番茄辣椒青枯病及其防治

番茄辣椒青枯病及其防治黄绍岗（广西植保总站）番茄辣椒青枯病在广西普遍发生，是一种毁灭性病害，群众叫番茄瘟、辣椒瘟。此病除为害番茄，辣椒外，还为害茄子、烟草、马铃薯等。１症状识别青枯病主要侵染番茄、辣椒的根及茎基部。病菌侵害根部一般是从根尖开始，根尖受...     

番茄青枯病的发生与防治技术

番茄青枯病的发生与防治技术唐珊秀潘玖顺（广西资源县病虫测报站５４１４００）番茄青枯病在资源县大合镇从１９８８年开始严重发生，发病轻的田块死苗３０％～４０％，发病重的田块死苗９０％，菜农已不敢种植番茄。病菌还为害茄子、辣椒、烟草、马铃薯等作物，近２ａ辣...     

蔬菜枯萎病和青枯病的识别与治理

多种蔬菜都会发生枯萎病和青枯病.如西瓜、甜瓜、黄瓜、冬瓜、蚕豆、豇豆、辣椒、番茄、马铃薯等会发生枯萎病;辣椒、番茄、马铃薯、茄子和一些豆科蔬菜既会发生枯萎病,也发生青枯病.这两种病害在蔬菜上很常见,而且,发生又严重,常给蔬菜造成3～5成的损失,甚至绝收.因此,正确地区分和识别这两种病害,并有针对性地采取相应措施进行防治尤为重要.     

荧光假单胞杆菌3000亿个／克可湿性粉剂防治辣椒青枯病试验

辣椒青枯病是由青枯劳尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）引起的一种土传病害,一旦发生,会严重减少辣椒产量。试验通过单位面积施用不同剂量的荧光假单胞杆菌3000亿个／g可湿性粉剂以明确其防治辣椒青枯病的效果。结果表明：荧光假单胞杆菌3000亿个儋可湿性粉剂能够很好的控制辣椒青枯病,防治效果明显高于对照,且对作物安全。     

无致病力hrp-突变体防治茄科蔬菜青枯病

为探索一条可有效控制茄科蔬菜青枯病的生防途径,以基因工程方法获得的无致病力青枯菌hrp-突变体为材料,针对茄科蔬菜青枯病进行有关生防体系、防治潜能及其机制的研究。结果表明,无致病力hrp-突变体对致病青枯菌无直接抑制作用,但可在植株体内定殖,并在预接种后阻止致病青枯菌的增殖。最优生防体系为采用改良蘸根接种法用无致病力hrp-突变体预处理24h后再接种致病菌,对青枯菌生理小种1引起的番茄、茄子、辣椒青枯病防治效果达64%以上,其中对hrp-突变体的野生致病菌株引起的番茄青枯病的防治效果最好,防效接近90%,对该野生致病菌接种辣椒、茄子引起的青枯病防治效果也在75%以上,且持效期长、稳定性好、安全无药害。     

寄主植物对烟粉虱实验种群的影响

本文探讨了不同寄主植物对烟粉虱种群暴发的影响,在28℃恒温下,组建了烟粉虱在甘蓝、番茄、茄子、烟草、黄瓜、辣椒、西葫芦、青菜等8种不同寄主植物上的实验种群生命表.结果表明:烟粉虱对寄主有较强的选择性.烟粉虱在黄瓜、番茄上的产卵量最大，平均每头雌虫分别达382头和246头。各寄主植物上烟粉虱种群内禀增长率在0.2433～0.3790之间，取食番茄的内禀增长率rm最大，达0.3790，不同寄主植物上烟粉虱内禀增长率大小依次为番茄＞甘蓝＞黄瓜＞西葫芦＞茄子＞烟草＞辣椒＞青菜。保护地蔬菜面积扩大是烟粉虱种群暴发的重要原因之一.     

番茄潜叶蛾对4种茄科植物的适应性研究

番茄潜叶蛾(Tuta absoluta (Meyrick))是茄科植物上的重要害虫。本文研究了番茄、马铃薯、茄子和辣椒4种寄主对番茄潜叶蛾产卵选择、生长发育和种群增长参数的影响。结果表明,成虫对4种寄主的产卵偏好性强弱依次为番茄马铃薯茄子辣椒。辣椒上卵发育历期最长,幼虫孵化后不能完成发育。番茄上成虫前期存活率高于马铃薯和茄子,但总发育历期较长。该虫取食番茄叶片时的单雌产卵量和雌虫寿命高于其取食马铃薯和茄子叶片。其取食番茄、马铃薯和茄子叶片时的内禀增长率分别为0.143 4、0.140 6、0.113 3。综上所述,番茄潜叶蛾的最适寄主为番茄;在辣椒上无法完成生长发育;在马铃薯和茄子上种群增长潜能较强,具有暴发成灾的可能。     

