海南省观赏水族行业的发展前景及对策

观赏水族业是休闲渔业的重要组成部分，海南具有大力发展热带观赏水族行业的潜力。对海南省观赏水族市场进行深入调查，分析和总结海南省观赏水族行业的发展现状和存在的问题，提出发挥海南区位优势、挖掘本地热带生物资源、加强科研力量、引进国外观赏水族新品种、加强产业引导和市场管理等建议，促进热带生物资源的合理利用和观赏水族业结构的多元化，增加海南省观赏水族业的整体竞争优势。     

基于淘宝平台的观赏水草种类应用与分析

观赏水草是水族箱的重要组成部分,其消费日渐成熟。淘宝在售的观赏水草有淡水观赏水草17科22属96种(含品种),海水观赏水草10科11属13种。其中,淡水观赏水草有20种只具有观赏用途,占总种数的20.83%;76种兼具稳定水质和观赏用途,占总种数的79.17%。海水观赏水草有3种只具有观赏用途,2种兼具观赏和净化水质的用途,8种具有观赏、净化水质和饲用3种用途。淡水种类绝大部分都是外来种,仅13种在中国有分布,仅占总种数的13.54%;海水种类由于海水传播的特殊性,均为全球广布种或东太平洋种类。     

华东地区观赏草修剪技术的理论与实践

修剪是观赏草养护管理工作的重要环节之一。该文结合华东地区实际,重点阐述了观赏草修剪的时间和方法,介绍了观赏草修剪的目的、工具,列举了华东地区园林中常见的60个观赏草品种的修剪要点,以期为观赏草在华东地区园林景观中的养护实践提供理论参考。     

观赏稻在园林景观中的应用分析

本文从观赏稻的概念出发,简要介绍了观赏稻在园林景观中的应用现状;从园林景观角度分析了观赏稻的生物学特性、生态习性及观赏特性;总结出观赏稻在园林景观应用中具有色彩丰富、生长周期短、适应能力强、应用范围广、生态效益高、具有休闲及教育功能等创新点;并对观赏稻在园林景观应用中存在的问题及改进措施进行了探讨。     

2014年印尼可可籽需求将达60万t

利用三亚热带气候条件优势冬季栽培盆栽观赏向日葵,经济效益好,具有很好的发展前景。从观赏向日葵的品种选择、选地及盆栽基质、播种、移栽、水肥管理、温度与光照、病虫害等方面介绍观赏向日葵品种在热带地区的栽培技术,为热带地区推广反季节盆栽观赏向日葵提供参考。     

福建省观赏芳香植物及其开发前景

本文介绍了国内外观赏芳香植物的应用历史,分析了福建省观赏芳香植物资源的种类及分布情况、优势科属,阐述了福建省观赏芳香植物在园林绿化上的应用前景及综合开发利用的前景.     

观赏凤梨平头红星产业化盆栽技术

通过观赏凤梨平头红星产业化盆栽技术的试验与示范,从栽培基质的选择、肥水管理、环境调控、花期调控及病、虫害防治等方面,建立温室观赏凤梨产业化盆栽技术,为观赏凤梨生产企业及花农提供技术参考.     

观赏玉兰的种植方法及在园林景观中的应用

园林景观是城市的一道靓丽风景线,在提高城市建设水平、满足当代人审美需求,愉悦当代人生活中发挥着重要作用。将观赏玉兰合理地应用在园林中有助于形成美好的园林景观,充分发挥园林景观作用。应用合适的种植方法对观赏玉兰进行科学的种植是提高观赏玉兰在园林景观建设中应用水平的前提。该文从种植方法及其在园林景观的应用方面介绍了观赏玉兰的管理方法,以期为观赏玉兰的栽培管理和发展提供参考。     

