甜菜病毒病害的生态控制

甜菜病毒病种类较多、分布广泛。常见有黄化毒病、西方黄化毒病、花叶毒病、皱叶毒病、皱缩毒病、潜隐毒病、黄网毒病、烟草皱曲毒病、蕃茄黑环斑毒病、曲顶毒病和丛根病等。病毒是高度依赖寄主细胞的大分子寄生物,至今仍然缺乏具有选择性的高效治疗药物,病毒病防治研究进展缓慢,几乎原地踏步,病毒病日益成为甜菜生产上的严重威胁。     

橡胶树几种根病的人工接种方法

以海南发生较严重的橡胶树褐根病、红根病、黑根病病原菌进行田间橡胶树根病接种方法的初步探索,结果表明:使用橡胶树病根根段、玉米粒培养基、橡胶树木屑菌棒制作成的3种接种体可以成功接种上橡胶树根病病原菌,其中以橡胶树木屑菌棒接种体进行接种操作较为简便,对橡胶树褐根病、红根病、黑根病病原菌均适用,成功率较其它两种接种方法的高,分别为100%、33.3%、100%。     

国外茶叶文献摘要

(一)陈雪芬编译0067夏秋期的病害防治对策——堀川知广;茶,1981,34,NO8,8—14(日)。作者介绍了茶树主要叶病(炭疽病、轮斑病、云纹叶枯病、赤烧病、饼病、网饼病、白星病、褐色叶斑病)的症状、发病条件、生态和防治方法。从夏秒期的为害程度出发,作者认为饼病、网饼病、炭疽病、云纹叶枯病、轮斑病、赤烧病应予重视,尤以     

棉花红叶茎枯病的防治

1棉花红叶茎枯病的症状与特点 棉花红叶茎枯病又称凋枯病、红叶枯病、死花棵，是棉花生长中后期的重要病害。红叶茎枯病在7月中旬始见病株，花铃期为危害盛期，叶片大量枯焦死亡。     

四川攀西地区芒果病虫害调查研究

2010～2013年对四川攀西地区芒果病虫害进行调查,结果为：病害46种,害虫共33种,分属8目20科,发现国内未见报道的芒果新害虫榕母管蓟马。分析阐述主要病虫害炭疽病、白粉病、畸形病(丛芽病)、细菌性黑斑病、幼果果肉生理性褐变黑果病、主干裂皮病、低温、蓟马、桔小实蝇、叶瘿蚊、介壳虫的危害情况;当前严重威胁攀西芒果产业发展的危险性病害为芒果畸形病(又称丛芽病)、芒果猝死病(又称速死病)和芒果果实象甲。编写“攀西地区芒果病虫害名录”,并提出防控策略。     

冀东地区花生果腐病发生动态及致病因子研究

根据冀东地区花生果腐病发生情况,调查了果腐病发生动态,研究了致病影响因子(包括气象因子、土壤因子、连作、施肥、品种)对果腐病发生的影响,为花生果腐病病原菌发病规律及其科学防治提供理论依据.研究结果表明,果腐病在7月5日结荚期始发,到8月5日果腐病危害逐渐加重,到8月20日饱果成熟期以后病情达到最高点.果腐病发病程度受温...     

河口植胶区橡胶树根病发生特点及综合治理分析

通过对河口植胶区先后3次较全面详细的橡胶树根病普查资料及2012年割胶林根病区普查资料统计分析得出：河口植胶区50多年来橡胶树根病发生呈现危害重、受害面广、根病种类不断增加及病害整体呈不断扩展蔓延上升态势等特点;充分暴露出复垦胶园病区多,橡胶树根病更加突出,新植幼林第2年,甚至第1年就出现根病危害,第7年根病累计发病率已达到3.1%。并从橡胶树根病治理难度大、成本高、见效慢、效果差,治理工作难以坚持,以及农垦改革后各单位根病调查和治理工作基本停止或得不到重视等方面阐明目前生产上橡胶树根病综合治理存在的现状和问题。提出进一步完善体制和经营机制,建立健全橡胶树根病治理制度;加强宣传教育,提高管理人员对橡胶树根病危害性认识;增加橡胶树根病综合治理和胶林复垦的投入;加强橡胶树根病综合治理新技术研究与推广应用等建议和对策,以便真正把橡胶树根病治理落到实处,更快更好促进我国天然橡胶产业可持续、健康、安全发展。     