间作留株防治一代小地老虎

近几年来,临沂城郊早春蔬菜小白菜、番茄、辣椒、茄子、豆角、茼蒿等受一代小地老虎危害严重。对菜田中一代小地老虎的防治,除使用化学农药进行常规喷药、撒施毒饵外,从1980年起试验了在辣椒、茄子、番茄等春季移栽又易遭小地老虎危害的田中间作套种小白菜、春萝卜、茼蒿等速生菜类,采取适当留株集中诱集一代小地老虎幼虫危害而保护辣椒、番茄     

广东茄科青枯菌致病力分化及其DNA多态性分析

 分别采自广州、增城、东莞、花都、三水、清远、电白、高要8个菜区的番茄、茄子和辣椒上的31个青枯病菌株,经人工接种于10个鉴别寄主植物上,结果表明,它们的致病力存在明显的差异。聚类分析这31个菌株,可以聚为3个组:第I组菌株主要来自种植番茄和茄子历史较长的广州、东莞、增城老菜区,其致病力较强;第Ⅱ组菌株主要分离自茄子和辣椒上,其致病力中等;第Ⅲ组菌株主要来自近年来新发展的三水市各番茄产区,它们的致病力较弱。从200个随机引物中筛选出17个引物用于上述31个菌株DNA的RAPD分析,共扩增出523条带,其中468条为多态性带,占89.5%。聚类分析这31个菌株,又可聚为4个簇群:第I簇群主要分离自已推广种植多年的丰顺、金丰等抗病番茄品种上;第Ⅱ簇群分离自抗病的番茄新品种新星、年丰和石碣紫红茄上;第IV簇群主要分离自辣椒和茄子;而第Ⅲ簇群来源包括番茄、茄子和辣椒这3种寄主植物。上述试验结果说明,广东茄科青枯菌的致病力存在明显的分化现象,其DNA存在较高的遗传多样性。     

采用种子消毒和土壤处理方法预防瓜菜病害

瓜菜病害严重影响瓜菜的品质与产量。据笔者调查,瓜菜类病害每年在定陶县造成的瓜菜产量损失为20%～30%,高的达50%以上,经济损失严重。如黄瓜霜霉病、茄子黄萎病、韭菜灰霉病、辣椒疫病、番茄青枯病、白菜软腐病等若防治措施不力,防治方法不当,都将会造成严重减产甚至绝收。因此,做好瓜菜种子消毒与土壤处理,预防病害发生,是提高瓜菜产量和品质的重要措施。     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

长武旱塬不同麦玉轮作系统产量效应模拟研究

利用EPIC模型对不同麦玉轮作系统进行模拟,通过对其输出结果的分析,综合考虑产量、经济效益、干旱胁迫和氮肥生产率等因素,对不同麦玉轮作系统进行综合评价,从而比较不同麦玉轮作系统的优劣。结果表明:(1)在模拟研究期间,8种麦玉轮作系统的产量均呈波动性下降趋势,其平均值分别为4.61、4.40、4.16、4.48、4.28、4.29、4.714、.55 t/hm2。所有的麦玉轮作系统中,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦"的经济效益最好。(2)在模拟研究期间,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦→冬小麦"的冬小麦和春玉米所遭受的年均干旱胁迫日数最少(29.51d)。在干旱年份麦玉轮作系统中的冬小麦较春玉米更容易遭受干旱威胁。综合产量、经济效益、作物所遭受的干旱胁迫天数和麦玉轮作系统的氮肥生产率等因素,在长武地区适宜采用的麦玉轮作系统为春玉米→冬小麦。     

东北日光温室葡萄园水热通量特征及其对气象因子的响应

运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料,分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律,同时也分析了潜热通量(λET)对环境因子的响应。结果表明:水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势,净辐射(R_n)的峰值最大为618.75 W·m^-2,λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m^-2,感热通量(H)峰值最大为327.93 W·m^-2;在新梢生长期,白天λET较小,为34.55 W·m^-2,随着生育期推进,λET逐渐增大,在果实着色成熟期达到最大值(78.49 W·m^-2)之后减小;H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分;白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例(λET/R_n)在新梢生长期最小,为25.28%,在果实着色成熟期最大,为44.17%;感热通量占净辐射比例(H/R_n)整个生育期几乎都达50%以上,土壤热通量占净辐射比例(G/R_n)相对较小,变化范围为4.46～12.32 W·m...     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

Comparison of trifluralin,oryzalin, pronamide,propham, and colchicine treatments on microtubules