光照强度对5种观赏蕨生理指标的影响

[目的]探讨峨眉山5种观赏蕨对不同光照的生理响应。[方法]以峨眉山5种优良观赏蕨类峨眉耳蕨、瘤足蕨、长叶实蕨、光石韦和井栏边草为试验材料,设置全光照、遮阴30%、遮阴50%、遮阴83%共4个光照梯度,探讨不同光照强度对5种观赏蕨生理指标的影响。[结果]光照强度对观赏蕨叶绿素a、b及叶绿素总量影响较大,在一定光照范围内,叶绿素总量随着光照强度降低而增加,而叶绿素a/b值却降低;具有较高叶绿素含量和较低的叶绿素a/b值的蕨能够在较弱光照下生活;光照胁迫下,观赏蕨的游离Pro含量、MDA含量不同程度地增加,而可溶性蛋白含量却下降;光胁迫下,观赏蕨POD酶活性增加,POD酶活性变化量及其活性高低与观赏蕨忍耐光胁迫的能力呈正相关;根据5种观赏蕨对光照的生理响应情况推测,它们的耐阴能力排序为:井栏边草长叶实蕨峨眉耳蕨瘤足蕨光石韦。[结论]研究结果为观赏蕨的开发与应用提供了参考。     

观赏草的美学价值及园林应用

介绍观赏草的概念、美学价值、园林中的应用形式，并初步探讨福州地区观赏草的开发、利用及存在的问题和对策。     

Ecophysiological aspects of the interactions between Bromus kopetdaghensis and two nurse shrubs, Astragalus meschedensis and Acantholimon raddeanam in a semiarid rangeland

Plant-plant interactions are known as the main biotic drivers of the vegetation dynamics. Therefore, understanding such processes is beneficial for the applied vegetation management. The aim of this research was to investigate the type and intensity of plant-plant interaction during the time course of a growth season. We studied ecophysiological aspects of facilitation and competition between two aridland shrubs, A. meschedensis Bunge and A. raddeanam Czernjak and one perennial grass, B. kopetdaghensis Krasch. Soil and plant sampling were carried out for shrubs and the grass that were either growing alone or the grass was growing under the canopy of shrubs. In Spring (May), soil humidity weight was higher under the shrubs+grass than the grass-only site. By the beginning of Summer (July) grass consumed the common soil water and rapidly terminated its yearly growth. Therefore, in August and September, soil humidity weight was lower under the shrubs+grass than shrub-only sites. Photosynthesis rate of B. kopetdaghensis was sharply reduced from the beginning towards the end of growth season, but was not varied between the different plant combinations. Leaf proline measurement in July indicated higher stress for B. kopetdaghensis that were growing under shrubs than those of open areas. In conclusion, we found facilitation effects of shrubs on the grass at the early times of growth season, but it shifted into the competition for water during summer times. The outcome of plant interaction was positive for the grass but negative for the shrubs, especially A. meschedensis.     

Interactions between seedlings of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars in establishing swards

Interactions between perennial ryegrass (grass) and white clover (clover) cultivars were investigated at the seedling stage in two experiments: (a) a field experiment in which two clovers, AberHerald and Grasslands Huia, were grown in binary mixture with two grasses, Preference and Ba 10761; (b) a glasshouse experiment in which the same clover/grass combinations were grown in low-N soil either with (+ N) or without (-N) added N. In the field experiment both clovers produced larger and more complex seedlings with Preference, and this was particularly evident in Huia. In the glasshouse experiment grass dry-matter yield was greater in the +N treatment, and this effect increased with time. Clover seedling density and development were suppressed in the +N treatment, and the development of AberHerald was affected more than Huia. Morphological measurements of the clovers showed interactions between clover, grass and N level. In the -N treatment Huia plants were larger and more complex than those of AberHerald, but in +N conditions there was little difference between them. Grass cultivar had an effect on clover via N-level interactions: in +N plants there was no grass effect, but -N plants were significantly larger with Preference. Comparison of the root and shoot morphology of the two grasses revealed no obvious differences that would account for these effects.     

