时达到峰值,随后逐渐减小的趋势,大致呈“S”型曲线;而对于裸地,土壤呼吸速率的日变化呈现先增大后逐渐减小的趋势,大致呈“M”型或倒“V”型。     

太行山南麓不同植被类型土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性

[目的]探讨不同植被类型土壤呼吸特征及其温度敏感性,为陆地生态系统碳循环研究提供理论支持.[方法]以太行山南麓裸地、草地、灌丛、林地为研究对象,采用长期定位观测和室内化验分析相结合的方法,研究不同季节土壤水热因素、呼吸特征及其温度敏感性.[结果]不同植被类型的土壤温度变化较大,均表现为1月初最低,8月下旬最高,8月以后...     

强碱土土壤呼吸及其影响因子分析

利用LI-8100土壤碳通量测量仪测定了在自然升温下的强碱土土壤呼吸速率、温度(气温和土壤温度)、湿度(空气相对湿度和土壤湿度)数据,通过分析它们的相关关系,探讨土壤呼吸速率的变化特征及其主要影响因素,建立了相应的回归模型并进行了精度检验。结果表明:(1)各实验土壤呼吸速率的日变化过程均呈单峰型,日间为正呼吸,夜间为负呼吸。(2)平均气温由4.4℃升至15.84℃和17.61℃时,平均土壤呼吸则由-0.07μmol m-2 s-1增加至0.07和0.31μmol m-2 s-1。温度越高,土壤呼吸速率越大。(3)土壤呼吸速率与气温、土壤温度、土壤湿度呈正相关,与空气相对湿度呈负相关,并且随着温度的升高,相关系数均不断增大。实验1中气温与土壤呼吸的相关系数为0.75,实验2、3则增至0.96和0.98。(4)土壤呼吸速率的最主要直接影响因子为气温,土壤湿度通过气温对土壤呼吸速率的间接影响与气温的影响相当。(5)土壤呼吸速率无论与温、湿度中单个因子还是温湿度双因子构建的回归方程,其拟合优度和模型精度均随温度的升高而增大,在气温与土壤呼吸速率构建的方程中,其R2由实验1的0.5544增至实验2、3的0.9284和0.9685,RMSE则由0.7055减至0.3011、0.1560。     

岩溶区不同植被演替过程中土壤元素及其有效态

[目的]探讨岩溶区不同植被演替过程中土壤元素及其有效态变化规律,为岩溶区石漠化治理提供依据。[方法]采用空间代替时间序列的方法,选取立地条件相似的草地、灌草丛、灌丛、乔幼林和顶级乔林5个植被恢复阶段进行分析。[结果]同一植被类型条件下有机质的含量浅层大于深层;元素的迁移能力在垂向上:在植被演替的早期阶段浅层大于深层,后期深层土大于浅层;在横向上:乔幼林顶级乔林灌草丛草地灌丛;随着植被的演替土壤中有机质呈波浪式的增加,并在顶级乔林阶段达到最大值;土壤有机质含量与Mn,Zn,Cu元素有效态含量呈明显的正相关。受此影响,浅层土壤元素态有效率明显高于深层土壤。[结论]石漠化治理过程中应针对石漠化地区土层厚度、地形、土壤元素分布特征,选择合理的植被进行恢复。     

橡胶林土壤呼吸速率及其与土壤温湿度的关系

利用Li-6400光合仪研究4 a、12 a和19 a橡胶林的土壤呼吸及其各组分(微生物呼吸、根系呼吸、凋落物呼吸)呼吸速率的日变化和年变化特征,探索土壤温度和湿度对土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明: 不同树龄橡胶林土壤呼吸速率在全天观测期间,出现最大值和最小值的时刻有很大差异,但在9:00~11:00时刻的测定值均接近日均值;在不同树龄橡胶林中各组分呼吸速率日变化大小虽不一致,但均表现为凋落物呼吸速率最小。4 a、12 a和19 a橡胶林土壤呼吸速率均有明显的月变化,月均值分别是2.45、2.63和2.96 μmol m-2 s-1;最大值出现在7月和8月,最小值出现在2月和3月;不同树龄橡胶林土壤呼吸速率月变化相互间差异不显著;土壤微生物呼吸占土壤呼吸的比例最高(为43.6%),根系呼吸次之(为36.1%),凋落物呼吸较小(为20.4%)。土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度之间具有显著的指数函数关系,但与土壤湿度的相关性不显著,从而得知海南橡胶林土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率有着密切的关系,土壤水分与土壤呼吸速率可能没有直接的关系。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带水分和密度对人工草地土壤呼吸的影响