剑麻斑马纹病研究进展

斑马纹病是剑麻的主要病害之一,严重影响了剑麻产业的发展。本文从斑马纹病病原菌种类及特征、斑马纹病主要症状及为害情况、斑马纹病的防治方法、防治中存在的问题及改进措施等方面进行综述,以期为剑麻斑马纹病的进一步研究提供参考。     

云南省椰子主要病虫害种类初步调查

经过对云南省零星椰子种植区近两年的抽样调查,发现危害本区域的椰子病虫害种类较多,椰子病害主要有椰子茎干泻血病、灰斑病、芽腐病、果腐病、煤烟病,虫害主要种类有椰心叶甲、二疣犀甲、椰园蚧、红脉穗螟、黑刺粉虱等13个类群,并明确了分布范围。     

水稻细条病田间抗性鉴定及指标评价

以50份水稻材料为研究对象进行田间细条病抗性观察鉴定，对病斑占总叶面积率(病斑占比)、病斑长度、病叶率和病情指数等抗性指标进行相关和主成分分析，研究3个指数间及其与剑叶宽度的相关性。结果表明：病斑占比是田间评价细条病发病情况的理想指标；病斑长度是唯一与剑叶宽度存在极显著相关的指数；按照病斑占比(IRRI标准)，5份材料L424、L425、L427、L433和L443表现为中抗(10%)，15份表现为中感(30%)，20份表现为感病(40%)，10份表现为高感(20%)。     

盘锦市农产品质量安全体系建设与思考

针对盘锦市加强农产品质量安全体系建设,强化农产品质量安全,因地制宜提出:以创建国家级生态示范为动力,以农业标准化为准则,以开发无公害、绿色、有机食品为重点,以提高农产品质量安全水平为目标,以法制建设为后盾,积极主动开展切实可行的农产品质量安全保障工程。     

甘草酸及甘草苷的提取纯化方法和药理作用研究进展

通过查阅国内外文献资料,总结了甘草酸与甘草苷的提取纯化方法,以及二者的药理作用。可为以后更深入系统研究甘草酸与甘草苷的药理活性提供理论依据,为二者的新药开发提供参考。     

Mycosporine-like amino acids and marine toxins--the common and the different

Marine microorganisms harbor a multitude of secondary metabolites. Among these are toxins of different chemical classes as well as the UV-protective mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). The latter form a group of water-soluble, low molecular-weight (generally < 400) compounds composed of either an aminocyclohexenone or an aminocyclohexenimine ring, carrying amino acid or amino alcohol substituents. So far there has been no report of toxicity in MAAs but nevertheless there are some features they have in common with marine toxins. Among the organisms producing MAAs are cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms that also synthesize toxins. As in cyclic peptide toxins found in cyanobacteria, amino acids are the main building blocks of MAAs. Both, MAAs and some marine toxins are transferred to other organisms e.g. via the food chains, and chemical modifications can take place in secondary consumers. In contrast to algal toxins, the physiological role of MAAs is clearly the protection from harmful UV radiation by physical screening. However, other roles, e.g. as osmolytes and antioxidants, are also considered. In this paper the common characteristics of MAAs and marine toxins are discussed as well as the differences.     

ICP-MS 和 ICP-AES 在茶叶矿质元素分析及产地溯源中的应用

茶叶矿质元素作为茶叶品质指标关系着茶叶的品质与质量安全,同时由于茶叶矿质元素携带着地域特征指纹信息,因此已被人们作为重要的标志性物质用在茶叶产地溯源中。电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）由于其高通量性及低检出限等特性在茶叶矿质元素分析和产地溯源中应用较为广泛。本文重点介绍了 ICP-MS、ICP-AES 的工作原理,以及在茶叶矿质元素分析和产地溯源中的应用现状。促进高通量技术手段在茶叶安全领域的应用,以完善茶叶安全体系。     