The mode of action of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N⁴,N⁴-dipropylsulfanilamide), pronamide(N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl) 3,5-dichlorobenzamide), and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) on purified microtubules from pig brains and on the ultrastructure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Mediterranean,” C. I. 5303) and corn (Zea mays L. “yellow dent, U. S. 13”) roots was compared with that known for colchicine. Colchicine disrupts the in vivo cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. Like colchicine, the herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide caused the loss of both cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. The rate of microtubule disappearance depended on the type of herbicide and length of exposure of roots to the herbicide. Unlike colchicine, cortical microtubules were present in propham-treated roots but they were disoriented within the cell.In vitro polymerization studies with pig brain microtubules (Sus scrofa) showed that the herbicides failed to inhibit the assembly of purified microtubular protein into microtubules and that radioactively labeled herbicides did not bind to the microtubular protein. Colchicine inhibited the polymerization of microtubular protein and readily bound to the microtubular subunits. These results indicate that the mode of action of the herbicides is not similar to that of colchicine and that the loss of microtubules from root tip cells treated with trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide may be caused by these herbicides interfering with synthesis of microtubular protein or metabolism of endoplasmic reticulum membranes involved in microtubule assembly. The mode of action of propham appears to be on the microtubular organizing centers rather than on microtubules per se.     

Action of some herbicides on growth,respiration, plasmalemma integrity,and proton extrusion of Acer pseudoplatanus cells: II. Amides,diphenyl ethers,nitriles, phenols,triazines, and uracils

The activity of 15 herbicides from different families was assayed on nonphotosynthetic Acer pseudoplatanus cells, in batch suspension culture. They inhibited growth, stimulated the oxygen consumption by cells, and changed the pH evolution of the culture medium. Amides did not seem to disturb the membrane properties. Some diphenyl ethers and phenols directly modified the proton compartmentation of cells whereas some other diphenyl ethers, nitriles, triazines, and uracils altered permeabilities to potassium and leucine. Changes in membrane permeabilities to protons and medium constituents were discussed.     

Modeling the Risk of Entry, Establishment, Spread, Containment, and Economic Impact of Tilletia indica, the Cause of Karnal Bunt of Wheat, Using an Australian Context

ABSTRACT Modeling techniques were developed to quantify the probability of Tilletia indica entering and establishing in Western Australia (WA), and to simulate spread, containment, and the economic impact of the pathogen. Entry of T. indica is most likely to occur through imports of bulk grain or fertilizer (0.023 +/- 0.017 entries per year and approximately 0.009 +/- 0.009 establishments per year). Entry may also occur through straw goods, new or second-hand agricultural machinery, and on personal effects of travelers who have visited regions with infected plants. The combined probability of entry and establishment of T. indica, for all pathways of entry, is about one entry every 25 years and one establishment every 67 years. Alternatively, sensitivity analysis does show that increases in quarantine funding can reduce the probability of entry to about one entry every 50 years and less than one establishment every 100 years. T. indica is spread efficiently through contaminated farm machinery, seed and soil, rain, air currents, and animals. Depending on the rate of spread of the pathogen and the amount of resources allocated for detection, the time until first detection could range from 4 to 11 years and the economic impact could range from 8 to 24% of the total value of wheat production in WA.     

Establishment of, and preliminary impact studies on, the rust, Maravalia cryptostegiae, of the invasive alien weed, Cryptostegia grandiflora in Queensland, Australia

The rust fungus Maravalia cryptostegiae , from south-west Madagascar, was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a classical biological control agent against the highly invasive rubber-vine weed Cryptostegia grandiflora , a woody climber endemic to Madagascar. The rust was released at 69 sites between 1995 and 1997 and is now established throughout the plant's exotic range in Queensland, estimated at over 40 000 km². Dispersal was low in the first 3–4 months but was virtually linear thereafter, and the rust spread over 100 km within the first year; after 3 years it was recorded 550 km away from the nearest release site. Spraying both dry and aqueous inoculum of uredinioid teliospores from the ground using mist-blowers, as well as from the air by atomizing spore suspensions, resulted in rust-induced defoliation, producing an overall reduction in fecundity and biomass of the weed. In sites with low water tables, weed growth decreased markedly, with a reduction in plant volume from 9 m⁻³ to 1 m⁻³ over a 4-year period. Both rust- and drought-induced stress combined to cause up to 75% plant mortality at some sites, and at all monitored sites, seedling recruitment was virtually nil. Improved growth of indigenous grasses amongst rubber-vine thickets has increased fuel loads and created opportunities to use fire as a component of an integrated approach to the management of this economically and ecologically damaging weed.     

Metabolism of the methoxychlor isostere,dianisylneopentane, in mouse,insects, and a model ecosystem

Dianisylneopentane or 1,1-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropane was metabolized largely by O-demethylation to form mono- and diphenol derivatives. Only a small percentage was degraded by α-hydroxylation and rearrangement. In the model ecosystem, dianisylneopentane reacted very similarly to methoxychlor, accumulating in fish to about the same extent and yielding a slightly higher ratio of polar to nonpolar metabolites. The neopentyl group proved to be approximately as stable in biological systems as the isosterically equivalent trichloromethyl group.