为研究黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带不同水分与密度处理的人工苜蓿和沙打旺草地土壤呼吸特征,分析了人工草地土壤呼吸对水分和密度的响应及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：水分增加能够显著促进黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带人工草地土壤呼吸速率（P〈0.01）,土壤呼吸对不同密度处理的响应特征因草地植被类型不同而异,土壤呼吸速率的季节变化对水分增加和密度响应不敏感。土壤水分是土壤呼吸的限制因子,土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率在6-7月份（旱季后期）相关性不明显,8月份后（雨季）相关性增强。土壤呼吸与表层土壤水分和温度有着显著的耦合关系,加水减弱了苜蓿草地土壤呼吸对水分和温度的依赖,而未改变沙打旺草地土壤呼吸对表层土壤水分和温度的依赖。     

基于组分区分的南方红壤丘陵土壤呼吸对植被类型转换的响应

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节之一。长时期的水土保持生态建设导致南方红壤丘陵区植被类型转换非常普遍。探讨植被转换对土壤呼吸及其关键组分的影响,不仅对深入了解土壤呼吸与碳循环的内在机制有着重要的理论价值,还可以为科学评价水土保持生态建设在应对气候变化方面的作用提供科学依据。依托江西水土保持生态科技园对侵蚀退化裸地及其恢复承建后的百喜草地、柑橘果园和湿地松人工林进行了一年尺度的土壤呼吸速率监测。结果表明,土壤呼吸速率月变化呈夏高冬低的曲线模式,最大值出现在8月份或9月份,最小值出现在1月份,植被转换没有改变土壤呼吸的季节变化模式。土壤呼吸速率的季节变化主要受浅层土壤温度的控制,与土壤含水率没有显著关系,5 cm深度土壤温度能解释总呼吸速率和异养呼吸速率季节变异的83.3%和86.0%。随着植被类型由裸地向草地、果园和林地转换,土壤呼吸的温度敏感性系数Q10值由1.86增大到2.20、2.72和2.75,即土壤呼吸对土壤温度的变化越来越敏感。异养呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例呈现出单峰曲线模式,平均达到72.3%,且随土壤呼吸速率的增大而增大。南方红壤丘陵区侵蚀裸地向人工草地、果园和湿地松人工林转换的过程中土壤呼吸速率有所增强,草地与裸地之间土壤总呼吸速率存在显著性差异,草地与裸地、草地与林地之间土壤异养呼吸速率差异显著。在区域或生态系统尺度上,植被类型是土壤呼吸的重要影响因子。     

Long-term (42 years) effect of thinning on soil CO2 emission in a mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in Northeast China

Thinning is an important forest management practice that has great potential to influence regional soil carbon storage and dynamics.The present study measured soil respiration(RS,the efflux of CO2 emitted)and its two components(heterotrophic(RH)and autotrophic(RA)respiration)from soil 42 years after thinning in comparison to un-thinning(control).Autotrophic respiration was significantly greater in the thinning plot,approximately 44%higher compared to the control,while both RSand RHwere slightly,but not significantly,higher in the thinning plot.Higher fine root biomass might have contributed to the higher RAin the thinning plot.Both RSand RHshowed clear soil temperature-dependent seasonal patterns,whereas RAwas less responsive to changes in temperature,especially within one specific season.The annual and season-specific temperature sensitivities of RSand RHwere lower in the thinning plot,specifically during the mid-growing season.Furthermore,variations in the season-specific temperature sensitivity of RSand RHwere less intense in the thinning plot.We conclude that forest thinning can reduce the temperature sensitivity of RSand RHduring the mid-growing season and increase soil CO2 emission in the long term.     