Growth of grass/clover mixtures during winter

The percentage of clover in a mixture of Huia white clover and Melle perennial ryegrass decreased during each of three winters. In the most severe winter, both grass and clover suffered a net loss of weight, clover losing two–thirds of its maximum weight while grass lost about one–third. In the mildest winter, grass continued to gain weight throughout, while clover lost weight. Such losses, when combined with conditions such as the use of nitrogen fertilizer, which prevent a recovery of clover percentage during summer, will lead to a long–term decrease in the clover content of a sward.
The losses from the clover were contributed to by all plant parts especially leaf, which lost between 60% and 95% of lamina weight. The change from autumn to winter caused a greater decrease in the number of live leaves per shoot. and in the area and weight of individual leaves, in clover than in grass. Other work has shown that there is a greater decrease in photosynthesis in clover than in grass, probably owing to changes in canopy structure; this is one cause of clover's poor performance, though differences between the two species in the effect of winter on the distribution of the carbon fixed in photosynthesis and in losses of weight in respiration and tissue death may also be involved.     

GRASSLAND SURVEYS IN ENGLAND 1939–1959

The results of three sample surveys of grassland, carried out in England in 1939, 1947 and 1959, are reported. In 1939, the amount of agricultural land returned as permanent grass was at a record level. Nearly half of this was ploughed up during the Second World War. This was primarily for tillage crops, but the secondary aim was for old grass to be replaced by sown swards of better quality. The surveys showed that, during the 20-year period, the quality of English grassland improved (a) because a greater proportion of the poorer swards was ploughed; (b) because greater use resulted in improvements in the botanical composition of the remaining old grass, and (c) because of the large increase in the use of sown grass in both arable and non-arable farmings.     

不同时间割苗对再生大麦生物产量和籽粒功能成分的影响

为寻求功能大麦优质高效生产技术,选用3个优质大麦品种为试验材料,研究了不同时间割苗对再生大麦农艺性状和生物产量及籽粒γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,延迟割苗提高了干麦苗产量,但显著影响了再生麦的农艺和产量性状。除旗叶宽和茎粗外,割苗降低了再生麦的株高、节间总长度、旗叶长和穗长,显著降低了有效穗数、结实率、千粒重、秸秆产量和籽粒产量。再生麦的秸秆与籽粒产量以1叶1心和3叶1心两个阶段割苗最高,5叶1心期割苗最低,但5叶1心期割苗的干麦苗产量最高。在3叶1心前割苗,再生麦的籽粒功能成分(γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮、生物碱及抗性淀粉)含量较高。     

Gradients in fracture force and grazing resistance across canopy layers in seven tropical grass species

In reproductive swards, stems can act as a barrier that affects the grazing behaviour of ruminant livestock. The barrier effect of stems is closely associated with both the force required to fracture the stems and the density of these stems (in combination, these make up grazing resistance), and these factors need to be considered when making predictions about the forage intake of ruminants grazing reproductive pastures. Differences in grazing resistance between sward canopy layers of different grass species are thought to affect bite dimensions, but data are scarce. In this study, we assessed the grazing resistance for three canopy layers of seven tropical grass species. Species differed significantly in grazing resistance for every canopy layer, with a general ranking order for grazing resistance, in ascending order: Cenchrus ciliaris (‘American' buffel), Digitaria milanjiana (‘Jarra’ finger grass), Setaria surgens (annual pigeon grass), Setaria sphacelata (‘Narok’ setaria), Dichanthium sericeum (Queensland bluegrass), Chloris gayana (‘Callide’ Rhodes grass). In the top canopy layer, grazing resistance did not appear to create a barrier for any of the species, but in the bottom canopy layer, it did for all species. Species also differed in the relative contribution of fracture force and density to grazing resistance. The results highlight the importance of managing the grazing systems to minimize the barrier effect of the stems, which can be done by controlling the phenological stage of the pasture and the grass species and animal size used in the system.     