Growth and preharvest stress and processing quality of potatoes

The quality factors influenced by stress conditions are: total dry matter or starch content and distribution of starch, sugar content, types of sugars and distribution, texture, mealiness, flesh color, tuber size and shape, and tuber defects such as growth cracks, and hollow heart. Early stress during growth can cause tubers to become pointed on the stem-end with low starch content and high reducing sugars. Uneven growth due to stress results in growth cracks, or hollow heart and malformed tubers. Varieties differ considerably as to susceptibility. Stress generally causes lower starch content in tubers which results in greater sugar accumulation in storage. Relative maturity is also influenced by stress during growth. Immature and over-mature tubers (from prematurely dead plants) accumulate greater amounts of sugar in storage than tubers properly matured. Stress can also cause poor texture of processed products, such as tough texture of French fries as well as lack of mealiness. Flavor and color of processed products can also be detrimentally influenced by stress.     

Hydrothermal and biotechnological treatments on nutraceutical content and antioxidant activity of rice bran

The effect of processing such as steaming, germination and parboiling on nutraceuticals and in vitro bioactive properties of rice bran from three different rice varieties namely Jyothi (pigmented), IR64 and Sona masuri (non-pigmented) were investigated. Within the varieties envisaged, pigmented Jyothi variety contained higher levels of vitamin E, soluble, bound and total polyphenol, flavanoids, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity. Direct steam exposure of bran resulted in an increase in, ether extractives and oryzanol, as well as retention of all the vitamin E components, bound polyphenols, flavonoids and decrease in soluble and total polyphenol content, free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity compared to native. Parboiling as well as germination of paddy resulted in an increase, in the content of ether extractives and oryzanol, whereas other bioactive properties decreased compared to native. Hence it may be concluded that bioactive components and antioxidant properties were significantly higher in Jyothi bran compared to the other two paddy brans, and processing leads to changes in bioactive properties with maximum retention of bioactive components in the steamed bran.     

Chemical constituents and physical properties of guayule wood and bark

About 15 Parthenium species grow in the North American continent with Parthenium argentatum (guayule) as the only species containing harvestable amounts of the rubber latex. The predicted commercialization of the guayule plant for its hypoallergenic latex will result in a significant amount of waste fiber or bagasse biomass that can also be put to use for making wood, paper, and other chemical products, as well as in energy production. Thus, the guayule wood and bark fibers can be considered a new source of plant biomass that may be used as a direct substitute for forest-based wood fiber. However, little information is available on the chemical composition of the wood and bark tissues of guayule (P. argentatum). The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical and fiber composition of guayule and to compare it with other wood fiber sources.Three germplasm lines of mature guayule (Cal-6, AZ-101, and G7-15) and another species of Parthenium (P. tomentosum, PT), juvenile soft maple (Acer rubrum), a deciduous tree, and milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) that has long fibers were the plant sources. Separate wood and bark tissues were analyzed for hot water, 1% sodium hydroxide, and alcohol–toluene extracts. In addition, the lignin, holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and pentosan contents were determined.All the chemical components in the wood fibers for the Partheniums were equal to or greater than the juvenile maple tree. Milkweed had higher alpha-cellulose and lower alcohol–toluene extract contents than both the guayule and soft maple. The guayule bark fibers had more chemical extracts than the wood fibers. The specific gravity of guayule wood was greater than the deciduous wood species. However, the fiber lengths of soft maple wood, guayule wood, and milkweed are similar. Based on the chemical composition, P. argentatum and P. tomentosum could serve as raw materials for the paper and chemical industries as well as for energy production.     

我国糖料作物甜菜与甘蔗主要性状指标的比较

从种植面积、单产、含糖、产糖量、原料与制糖成本和制糖企业等方面对我国糖料作物甜菜与甘蔗进行了比较分析。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热带,亚热带玉米种质的研究与利用

探讨了热带,亚热带玉米种质利用的意义,国内外的研究进展和发展趋势,提出了研究利用的方法及利用的前景。Ｓｕｗａｎ－１、墨白１号,ＥＴＯ复合种是广泛利用的热带种质,Ｙｕｃａｔａｎ是有待开发利用的热带种质,已育成了Ｎｃ２９６、ＮＺ１Ａ辐苏１,等１１３等优良自交系和７８５９９、９９６１,等优良杂交种。