Contributions of root respiration to total soil respiration before and after frost in Populus euphratica forests

Temporal changes in soil CO₂‐efflux rate was measured by a canopy‐gap method in a Populus euphratica forest located at the both sides of Tarim River banks (W China). Soil CO₂‐efflux rates in situ were correlated with key soil biotic (e.g., fungal, bacterial, and actinomycetes populations) and abiotic (e.g., soil moisture, temperature, pH, organic C) variables. Two kinds of measurement plots were selected: one under the crown of a living Populus euphratica tree and the other under a dead standing Populus euphratica tree. Diurnal variations in soil respiration in these plots were measured both before and after the occurrence of the first frost. Soil respiration of the dead standing Populus euphratica (Rd) was assumed to be a measure of heterotrophic respiration rate (Rh), and root respiration rate (Rr) was estimated as the difference between soil respiration under living (Rl) minus soil respiration under dead standing Populus euphratica. Daily variation of Rr contribution to the total soil respiration in Populus euphratica forests were analyzed before and after the frost. The contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration before and after frost varied from 22% to 45% (mean 30%) and from 38% to 50% (mean 45%), respectively. In addition, Rh was significantly correlated with soil temperature both before and after frost. In contrast, Rr was not significantly correlated with soil temperature. Change in Q₁₀ of Rr was different from that of Rh from before the frost to after the frost. Variation of Q₁₀ of Rr from before the frost to after the frost was larger than that of Q₁₀ of Rh. Thus, the results indicate that different soil respiration models are needed for Rr and Rh because different factors control the two components of soil respiration.     

土壤呼吸影响因素概述及展望

土壤呼吸是全球碳循环中重要的流通途径之一,是陆地生态系统最大的二氧化碳释放源,也是碳循环的研究领域中一个普遍关注的热点问题。土壤呼吸是土壤中生物与周围环境之间一个相互作用的过程,可以被看作为一个生态系统,明白影响该土壤生态系统里面生物和环境要素、相互作用过程以及其对该系统所排放出二氧化碳的影响有着非常重要的意义。通过分析影响土壤呼吸的主要因素,土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤有机质和氮含量、生物因子以及人类活动与土壤呼吸的相互作用方式,概括了影响土壤呼吸因素之间的关系,并对土壤呼吸研究今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

氮肥施用对玉米根际呼吸温度敏感性的影响

为研究氮肥施用对玉米根际呼吸和土壤基础呼吸温度敏感性的影响,采用动态密闭气室红外CO2分析法,于2010年进行田间试验,该试验设4个处理：裸地不施氮肥（CK）、裸地施氮肥（CK-N）、种植玉米不施加氮肥（M）、种植玉米施加氮肥（M-N）,观测玉米田土壤呼吸各组分的日变化规律,同时观测土壤温度、气温等环境因子。结果表明,不种植玉米处理（CK和CK-N）土壤呼吸速率（土壤基础呼吸）为0.57～1.23μmol·m-2·s-1,施加氮肥对土壤基础呼吸没有显著影响;种植玉米条件下,施氮处理（M-N）的季节平均土壤呼吸速率为3.14μmol·m-2·s-1,显著高于不施氮处理（M）,增幅达31.9%。CK和CK-N处理的土壤基础呼吸温度敏感系数Q10分别为1.20、1.25,而不施氮和施氮条件下玉米根际呼吸的Q10值则分别为1.27、1.49。施加氮肥导致玉米根际呼吸温度敏感性明显增强（Q10值增大）,而土壤基础呼吸的温度敏感性则无明显变化,两种效应的叠加使得种植玉米土壤的总呼吸速率温度敏感性明显增加。     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

间伐对杉木林土壤CO2通量的影响

Forest management is expected to influence soil CO₂ efflux (FCO₂) as a result of changes in microenvironmental conditions, soil microclimate, and root dynamics. Soil FCO₂ rate was measured during the growing season of 2006 in both thinning and non-thinning locations within stands ranging from 0 to 8 years after the most recent thinning in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations in Huitong Ecosystem Research Station, Hunan, China. Soil temperature and moisture were also measured to examine relationships between FCO₂ and soil properties. Forest thinning resulted in huge changes in FCO₂ that varied with time since cutting. Immediately following harvest (year 0) FCO₂ in thinning area increased by about 30%, declined to 20%-27% below pre-cutting levels during years 4-6, and recovered to pre-cutting levels at 8 years post-cutting. A similar temporal pattern, but with smaller changes, was found in non-thinning locations. The initial increase in FCO₂ could be attributed to a combination of root decay, soil disturbance, and increased soil temperature in gaps, while the subsequent decrease and recovery to the death and gradual regrowth of active roots. Strong effects of soil temperature and soil water content on FCO₂ were found. Forest thinning mainly influenced FCO₂ through changes in tree root respiration, and the net result was a decrease in integrated FCO₂ flux through the entire felling cycle.     