Assessment of contrasting perennial ryegrasses, with and without white clover, under continuous sheep stocking in the uplands. 5. Herbage production, quality and intake in years 4–6

Herbage characteristics were studied over years 4–6 (1988–90) in three perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.) varieties as grass-only (200 kg N ha^-1) and grass/clover ( Trifolium repens L.) swards which received 75kg N ha^-1 in 1988 and 0kg N ha^-1 in 1989 and 1990 when continuously stocked with sheep. Mean total annual herbage production of Aurora, a very early flowering variety, was 11% more than that of late-flowering Aberystwyth S23 due to 21% higher growth as grass/clover pasture. The grass/clover sward of Meltra, a tetraploid late-flowering variety, out-yielded S23/clover by 17%. Herbage production of grass/clover was 86% of that of grass only in 1988 but only 54% of the grass-only swards averaged for 1989 and 1990.
In vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Meltra was 38g kg^-1 OM and 27g kg^-1 OM higher than that of S23 and Aurora respectively. OMD of grass/clover was 15g kg^-1 OM higher than that of grass only during the post-weaning period. Herbage intake was positively correlated with OMD of herbage.
The herbage attributes were related to lamb performance reported previously. Lamb output was positively correlated with intake of digestible organic matter.
Differences between the three varieties in herbage characteristics were greater as grass/clover than as grass-only swards, reflecting their compatibility with white clover. In this respect Meltra was the best and S23 the poorest variety.     

Cross-amplification of EST-derived markers among 16 grass species

The availability of a large number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) has facilitated the development of molecular markers in members of the grass family. As these markers are derived from coding sequences, cross-species amplification and transferability is higher than for markers designed from genomic DNA sequences. In this study, 919 EST-based primers developed from seven grass species were assessed for their amplification across a diverse panel of 16 grass species including cereal, turf and forage crops. Out of the 919 primers tested, 89 successfully amplified DNA from one or more species and 340 primers generated PCR amplicons from at least half of the species in the panel. Only 5.2% of the primers tested produced clear amplicons in all 16 species. The majority of the primers (66.9%) were developed from tall fescue and rice and these two species showed amplification rate of 41.6% and 19.0% across the panel, respectively. The highest amplification rate was found for conserved-intron scanning primers (CISP) developed from pearl millet (91%) and sorghum (75%) EST sequences that aligned to rice sequences. The primers with successful amplification identified in this study showed promise in other grass species as demonstrated in differentiating a set of 13 clones of reed canary grass, a species for which very little genomic research has been done. Sequences from the amplified PCR fragments indicated the potential for the transferable CISP markers for comparative mapping purposes. These primer sets can be immediately used for within and across species mapping and will be especially useful for minor grass species with few or no available molecular markers.     

THE GRASSLANDS OF YORKSHIRE'S WEST RIDING

In the West Riding of Yorkshire there is great variation in farm practice as well as in the character and productivity of the grasslands.
Such natural Features as the weather and the form and type of the land coupled with man's influence help to explain why most of the grass and rough grazings occupy the western areas whereas arable crops are concentrated in the east.
The distribution of grass as a percentage of total crops and of grass (excluding rough grazings) of cattle and of sheep are each illustrated in a diagram.
In describing the Riding's grassland pattern the county is divided into two main regions—the Pennines and the lowlands.
Sub-divisions of these areas have been used to simplify this account of grassland husbandry.     

热研4号王草对不同有机磷活化利用能力的评价

本研究以热研4号王草(Pennisetum purpureum×P. glaucum cv. Reyan No. 4)为材料,通过砂培试验评价其对4种有机磷的利用能力。结果表明,王草对三磷酸腺苷(ATP)、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)、一磷酸腺苷(AMP)和6-磷酸葡萄糖(G6P)均具有利用能力,且对磷酸单酯类(AMP和G6P)的利用能力更强。酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性分析表明,有机磷处理使王草根系内源与分泌的总ACP活性显著增加0.9倍以上,但王草对有机磷的利用能力与根系总ACP活性无相关性。进一步分析发现,王草根系分泌特异ACP活性与不同有机磷处理的植株干重显著正相关,相关系数R^2=0.861。综上所述,本研究发现王草对不同类型有机磷的利用能力主要由其根系分泌的特异ACP活性决定。研究结果可为选育磷高效热带牧草品种提供理论依据。