免耕施肥条件下冬小麦季土壤呼吸速率及影响因素

基于连续8年的田间试验,研究分析了不同耕作施肥措施下冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的季节变化及影响因素。结果表明:不同耕作施肥处理可以显著影响土壤呼吸速率,与传统耕作相比,免耕覆盖处理显著降低了旱地农田土壤呼吸速率;而相同耕作处理下,增施有机肥会显著提高土壤呼吸速率,说明翻耕和增施有机肥均会促进土壤呼吸。冬小麦季土壤温度和水分是土壤呼吸的主要影响因素,其中土壤温度可以解释土壤呼吸变化的83.2%~93.7%,土壤水分可以解释44.0%~76.5%,土壤温度对土壤呼吸的影响大于土壤水分;土壤温度对土壤呼吸的影响程度因不同耕作施肥处理而异,翻耕和增施有机肥均会提高土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10)),免耕覆盖条件下减小了土壤呼吸受温度的影响程度。     

山西省天龙山弃耕地的根系呼吸及其影响因素

用去除根系法对山西省天龙山自然保护区弃耕地的根系呼吸进行了为期2a的研究。结果表明,弃耕地的根系呼吸速率具有明显的季节变化,与土壤温度的变化趋势相一致,夏季高冬春季低。2007和2008年3—12月的根系呼吸总量(以C计)分别为329.5和392.5g/m2。土壤温度是影响根系呼吸速率的主导因子,可以解释根系呼吸速率季节变化的79%~88%,土壤水分对根系呼吸的影响较小。包括土壤温度和土壤水分两个变量的双因素模型可以解释根系呼吸季节变化的81%~89%;根系呼吸占土壤总呼吸的比例具有明显的季节变化,为24%~54%;2007和2008年3—12月根系呼吸比例的平均值分别为24.9%和30.9%。     

Soil CO2 emission and its relationship to soil properties under different tillage systems

There is a lack of understanding as to which soil property is the most important at regulating the temporal variability of soil CO₂ emissions on China’s Loess Plateau. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CO₂ emissions and their relationships to certain soil properties in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field subject to no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices. The CO₂ emissions were signi?cantly higher in the CT (257.6 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1), compared with the NT (143.8 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1), treatment. Soil organic matter content and carbon stock were 8% and 14% higher, respectively, in the NT, compared with the CT, treatment. Regression analyses between the CO₂ emissions and soil properties, including soil temperature and carbon stock, explained up to 88% and 60% of the temporal variability in CO₂ emissions in the NT and CT treatments, respectively. Linear correlations between the soil temperature and CO₂ emissions were recorded in both the NT and CT treatments. Soil temperature was the most important factor in terms of understanding the temporal variability in CO₂ emissions in wheat fields of the study area.     

不同碳氮管理措施对春玉米农田土壤呼吸的影响

基于山西省寿阳旱作试验区长期定位试验,以春玉米农田为研究对象,探讨了不同碳氮管理措施对春玉米农田土壤呼吸的影响及土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系。结果表明:碳氮处理土壤呼吸高于无肥区,其中施用化肥105 kg·hm-2、秸秆3 000 kg·hm-2、有机肥3 000 kg·hm-2时,土壤呼吸速率最低,为2.24μmol·m-2·s-1,与无肥区差异不显著;施用化肥31 kg·hm-2、秸秆5 121 kg·hm-2、有机肥4 500 kg·hm-2时,土壤呼吸速率最高,达3.51μmol·m-2·s-1,高出无肥区72.0%。化肥、秸秆、牛粪编码值与土壤呼吸速率满足关系式y=2.2-0.1 x1+0.2 x2-0.2 x1x3+0.2 x12+0.1 x22+0.1 x32,当化肥、秸秆、牛粪用量分别为131、1 500、3 750 kg·hm-2时,土壤呼吸速率达到最小值2.075μmol·m-2·s-1,该施肥配方可为当地春玉米生产施肥管理提供参考依据。土壤呼吸与土壤温度间存在y=a Tb显著相关关系,可解释两者间变异的46.9%~81.2%,Q10变化范围为1.86~4.71。综上可知,合理的碳氮管理措施可有效控制CO2的排放,并影响土壤呼吸对土壤温度的敏感性。